Introduction to LED Lighting

September 29, 2011

Meet Your Panelists

Angela Plusquellic Mark Farrell Mike Carter

Agenda for Todays Webinar

Lighting Fundamentals How It Works Lighting Comparison

Specific Applications
Best Applications

LED Checklist Questions and Wrap Up

Lighting Webinar Benefits

Helps you understand the bottomline cost savings before you embark on a new project. Gives you knowledge of terms and pros/cons before starting a project. Provides awareness of energy efficiency opportunities.

Average Electric Usage Large Office Buildings

Average Electric Usage Small Office Buildings

Average Electric Usage Lodging

Average Electric Usage Grocery/C-Stores

PNM Business Energy Efficiency Program

Incentives for energy-saving lighting is part of the following PNM commercial programs: Retrofit Rebates New Construction Rebates QuickSaver

Retrofit Rebates

Option #1: Pre-set menu with rebates on per unit installed basis
Lighting Grocery Refrigeration HVAC VSDs and motors

Option #2: Custom option - rebates on equipment not included on the pre-set menu. Rebates calculated using $0.06 per estimated first-year kWh saved.

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New Construction Rebates

Option #1 Pre set menu Lighting Lighting Power Density above code usage HVAC VSDs and motors

Option #2 Custom Option

Rebates for projects more energy efficient than current building code (ASHRAE 90.1-07). Facilities that are 10% more efficient than code receive $0.08 per estimated first-year kilowatt hours saved. Facilities that are 20% more efficient than code receive $0.10 per estimated first-year kilowatt hours saved. Enhanced commissioning incentives are also available at $0.03/ft2.

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PNM QuickSaver

Small Business Rebates

Small Power customers eligible General Power customers whose demand is less than 100 kW are eligible
Lighting Grocery Refrigeration

Turn-key program:
Contractors
Conduct energy assessment Produce detailed proposal with all financials Install products and handle all paperwork Provides labor and equipment warranties

PNM

Conducts pre- and post- inspections Pays rebates directly to contractor

Typical Payback is 1 year or less Average lighting project 65% paid for by rebate

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LED Lighting Rebates

Interior

LED lamp (screw-in or bi-pin) replacing an incandescent, halogen or HID up to 100 watts $8/lamp LED recessed fixture - $10/fixture LED replacing HID - $40-$60/fixture Bi-level parking lot or wallpack fixture $60/fixture $0.06/kWh Must pass Total Resource Cost Test and Meet LED Lighting Specifications

Exterior or Garage

All other

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LED Lighting Specifications

Option A:

Must appear on one of the following qualified product lists

Design Lights Consortium (DLC) Energy Star

Option B: Provide documentation that shows

product meets DLC minimum criteria
Manufacturers product information sheet LED fixture specification sheet Justification for product lifetime estimates Complete IESNA LM79-08 test reports Lumen maintenance report

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Energy Efficiency Basics

Things you may see on your bill:

Kilowatt (kW) is a measure of power (demand). Kilowatt-hour (kWh) is a measure of energy consumption.

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Lighting Fundamentals

Lumensa measure of the perceived power of light.

Foot-candleone lumen of light distributed over a square foot area.

Depends on the distance from the light source Does not hold for focused fixtures like flood lamps Can be measured using a light meter

Constant output regardless of distance from source

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Color Rendering Index (CRI)

Color Rendering Index (CRI) is a Measure of the light quality of a light source as compared with sunlight. The closer a light-source's CRI is to 100, the better its ability to show true colors.
LED 70-90

The higher the number, the more likely the light source will render object colors well.

20 Poor

40

60 Fair

70 Good

80

90 100

Excellent

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Fundamentals of Light

Correlated Color Temperature (CCT) is a measure of warmth or coolness of the color of an artificial light source. It is expressed in Kelvin.

Low CCT Orange/Yellowish Warm

WHITE LED 3000-6500K

High CCT Bluish Cool

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Lighting Fundamentals

White light is a mix of many different colors across the visible lighting spectrum.

Source: EERE

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How It Works

Two types of LEDs

Low power High power
About 0.1 watt

Around 1 watt

Source: Philips LumiLEDsTM

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Lighting Comparison
Heat loss in LEDs is
through conduction, not radiation performance for LEDs
Tested at 25C (77F) ambient
but operated at 60C (140F) junction temperature ambient temperature

90% heat; 10% light

Heat is the enemy of

20% heat; 80% light

Typically 110F maximum Enhanced by cold

temperatures

Excessive heat and cold

diminish fluorescent performance

20% heat; 80% light

Source: ENERGY STAR

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Lighting Comparison

Electrical current driver circuit instead of ballast LED efficacy (lpw) decreases with higher CRI or lower CCT (warm shift)
2,700 K 70+ CRI 90+ CRI 0.93 0.68 3,500 K Baseline 0.75 4,000 K 1.06 0.81 5,000 K 1.25 0.87

Frequent switching does not affect rated life for LEDs as it does for fluorescents Directional nature of LED results in very high luminaire efficacy
Source: Prescolite D6LED Specifications

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Lighting Comparison

Very compact and low-profile Nothing to break No abrupt failure mode

Instant on (no warm-up time required)

Source: EERE

Does generate harmonics, but no reported problems

Some built-in surge and noise protection

ENERGY STAR qualified LED lights consume 75% less energy than conventional incandescent lights

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Lighting Comparison

Dimming
Bulbs and Lamps
Silicon Controlled Rectifiers (SCR)

Solid State LEDs

Pulse Width Modulated (PWM) Constant Current Reduction (CCR)
Rated Current Rated Current

Current

Current

Time

Time

PWM @25%

CCR @25%

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Lighting Comparison

Dimming Problems
Pop-on Drop-out Dead-travel Audible noise Shimmer

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Lighting Comparison

Comparison with traditional lighting

Type Rated Life, hours 50,000 10,000-20,000 750-1,500 Lumens per Watt 35-100 60-100 10-17 CRI 70-90 80-86 100 Lumen Maintenance 95-98%* 90-95% 95%

LED Fluorescent Incandescent

*At 40% fluorescent rated life; 70% to 90% at 50,000 hours

DOE Commercially Available LED Product Evaluation and Reporting (CALiPER) program benchmarks LED products

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Incandescent A-Lamp Replacement

CALiPER tested a 60 watt incandescent A-lamp against two LED A-lamps LEDs efficacy competitive with higher wattage CFLs
LEDs $25 to $50 each

Type A-lamp CFL LED A-lamp

Watts 61 13 8 40

Lumens 823 825 557 387

LPW 14 63 72 9.9

CCT (K) 2771 2700 3951 2700

CRI 100 85 84 100

Source: Round 11, CALiPER

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Incandescent A-Lamp Replacement

Brand Name
LEDzworld Professional LED Bulb CTA GE Energy Smart LED Philips AmbientLED Sylvania LED A-Line Switch 100

Wattage
6.5W 9W 12.5W 12W 16W

Lumens
250 450 800 810 1,700

CCT
2500K 3700K 2700K 2700K 4,200K

Life (Hrs)
35,000 25,000 25,000 25,000 20,000

Source: Switch Bulb Co.

Source: GE Lighting

Source: LEDzworld

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MR16 Reflector Lamp Replacement

CALiPER tested two different MR16 LED products

Best now matches lumen output of halogen lighting

Compatibility with low-voltage transformers can be an issue

LED cost is $15 to $20 compared to halogen cost of $4 to $6
Type LED (Old) LED (New) Halogen (16) Halogen (2) Watts 4 7 29 35 Lumens 90 267 263 550 LPW 25 42 13 16 CCT (K) 3961 3067 2862 3000 CRI 78 84 99 99 PF 0.63 >0.70 1.0 1.0

Source: NIST

Source: Round 11, CALiPER

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Recessed Downlights

Competition from reflector-rated CFLs from 15 to 26 watts that deliver 720 to 1,300 lumens Directional nature of LEDs is an advantage Removing heat from the can is a real challenge for R-CFLs and LEDs Cree LED Lighting LR6 6" LED Recessed Downlight at 12 watts and 650 lumens costs around $100
Source: EERE

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Recessed Downlights

LED performance generally matches R-CFLs

65W BR-30 Flood* Luminaire light output, initial (lumens) Luminaire wattage (W) Luminaire efficacy (lm/W) CCT (Kelvin) CRI Center beam candlepower (candela) Beam angle (degrees) Average luminance at 45 (cd/sq meter) 570 65 9 2,700 K 100 510 cd 55 27,267 15W R-30 CFL 675 15 45 2,700 K 82 200 cd 120 17,500 LED* 730 12 60 2,700 K 95 280 cd 105 16,439

Dimmable

Y
*Data Source: EERE

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Directional PAR Lamps

CALiPER tested seven different directional LED PAR and AR products

Much better than halogen bulbs Not quite competitive with CMH
Type LED PAR30 LED PAR38 CMH PAR38 HIR PAR38 Watts 12 18 25 75 Lumens 594 959 1,504 1,060 LPW 49 52 60 14 CCT (K) 2,642 4,056 3,012 3,500 CRI 64 87 86 100

Source: Round 11, CALiPER

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High-Bay Lighting

CALiPER tested two different High-Bay LED products

Efficacy still lags fluorescent Narrow light beam pattern Life claims are suspect
Type F32T8(4) Pulse CMH LED Watts 114 150 111 Lumens 10,800 9,750 7,822 LPW 95 65 71 CCT (K) 5,000 4,200 5,593 CRI 86 93 71

Source: Round 11, CALiPER

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Exit Signs

Annual cost of ownership for LED exit signs is much less than for fluorescent exit signs
Incandescent Fluorescent LED

Sources: Stock Exchange and DOE

Wattage Incandescent Fluorescent LED 40 11 5

Rated Life, yrs

0.5 1-1.5 6-10

Initial Cost $6 $22 $22

Annual Energy Cost

$25 $7 $3

Annual Maintenance Cost

$10 $5 0

Total Annual Ownership Costs $47 $30 $6

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Street Lighting

Lumen maintenance higher for LEDs versus HID lighting Color rendering/uniformity for LEDs are better than HPS
Minimum illuminance levels equal to HPS (perceived as better) LEDs are Dark Skies compliant

Simple payback of 6 to 10 years minimum

Capital cost of $850 for LED versus $250 for HPS or CMH cobra head Energy savings of 30% to 50%

LED (left) vs HPS (right) Source: Beta Lighting & EERE

Data Source: EERE

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Street Lighting

LED performance matches HPS and CMH

150W HPS
Luminaire (system) watts CCT CRI Rated lamps lumens, initial Downward luminaire efficiency Downward luminaire lumens, initial Luminaire efficacy (lumens per watt) 183W 2,000 K 22 16,000 70% 11,200 61 lpw

150W CMH
167W 3,000 K 80 11,900 81% 9,639 58 lpw

LED
153W 6,000 K 75 10,200 100% 10,200 67 lpw

Data Source: EERE

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Street Lighting

Before (HPS)
Type (tested) LED HPS Induction Watts 44 117 67

Source: Progress Energy

After (LED)
CCT (K) 4,947 2,042 3,906 CRI 66 21 75
Source: Round 11, CALiPER

Lumens 3,994 6,540 3,960

LPW 90 56 59

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Parking Garage Lighting

Before (HPS)
Type
LED HPS

Source: Progress Energy

After (LED)
CCT (K)
6,000 2,042

Watts
86 120

Lumens
6,765 11,400

LPW
79 95

CRI
75 21

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ENERGY STAR LED Criteria

Omnidirectional
CRI Power Factor (>5W) Efficacy (lpw) <10W 10W 50 lpw 55 lpw 40 lpw 40 lpw 40 lpw (20/8) 45 lpw (<20/8) 80 0.7

Decorative
80 0.7

Directional
80 0.7

Lumens (min.) at replacement wattages 10W 25W 60W 100W Lumen Maintenance @ 25,000 hours -200 800 1,600 70% 70 150 500 - 70% 100 250 600 1,000 70%

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Best LED Applications

LED Payback Period by End-Market, Application (Years) Application Incandescent
1.8

Halogen
1.7

CFL
4.5

LF
--

MH
--

Office Low Intensity Directional Lighting (<500 Lumens) Office High Intensity Directional Lighting (>500 Lumens)
3.3 3.4 12.5 8.1 7.8

Office Omnidirectional Lighting

1.8 -5.9 21.5 --

Retail Low Intensity Directional Lighting (<500 Lumens)

2.3 2.2 5.0 ---

Retail High Intensity Directional Lighting (>500 Lumens)

3.4 3.5 6.9 -7.8

Source: Cleantech Approach, Solid State Lighting: Benchmark Report

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Best LED Applications

Exit signs Undercabinet lighting

Accent lights Step and path lighting Cove lighting Spaces with occupancy sensors Food and preparation areas Retail display cases

In-cabinet accent lighting

Adjustable task lighting Refrigerated case lighting Outdoor area lighting

Elevator lighting
Recessed downlights Art display lighting
Source: EERE

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LED Checklist

To what quality standards has the product been tested?

UL 8750 Safety Standard for LED Equipment for Use in Lighting Products IESNA LM-79-08 Electrical and Photometric Measurements of SSL Products IESNA LM-80-08: Testing Lumen Maintenance of LED Light Sources

What quality accreditations apply?

ENERGY STAR Lighting Facts Label Next Generation Luminaires

Whose LED chips are used in the luminaire?

Nichia, Samsung, OSRAM Opto, Philips Lumileds, Seol, Cree, LG Inotek, and Sharp

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LED Checklist

What color characteristics are specified?

Color Rendering Index (CRI) Correlated Color Temperature (CCT)

What efficacy is specified?

What is included in the product warranty?
Maximum number of diode failures

Acceptable color change

Power supply requirements Dimmer use/type

Maximum LEDs per circuit

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LED Checklist

What is the acceptable lumen output and depreciation?

Consider the directional nature of LED luminaires IESNA LM-80-08: Testing Lumen Maintenance of LED Light Sources

What Light Loss Factor (LLF) should be applied?

Optical losses Ambient temperature Diode failures Lumen depreciation Dirt depreciation
Source: Ledzworld

What dimming characteristics are required? What impact will LED in-rush have on your lighting system?

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DOE Building Technologies Program

Solid State Lighting
CALiPER Program Outdoor Lighting Resources

Lighting Facts Program

EPA ENERGY STAR

Commercial LED Lighting

Illuminating Engineering Society

IESNA LM-79-08

Questions?
PNM Business Energy Efficiency Program
www.PNMEnergyEfficiency.com PNM.com/powersource to sign up for newsletters and online tools 1-877-607-0741 EnergyEfficiency@PNM.com

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