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C hemWiki: The Dynamic C hemistry Textbook > Organic C hemistry > Aldehydes and Ketones > Nomenclature of Aldehydes & Ketones

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Nomenclature of Aldehydes & Ketones

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Find ChemWiki: The Dyna... Organic Chemistry Aldehydes and Keton... Addition of Alcohols... Carbonyl Group-Mec... Cyanohydrins Nomenclature of Ald... The Carbonyl Group

The most potent and varied odors are aldehydes. Ketones are widely used as industrial solvents. Aldehydes and ketones contain the carbonyl group. Aldehydes are considered the most important functional group. They are often called the formyl or methanoyl group. Aldehydes derive their name from the dehydration of alcohols. Aldehydes contain the carbonyl group bonded to at least one hydrogen atom. Ketones contain the carbonyl group bonded to two carbon atoms. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. Introduction Naming Aldehydes Naming Ketones Naming Aldehydes and Ketones with Other Functional Groups References Outside Links
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Introduction
Aldehydes* Ketones**

*-R is the carbon group attached to the aldehyde group* **-R1, -R2 are different carbon groups attached to the ketone group** The carbonyl group is the highest ranking functional group, and therefore will be the lowest possibly numbered constituent. Aldehydes are higher ranking than ketones.

Naming Aldehydes
1. Simpler aldehydes keep their common corresponding carboxylic acid names. Carboxylic acids with endings -ic or -oic acid are replaced by aldehyde. 2. Aldehydes take their name from their parent alkane chains. The -e is removed and replaced with -al. The alkane then becomes an alkanal. 3. When the -CHO functional group is attached to a ring, it is called a carbaldehyde, and the carbon attached to that group is C1.

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acetaldehyde (ethanal)

vanillic aldehyde (4formaldehyde hydroxy-3(methanal) methoxybenzaldehyde)

6-bromo-2pyridinecarboxaldehyde

Naming Ketones
1. Ketones take their name from their parent alkane chains. The -e is removed and replaced with -one. The alkane then becomes an alkanone. 2. The smallest ketone, propanone, is commonly referred to as acetone. Aromatic ketones are aryl-substituted alkanones. If the ketone is present in the ring, then the compound is referred to as a cycloalkanone. 3. Some ketones are named simply by the substituent groups + ketone. 4. The phenyl ketones end in -phenone.

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acetone (dimethyl ketone)

butyrophenone

pentanone

2,2dimethylcyclohexanone

Naming Aldehydes and Ketones with Other Functional Groups

1. Alkanoyl is the common name of the the older naming, acyl, is still widely used.

fragment, though

2. Formyl is the common name of the fragment. 3. Acetyl is the common name of the CH3-C=O- fragment. 4. Oxo indicates the location of the ketone group when an aldehyde group is also present.

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an acyl chloride

23-oxobutanal (acetyl)oxybenzoic acetyl chloride formyl chloride acid

References
1. Vollhardt, K. Peter C., and Neil E. Schore. Organic Chemistry. 5th ed. New York: W.H. Freeman, 2007. 2. Zumdahl, Steven S., and Susan A. Zumdahl. Chemistry. 6th ed. Boston: Houghton Mifflin College Division, 2002.

Outside Links
Organic Chemistry (Vollhardt and Schore) Aldehydes (Wikipedia) Ketones (Wikipedia)
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