RAISING(unit10-337-338)

1.SUBJECT-TO-SUBJECT RAISING WITH TO-CLAUSES CONTROLLED BY VERBS

-implied subject of most post-predicate to-clauses is the same as the subject of the main clause. -in some cases, the entire to-clause is the implied subject of the main clause. Eg) The prize pupil, however,turned out to have another side to his character. -equivalent that-clause construction is an extraposed construction: Eg) It turned out that the prize pupil had another side to his character. -the grammatical subject of the main clause in 1 (the prize pupil) is the implied subject of the toclause (the prize pupil is the one who had another side to his character). This is similar to most to-clauses. -However, the logical subject of the main clause is the entire to-clause. That is, the intendedmeaning is not that 'the prize pupil turned out'; rather, the entire idea that 'the prize pupil had another side to his character' is the logical subject of the main clause. -This kind of structure is called SUBJECT-TO-SUBJECT RAISING. The subject of the dependent to-clause is 'raised' to become the subject of the main clause. SUBJECT TO-SUBJECT RAISING occurs with to-complement clauses controlled by verbs of probability and simple fact (e.g. turn out, seem, tend, appear).

2.RAISING WITH TO-CLAUSES CONTROLLED BY ADJECTIVES -to- clauses controlled by adjectives all appear the same , but the IMPLIED SUBJECT of the
TO-CLAUSE & its relationship to the SUBJECT of the main clause can vary BUT there are 2 major groups of adj. that can differ from this simple case: CERTAINTY ADJECTIVES & ADJECTIVES OF EASE OR DIFFICULTY 1)CERTAINTYADJECTIVES CONTROLLING SUBJECT-TO-SUBJECT RAISING: likely, unlikely,sure, certain -they occur with SUBJECT-TO-SUBJECT RAISING EG) [THE GOVERMENT] is unlikely to meet the full cost the logical subject of the main clause is the entire to-clause -the meaning relationship is explicit if we paraphrase th estructure with an equivalent that structure(one in the subject position & the other extraposed) eg)That the goverment will meet the full cost is unlikely 2) ADJECTIVES OF EASE OR DIFFICULTY CONTROLLING OBJECT-TO-SUBJECT RAISING: difficult, easy, hard, (im)possible -these adjectives control a different type of raising eg) Without those Powers,[computer hacking] would be almost impossible to prove. -Here the grammatical subject of the main clause is the implied object of the to-clause. (computer hacking-subject of main clause) is the understood object prove(the infinitive)-the setence doesnt mean that coputer hacking would be impossible but To prove computer hacking would be almost impossible -this kind of structure is called OBJECT-TO-OBJECT raising. The object of the dependent toclause is raised to become the subject of the main clause