1

Chapter 5 Stresses in Beam (Basic Topics)

5.1 Introduction
Beam : loads acting transversely to the longitudinal axis
the loads create shear forces and bending
moments, stresses and strains due to V
and M are discussed in this chapter
lateral loads acting on a beam cause the
beam to bend, thereby deforming the axis of
the beam into curve line, this is known as
the deflection curve of the beam
the beams are assumed to be symmetric about x-y plane, i.e. y-axis
is an axis of symmetric of the cross section, all loads are assumed to act in
the x-y plane, then the bending deflection occurs in the same plane, it is
known as the plane of bending
the deflection of the beam is the displacement of that point from its
original position, measured in y direction

5.2 Pure Bending and Nonuniform Bending
pure bending :
M = constant V = dM / dx = 0
pure bending in simple beam and cantilever beam are shown




2
nonuniform bending :
M g constant
V = dM / dx g 0
simple beam with central region in pure
bending and end regions in nonuniform
bending is shown

5.3 Curvature of a Beam
consider a cantilever beam subjected to a
load P
choose 2 points m
1
and m
2
on the
deflection curve, their normals intersect at
point O', is called the center of curvature,
the distance m
1
O' is called radius of
curvature p, and the curvature t is
defined as

t = 1 / p
and we have p d0 = ds
if the deflection is small ds j dx, then
1 d0 d0
t = C = C = C
p ds dx
sign convention for curvature
+ : beam is bent concave upward (convex downward)
- : beam is bent concave downward (convex upward)

3
5.4 Longitudinal Strains in Beams
consider a portion ab of a beam in pure bending produced by a
positive bending moment M, the cross section may be of any shape
provided it is symmetric about y-axis





under the moment M, its axis is bent into a circular curve, cross
section mn and pq remain plane and normal to longitudinal lines
(plane remains plane can be established by experimental result)
the symmetry of the beam and loading, it requires that all elements of
the beam deform in an identical manner ( the curve is circular), this are
valid for any material (elastic or inelastic)
due to bending deformation, cross sections mn and pq rotate w.r.t.
each other about axes perpendicular to the xy plane
longitudinal lines on the convex (lower) side (nq) are elongated, and on
the concave (upper) side (mp) are shortened
the surface ss in which longitudinal lines do not change in length is
called the neutral surface, its intersection with the cross-sectional plane is
called neutral axis, for instance, the z axis is the neutral axis of the cross
section
in the deformed element, denote p the distance from O' to N.S. (or
N.A.), thus

p d0 = dx
4
consider the longitudinal line ef, the length L
1
after bending is

y
L
1
= (p - y) d0 = dx - C dx
p
y
then <
ef
= L
1
- dx = - C dx
p
and the strain of line ef is
<
ef
y
c
x
= CC = - C = - t y
dx p
c
x
vary linear with y (the distance from N.S.)
y > 0 (above N. S.) c = -
y < 0 (below N. S.) c = +
the longitudinal strains in a beam are accompanied by transverse strains
in the y and z directions because of the effects of Poisson's ratio

Example 5-1
a simply supported beam AB,
L = 4.9 m h = 300 mm
bent by M
0
into a circular arc
c
bottom
= c
x
= 0.00125
determine p, t, and ^ (midpoint
deflection)

y - 150
p = - C = - CCCC
c
x
0.00125
= 120 m
5
1
t = C = 8.33 x 10
-3
m
-1

p
^ = p (1 - cos 0)
p is large, the deflection curve is very flat
L / 2 8 x 12
then sin 0 = CC = CCCC = 0.020
p 2 x 2,400
0 = 0.02 rad = 1.146
o

then ^ = 120 x 10
3
(1 - cos 1.146
o
) = 24 mm

5.4 Normal Stress in Beams (Linear Elastic Materials)
c
x
occurs due to bending, the longitudinal line of the beam is
subjected only to tension or compression, if the material is linear elastic

then o
x
= E c
x
= - E t y
o vary linear with distance y
from the neutral surface
consider a positive bending
moment M applied, stresses are
positive below N.S. and negative
above N.S.
no axial force acts on the cross section, the only resultant is M,
thus two equations must satisfy for static equilibrium condition

i.e. E F
x
= o dA = - E t y dA = 0
E and t are constants at the cross section, thus we have
6
y dA = 0
we conclude that the neutral axis passes through the controid of the cross
section, also for the symmetrical condition in y axis, the y axis must
pass through the centroid, hence, the origin of coordinates O is located at
the centroid of the cross section
the moment resultant of stress o
x
is
dM = - o
x
y dA
then M = - o
x
y dA = E t y
2
dA = E ty
2
dA
M = E t I
where I = y
2
dA is the moment of inertia of the cross-sectional
area w. r. t. z axis

1 M
thus t = C = CC
p E I
this is the moment-curvature equation,
and EI is called flexural rigidity
+ M => + curvature
- M => - curvature

the normal stress is
M M y
o
x
= - E t y = - E y (CC) = - CC
E I I
this is called the flexure formula, the stress o
x
is called bending
stresses or flexural stresses

7
o
x
vary linearly with y
o
x
j M o
x
j 1 / I
the maximum tensile and compressive
stresses occur at the points located farthest
from the N.A.
M c
1
M
o
1
= - CC = - C
I S
1

M c
2
M
o
2
= CC = C
I S
2

I I
where S
1
= C , S
2
= C are known as the section moduli
c
1
c
2

if the cross section is symmetric w.r.t. z axis (double symmetric cross
section), then c
1
= c
2
= c

M c M
thus S
1
= S
2
and o
1
= - o
2
= - CC = - C
I S
for rectangular cross section
b h
3
b h
2

I = CC S = CC
12 6
for circular cross section
v d
4
v d
3

I = CC S = CC
64 32
the preceding analysis of normal stress in beams concerned pure bending,
no shear force
in the case of nonuniform bending (V g 0), shear force produces warping
8
(out of plane distortion), plane section no longer remain plane after bending,
but the normal stress o
x
calculated from the flexure formula are not
significantly altered by the presence of shear force and warping
we may justifiably use the theory of pure bending for calculating o
x

even when we have nonuniform bending
the flexure formula gives results in the beam where the stress distribution
is not disrupted by irregularities in the shape, or by discontinuous in loading
(otherwise, stress concentration occurs)

example 5-2
a steel wire of diameter d = 4 mm
is bent around a cylindrical drum of radius
R
0
= 0.5 m
E = 200 GPa o
pl
= 1200 MPa
determine M and o
max

the radius of curvature of the wire is
d
p = R
0
+ C
2
EI 2 EI v E d
4

M = C = CCCC = CCCCC
p 2 R
0
+ d 32(2R
0
+ d)
v (200 x 10
3
) 4
4

= CCCCCCC = 5007 N-mm = 5.007 N-m
32 (2 x 500 + 4)
M M M d 2 EI d E d
o
max
= C = CCC = CC = CCCCCC = CCCC
S I / (d/2) 2 I 2 I (2 R
0
+ d) 2 R
0
+ d

9
200 x 10
3
x 4
= CCCCCC = 796.8 MPa < 1,200 MPa (OK)
2 x 500 + 4

Example 5-3
a simple beam AB of length L = 6.7 m
q = 22 kN/m P = 50 kN
b = 220 mm h = 700 mm
determine the maximum tensile and
compressive stresses due to bending

firstly, construct the V-dia and M-dia
o
max
occurs at the section of M
max

M
max
= 193.9 kN-m
the section modulus S of the section is
b h
2
0.22 x 0.7
2

S = CC = CCCC = 0.018 m
3

6 6
M 139.9 kN-m
o
t
= o
2
= C = CCCCC = 10.8 MPa
S 0.018 m
3

M
o
c
= o
1
= - C = - 10.8 MPa
S

Example 5-4
an overhanged beam ABC subjected
uniform load of intensity q = 3.2 kN/m
for the cross section (channel section)
10
t = 12 mm b = 300 mm h = 80 mm
determine the maximum tensile and
compressive stresses in the beam

construct the V-dia. and M-dia. first
we can find + M
max
= 2.205 kN-m
- M
max
= - 3.6 kN-m
next, we want to find the N. A. of the section
A(mm
2
) y(mm) A y (mm
3
)
A
1
3,312 6 19,872
A
2
960 40 38,400
A
3
960 40 38,400
total 5,232 96,672
E A
i
y
i
96,672
c
1
= CCC = CCC = 18.48 mm
E A
i
5,232
c
2
= h - c
1
= 61.52 mm
moment of inertia of the section is
I
z1
= I
zc
+ A
1
d
1
2


1 1
I
zc
= C (b - 2t) t
3
= C 276 x 12
3
= 39744 mm
4



12 12
d
1
= c
1
- t / 2 = 12.48 mm
I
z1
= 39,744 + 3,312 x 12.48
2
= 555,600 mm
4

similarly I
z2
= I
z3
= 956,000 mm
4


11
then the centroidal moment of inertia I
z
is
I
z
= I
z1
+ I
z2
+ I
z3
= 2.469 x 10
6
mm
4

I
z
I
z

S
1
= C = 133,600 mm
3
S
2
= C = 40,100 mm
3

c
1
c
2

at the section of maximum positive moment
M 2.025 x 10
3
x 10
3

o
t
= o
2
= C = CCCCCCC = 50.5 MPa
S
2
40,100
M 2.025 x 10
3
x 10
3

o
c
= o
1
= - C = - CCCCCCC = - 15.2 MPa
S
1
133,600

at the section of maximum negative moment
M - 3.6 x 10
3
x 10
3

o
t
= o
1
= - C = - CCCCCCC = 26.9 MPa
S
1
133,600
M - 3.6 x 10
3
x 10
3

o
c
= o
2
= C = - CCCCCCCC = - 89.8 MPa
S
2
40,100
thus (o
t
)
max
occurs at the section of maximum positive moment
(o
t
)
max
= 50.5 MPa
and (o
c
)
max
occurs at the section of maximum negative moment
(o
c
)
max
= - 89.8 MPa

5.6 Design of Beams for Bending Stresses
design a beam : type of construction, materials, loads and environmental
conditions
12
beam shape and size : actual stresses do not exceed the allowable stress
for the bending stress, the section modulus S must be larger than M / o
i.e. S
min
= M
max
/ o
allow

o
allow
is based upon the properties of the material and magnitude of the
desired factor of safety
if o
allow
are the same for tension and compression, doubly symmetric
section is logical to choose
if o
allow
are different for tension and compression, unsymmetric cross
section such that the distance to the extreme fibers are in nearly the same
ratio as the respective allowable stresses
select a beam not only the required S, but also the smallest
cross-sectional area

Beam of Standardized Shapes and Sizes
steel, aluminum and wood beams are manufactured in standard sizes
steel : American Institute of Steel Construction (AISC)
Eurocode
e.g. wide-flange section W 30 x 211 depth = 30 in, 211 lb/ft
HE 1000 B depth = 1000 mm, 314 kgf/m etc
other sections : S shape (I beam), C shape (channel section)
L shape (angle section)
aluminum beams can be extruded in almost any desired shape since the
dies are relatively easy to make
wood beam always made in rectangular cross
section, such as 4" x 8" (100 mm x 200 mm), but its
actual size is 3.5" x 7.25" (97 mm x 195 mm) after it
13
is surfaced
consider a rectangular of width b and depth h
b h
2
A h
S = CC = CC = 0.167 A h
6 6
a rectangular cross section becomes more efficient as h increased, but
very narrow section may fail because of lateral bucking

for a circular cross section of diameter d
v d
3
A d
S = CC = CC = 0.125 A d
32 8
comparing the circular section to a square section of same area
h
2
= v d
2
/ 4 => h = v d / 2
S
square
0.167 A h 0.167 v d / 2 0.148
CC = CCCCC = CCCCCCC = CCC = 1.184
S
circle
0.125 A d 0.125 d 0.125
the square section is more efficient than circular section
the most favorable case for a given area A and depth h would
have to distribute A / 2 at a distance h / 2 from the neutral axis, then

A h
2
A h
2

I = C (C) x 2 = CC
2 2 4

I A h
S = CC = CC = 0.5 A h
h / 2 2
the wide-flange section or an I - section with most material in the
flanges would be the most efficient section
14
for standard wide-flange beams, S is approximately
S j 0.35 A h
wide-flange section is more efficient than rectangular section of the same
area and depth, much of the material in rectangular beam is located near
the neutral axis where it is unstressed, wide-flange section have most of the
material located in the flanges, in addition, wide-flange shape is wider and
therefore more stable with respect to sideways bucking

Example 5-5
a simply supported wood beam carries
uniform load
L = 3 m q = 4 kN/m
o
allow
= 12 MPa wood weights 5.4 kN/m
3

select the size of the beam
(a) calculate the required S
q L
2
(4 kN/m) (3 m)
2

M
max
= CC = CCCCCCC = 4.5 kN-m
8 8
M
max
4.5 kN-m
S = CC = CCCC = 0.375 x 10
6
mm
3

o
allow
12 MPa
(b) select a trial size for the beam (with lightest weight)
choose 75 x 200 beam, S = 0.456 x 10
6
mm
3
and weight 77.11 N/m
(c) now the uniform load on the beam is increased to 77.11 N/m

15
4.077
S
required
= (0.375 x 10
6
mm
3
) CCC = 0.382 x 10
6
mm
3

4.0
(d) S
required
< S of 75 x 200 beam (0.456 x 10
6
mm
3
) (O.K.)

Example 5-6
a vertical post 2.5 m high support a lateral
load P = 12 kN at its upper end
(a) o
allow
for wood = 15 MPa
determine the diameter d
1

(b) o
allow
for aluminum tube = 50 MPa
determine the outer diameter d
2
if t = d
2
/ 8
M
max
= P h = 12 x 2.5 = 30 kN-m
(a) wood post
v d
1
3
M
max
30 x 10
3
x 10
3

S
1
= CC = CC = CCCCCC = 2 x 10
6
mm
3

32 o
allow
15
d
1
= 273 mm
(b) aluminum tube
v
I
2
= C [d
2
4
- (d
2
- 2 t)
4
] = 0.03356 d
2
4

64
I
2
0.03356 d
2
4

S
2
= C = CCCCC = 0.06712 d
2
3

c d
2
/ 2
M
max
30 x 10
3
x 10
3

S
2
= CC = CCCCCC = 600 x 10
3
mm
3

o
allow
50
solve for d
2
=> d
2
= 208 mm
16
Example 5-7
a simple beam AB of length 7 m
q = 60 kN/m o
allow
= 110 MPa
select a wide-flange shape
firstly, determine the support reactions
R
A
= 188.6 kN R
B
= 171.4 kN
the shear force V for 0 x 4 m is
V = R
A
- q x
for V = 0, the distance x
1
is
R
A
188.6 kN
x
1
= CC = CCCC = 3.143 m
q 60 kN/m
and the maximum moment at the section is
M
max
= 188.6 x 3.143 / 2 = 296.3 kN-m
the required section moudlus is
M
max
296.3 x 10
6
N-mm
S = CC = CCCCCCCC = 2.694 x 10
6
mm
3

o
allow
110 MPa
from table E-1, select the HE 450 A section with S = 2,896 cm
3

the weight of the beam is 140 kg/m, now recalculate the reactions, M
max
,
and S
required
, we have

R
A
= 193.4 kN R
B
= 176.2 kN
V = 0 at x
1
= 3.151 m
=> M
max
= 304.7 KN-m
17
M
max

S
required
= CC = 2,770 cm
3
< 2,896 cm
3
(O. K.)
o
allow


Example 5-8
the vertical posts B are supported
planks A of the dam
post B are of square section b x b
the spacing of the posts s = 0.8 m
water level h = 2.0 m
o
allow
= 8.0 MPa
determine b
the post B is subjected to the water
pressure (triangularly distributed)
the maximum intensity q
0
is
q
0
= , h s
the maximum bending moment occurs at
the base is

q
0
h h , h
3
s
M
max
= CC (C) = CCC
2 3 6
M
max
, h
3
s b
3

and S = CC = CCC = C
o
allow
6 o
allow
6
, h
3
s 9.81 x 2
3
x 0.8
b
3
= CC = CCCCCC = 0.007848 m
3
= 7.848 x 10
6
mm
3

o
allow
8 x 10
6

b = 199 mm use b = 200 mm
18
5.7 Nonprismatic Beams
nonprismatic beams are commonly used to reduce weight and improve
appearance, such beams are found in automobiles, airplanes, machinery,
bridges, building etc.
o = M / S, S varying with x, so we cannot assume that the
maximum stress occur at the section with M
max


Example 5-9
a tapered cantilever beam AB of solid circular cross section supports a
load P at the free end with d
B
/ d
A
= 2
determine o
B
and o
max

x
d
x
= d
A
+ (d
B
- d
A
) C
L
v d
x
3
v x
3

S
x
= CC = C [d
A
+ (d
B
- d
A
)C]
32 32 L
M
x
= P x, then the maximum bending stress at any cross section
is
M
x
32 P x
o
1
= C = CCCCCCCCCC
S
x
v [d
A
+ (d
B
- d
A
) (x/L)]
3

at support B, d
B
= 2 d
A
, x = L, then
4 P L
o
B
= CCC
v d
A
3

to find the maximum stress in the beam, take do
1
/ dx = 0
=> x = L / 2
19
at that section (x = L/2), the maximum is
128 P L P L
o
max
= CCCC = 4.741 CC
27 v d
A
3
v d
A
3

it is 19% greater than the stress at the built-in end

Example 5-10
a cantilever beam of length L support
a load P at the free end
cross section is rectangular with constant
width b, the height may vary such that
o
max
= o
allow
for every cross section
(fully stressed beam)
determine the height of the beam
b h
x
2

M = P x S = CC
6
M P x 6 P x
o
allow
= C = CCC = CC
S b h
x
2
/ 6 b h
x
2

solving the height for the beam, we have
6 P x
1/2

h
x
= ( CCC )
b o
allow

at the fixed end (x = L)
6 P L
1/2

h
B
= ( CCC )
b o
allow

20
x
1/2
the idealized beam has the
then h
x
= h
B
( C )
L parabolic shape

5-8 Shear Stress in Beam of Rectangular Cross Section
for a beam subjected to M and V with rectangular cross section
having width b and height h, the shear stress t acts parallel to the
shear force V
assume that t is uniform across the width of the beam
consider a beam section subjected the a
shear force V, we isolate a small
element mn, the shear stresses t act
vertically and accompanied horizontally as
shown
the top and bottom surfaces are free,
then the shear stress must be vanish, i.e.
t = 0 at y = ! h/2
for two equal rectangular beams of
height h subjected to a concentrated
load P, if no friction between the beams,
each beam will be in compression above its
N.A., the lower longitudinal line of the
upper beam will slide w.r.t. the upper line
of the lower beam
for a solid beam of height 2h, shear stress must exist along N.A. to
prevent sliding, thus single beam of depth 2h will much stiffer and
stronger than two separate beams each of depth h
21
consider a small section of the beam
subjected M and V in left face and
M + dM and V + dV in right face
for the element mm
1
p
1
p, t acts on
p
1
p and no stress on mm
1

if the beam is subjected to pure bending
(M = constant), o
x
acting on mp and
m
1
p
1
must be equal, then t = 0 on
pp
1

for nonuniform bending, M acts on mn and M + dM acts on
m
1
n
1
, consider dA at the distance y form N.A., then on mn

M y
o
x
dA = CC dA
I
hence the total horizontal force on mp is

M y
F
1
= CC dA
I
similarly
(M + dM) y
F
2
= CCCCC dA
I
and the horizontal force on pp
1
is
F
3
= t b dx
equation of equilibrium
F
3
= F
2
- F
1

22
(M + dM) y M y
t b dx = CCCCC dA - CC dA
I I
dM 1 V
t = CC C y dA = CC y dA
dx Ib I b
denote Q = y dA is the first moment of the cross section area
above the level y (area mm
1
p
1
p) at which the shear stress t acts, then

V Q
t = CC shear stress formula
I b
for V, I, b are constants, t ~ Q
for a rectangular cross section
h h/2 - y
1
b h
2

Q = b (C - y
1
) (y
1
+ CCC) = C (C - y
1
2
)
2 2 2 4
V h
2

then t = CC (C - y
1
2
)
2 I 4
t = 0 at y
1
= ! h/2, t
max
occurs
at y
1
= 0 (N.A.)

V h
2
V h
2
3 V 3
t
max
= CC = CCCC = CC = C t
ave

8 I 8 b h
3
/12 2 A 2
t
max
is 50% larger than t
ave

V = resultant of shear stress, V and t in the same
direction

Limitations
the shear formula are valid only for beams of linear elastic material with
23
small deflection
the shear formula may be consider to be exact for narrow beam ( t is
assumed constant across b), when b = h, true t
max
is about 13%
larger than the value given by the shear formula

Effects of Shear Strains
t vary parabolically from top to
bottom, and , = t / G must vary in
the same manner
thus the cross sections were plane surfaces become warped, no
shear strains occur on the surfaces, and maximum shear strain occurs on
N.A.
,
max
= t
max
/ G, if V remains constant along the beam, the
warping of all sections is the same, i.e. mm
1
= pp
1
= , the
stretching or shortening of the longitudinal lines produced by the bending
moment is unaffected by the shear strain, and the distribution of the normal
stress o is the same as it is in pure bending
for shear force varies continuously along the beam, the warping of cross
sections due to shear strains does not substantially affect the longitudinal
strains by more experimental investigation
thus, it is quite justifiable to use the flexure formula in the case of
nonuniform bending, except the region near the concentrate load acts of
irregularly change of the cross section (stress concentration)

Example 5-11
a metal beam with span L = 1 m
q = 28 kN/m b = 25 mm h = 100 mm
24
determine o
C
and t
C
at point C
the shear force V
C
and bending
moment M
C
at the section through C
are found

M
C
= 2.24 kN-m
V
C
= - 8.4 kN
the moment of inertia of the section is
b h
3
1
I = CC = C x 25 x 100
3
= 2,083 x 10
3
mm
4

12 12
normal stress at C is

M y 2.24 x 106 N-mm x 25 mm
o
C
= - CC = - CCCCCCCCCCC = - 26.9 MPa
I 2,083 x 10
3
mm
4

shear stress at C, calculate Q
C
first
A
C
= 25 x 25 = 625 mm
2
y
C
= 37.5 mm
Q
C
= A
C
y
C
= 23,400 mm
3

V
C
Q
C
8,400 x 23,400
t
C
= CCC = CCCCCCC = 3.8 MPa
I b 2,083 x 10
3
x 25
the stress element at point C is shown

Example 5-12
a wood beam AB supporting two
concentrated loads P
b = 100 mm h = 150 mm
25
a = 0.5 m o
allow
= 11 MPa t
allow
= 1.2 MPa
determine P
max

the maximum shear force and bending moment are
V
max
= P M
max
= P a
the section modulus and area are
b h
2

S = CC A = b h
6
maximum normal and shear stresses are
M
max
6 P a 3 V
max
3 P
o
max
= CC = CC t
max
= CCC = CCC
S b h
2
2 A 2 b h
o
allow
b h
2
11 x 100 x 150
2

P
bending
= CCCC = CCCCCCC = 8,250 N = 8.25 kN
6 a 6 x 500
2 t
allow
b h 2 x 1.2 x 100 x 150
P
shear
= CCCC = CCCCCCCC = 12,000 N = 12 kN
3 3
P
max
= 8.25 kN

8-9 Shear Stresses in Beam of Circular Cross Section
V Q v r
4

t = CC I = CC for solid section
I b 4
the shear stress at the neutral axis
v r
2
4 r 2 r
3

Q = A y = (CC) (CC) = CC b = 2 r
2 3 v 3

26
V (2 r
3
/ 3) 4 V 4 V 4
t
max
= CCCCCC = CCC = CC = C t
ave

(v r
4
/ 4) (2 r) 3 v r
2
3 A 3
for a hollow circular cross section
v 2
I = C (r
2
4
- r
1
4
) Q = C (r
2
3
- r
1
3
)
4 3
b = 2 (r
2
- r
1
)
then the maximum shear stress at N.A. is
V Q 4 V r
2
2
+ r
2
r
1
+ r
1
2

t
max
= CC = CC (CCCCCC)
I b 3 A r
2
2
+ r
1
2

where A = v (r
2
2
- r
1
2
)

Example 5-13
a vertical pole of a circular tube
d
2
= 100 mm d
1
= 80 mm P = 6,675 N
(a) determine the t
max
in the pole
(b) for same P and same t
max
, calculate d
0

of a solid circular pole

(a) The maximum shear stress of a circular
tube is
4 P r
2
2
+ r
2
r
1
+ r
1
2

t
max
= CC (CCCCCC)
3 v r
2
4
- r
1
4

for P = 6,675 N r
2
= 50 mm r
1
= 40 mm
t
max
= 4.68 MPa
(b) for a solid circular pole, t
max
is
27
4 P
t
max
= CCCCC
3 v (d
0
/2)
2

16 P 16 x 6,675

d
0
2
= CCCC = CCCCC = 2.42 x 10
-3
m
2

3 v t
max
3 v x 4.68
then d
0
= 49.21 mm
the solid circular pole has a diameter approximately 5/8 that of the
tubular pole

5-10 Shear Stress in the Webs of Beams with Flanges
for a beam of wide-flange shape
subjected to shear force V, shear stress
is much more complicated
most of the shear force is carried by shear
stresses in the web
consider the shear stress at ef, the same
assumption as in the case in rectangular beam, i.e.
t // y axis and uniformly distributed across t

V Q
t = CC is still valid with b = t
I b
the first moment Q of
the shaded area is divided
into two parts, i.e. the
upper flange and the area
between bc and ef in the
web

28
h h
1
h
1

A
1
= b (C - C) A
2
= t (C - y
1
)
2 2 2
then the first moment of A
1
and A
2
w.r.t. N.A. is
h
1
h/2 - h
1
/2 h
1
/2 - y
1

Q = A
1
(C + CCCC) + A
2
(y
1
+ CCCC)
2 2 2
b t
= C (h
2
- h
1
2
) + C (h
1
2
- 4 y
1
2
)
8 8
V Q V b t
t = CC = CC [C (h
2
- h
1
2
) + C (h
1
2
- 4 y
1
2
)]
I b 8 I t 8 8
b h
3
(b - t) h
1
3
1
where I = CC - CCCC = C (b h
3
- b h
1
3
+ t h
1
3
)
12 12 12
maximum shear stress in the web occurs at N.A., y
1
= 0
V
t
max
= CC (b h
2
- b h
1
2
+ t h
1
2
)
8 I t
minimum shear stress occurs where the web meets the flange, y
1
= !
h
1
/2
V b
t
min
= CC (h
2
- h
1
2
)
8 I t
the maximum stress in the web is from 10% to 60% greater than the
minimum stress
the shear force carried by the web consists two parts, a rectangle of area
h
1
t
min
and a parabolic segment of area b h
1
(t
max
- t
min
)

V
web
= h
1
t
min
+ b h
1
(t
max
- t
min
)
29
t h
1

= CC (2 t
max
+ t
min
)
3
V
web
= 90% ~ 98% of total V
for design work, the approximation to calculate t
max
is
V <= total shear force
t
max
= CC
t h
1
<= web area
for typical wide-flange beam, error is within ! 10%
when considering y in the flange, constant t across b cannot
be made, e.g. at y
1
= h
1
/2, t at ab and cd must be zero, but
on bc, t = t
min

actually the stress is very complicated here, the stresses would become
very large at the junction if the internal corners were square

Example 5-14
a beam of wide-flange shape with b = 165 mm, t = 7.5mm, h = 320 mm,
and h
1
= 290 mm, vertical shear force V = 45 kN
determine t
max
, t
min
and total shear force in the web





the moment of inertia of the cross section is
1
I = C (b h
3
b h
1
3
+ t h
1
3
) = 130.45 x 10
6
mm
4

12
30
the maximum and minimum shear stresses are
V
t
max
= CC (b h
2
b h
1
2
+ t h
1
2
) = 21.0 MPa
8 I t
V b
t
min
= CC (h
2
h
1
2
) = 17.4 MPa
8 I t
the total shear force is
t h
1

V
web
= CC (2 t
max
+ t
min
) = 43.0 kN
3
tnd the average shear stress in the web is
V
t
ave
= CC = 20.7 MPa
t h
1


Example 5-15
a beam having a T-shaped cross section
b = 100 mm t = 24 mm h = 200 mm
V = 45 kN
determine t
nn
(top of the web) and t
max

76 x 24 x 12 + 200 x 24 x 100
c
1
= CCCCCCCCCCCC = 75.77 mm
76 x 24 + 200 x 24
c
2
= 200 - c
1
= 124.33 mm
I = I
aa
- A c
2
2

b h
3
(b - t) h
1
3

I
aa
= CC - CCCC = 128.56 x 10
6
mm
3

3 3
A c
2
2
= 102.23 x 10
6
mm
3

31
I = 26.33 x 10
6
mm
3

to find the shear stress t
1
(t
nn
), calculate Q
1
first
Q
1
= 100 x 24 x (75.77 - 012) = 153 x 10
3
mm
3

V Q
1
45 x 10
3
x 153 x 10
3

t
1
= CC = CCCCCCCC = 10.9 MPa
I t 26.33 x 10
6
x 24
to find t
max
, we want to find Q
max
at N.A.
Q
max
= t c
2
(c
2
/2) = 24 x 124.23 x (124.23/2) = 185 x 10
3
mm
3

V Q
max
45 x 10
3
x 185 x 10
3

t
max
= CCC = CCCCCCCC = 13.2 MPa
I t 26.33 x 10
6


5.11 Built-up Beams and Shear Flow

5.12 Beams with Axial Loads
beams may be subjected to the simultaneous
action of bending loads and axial forces,
e.g. cantilever beam subjected to an inclined
force P, it may be resolved into two
components Q and S, then

M = Q (L - x) V = - Q N = S
and the stresses in beams are
M y V Q N
o = - CC t = CC o = C
I I b A
the final stress distribution can be obtained by combining the stresses
32
associated with each stress resultant

M y N
o = - CC + C
I A
whenever bending and axial loads act simultaneously, the neutral axis no
longer passes through the centroid of the cross section

Eccentric Axial Loads
a load P acting at distance e from
the x axis, e is called eccentricity

N = P M = - P e
then the normal stress at any point is
P e y P
o = CC + C
I A
the position of the N.A. nn can be obtained by setting o = 0
I
y
0
= - CC minus sign shows the N.A. lies below z-axis
A e
if e increased, N.A. moves closer to
the centroid, if e reduced, N.A. moves
away from the centroid

Example 5-15
a tubular beam ACB of length L = 1.5 m loaded by a inclined
force P at mid length
P = 4.5 kN d = 140 mm b = 150 mm A = 12,500 mm
2

33
I = 33.86 x 10
6
mm
4






P
h
= P sin 60
o
= 3,897 N
P
v
= P cos 60
o
= 2,250 N
M
0
= P
h
d = 3,897 x 140 = 545.6 x 10
3
N-mm
the axial force, shear force and bending moment diagrams are sketched
first





the maximum tensile stress occurs at
the bottom of the beam, y = - 75 mm

N M y 3,897 1,116.8 x 10
3
(-75)
(o
t
)
max
= C - CC = CCC - CCCCCCCC
A I 12,500 33.86 x 10
6

= 0.312 + 2.474 = 2.79 MPa
the maximum compressive stress occurs at the top of the beam, y = 75
mm

N M y 3,897 1,116.8 x 10
3
x 75
(o
c
)
left
= C - CC = CCC - CCCCCCCC
A I 12,500 33.86 x 10
6

34
= 0.312 - 2.474 = - 2.16 MPa
N M y 571.2 10
3
x 75
(o
c
)
right
= C - CC = 0 - CCCCCCC
A I 33.86 x 10
6

= - 1.265 MPa
thus (o
c
)
max
= - 2.16 MPa occurs at the top of the beam to the left of
point C

5.13 Stress Concentration in Beams