1. Prester Johna. A Christian kingdom in Africa and ruled by Prester John in Africa. It was also s aid to be magical. b.

Writers spoke of this mysterious kingdom, which lured Europeans into searching for it. 2.The Travels of John Mandevillea. A fantasy book that spoke of realms; some filled with precious stones and gold, others more frightening, with evil women and giants. b. These lands attracted Europeans, again luring them into searching for them. 3. Marco Poloa. A medieval traveler and merchant, who took a long journey to the court of the Mongol leader, Khubilai Khan. He wrote the book Travels, which is an account of his experiences in Asia. b. ? 4. "God, glory, and gold"a. Summarizes all of the motives such as fantastic land (glory), economic motives (Gold), and religious zeal (God). b. These caused the Europeans to embark on long voyages. 5. Portolania. Charts made by medieval navigators and mathematicians in the 13th & 14th century. Had details on coastal contours, distances between ports, and compass readings. b. Made European traveling easier, but because it was drawn on a flat scale it was useless for long oversea journeys 6. Ptolemy's Geographya. One of the most important world maps in the 15th century. It showed the world as a sphere with 3 major landmassesEurope, Asia, and Africa and only 2 oceans, which were smaller then the landmasses. b. Made traveling the ocean MUCH easier for Europeans and giving them more knowledge on the geography of their earth. 7. lateen sails and square rigsa. Sailing innovations mastered by the Europeans. b. These innovations allowed ships to sail against the wind and engage in naval warfare. Also they were now large enough to mount heavy cannons and carry a substantial amount of goods over long distances.

8.Compass and astrolabea) The compass and the astrolabe were new navigational aids introduced to sailors in the 15th century. b) These new devices allowed sailors to travels the seas in confidence, and made longer, more difficult overseas voyages possible that led to the discovery of the new world. 9.Prince Henry the Navigator of Portugal a) Prince Henry founded a school for navigators in Portugal, and sponsored the exploration of many new fleets traveling to the African Gold Coast. Trade and the spread of Christianity first motivated him to explore. b) Under Prince Henry, Portugals first explorations began, and the explorations completed their trade route and initiated their control of Malacca. 10.The Gold Coasta) The gold coast was the southern coast of West Africa, where Europeans discovered an abundant source of gold in 1471. b) The gold coast attracted many European sates to construct ports on the coast of Africa, where they discovered and captured black Africans to use in the slave trade. 11.Bartholomeu Diasa) Dias was a Portuguese sea captain, who, in 1488, rounded the Cape of Good Hope after hearing reports of a route to India around the tip of Africa. Dias returned before he reached his destination because he feared a mutiny from his crew. b) His return left control in the hands of the next captain, Vasco de Gama. 12.Vasco da Gama (include Calicut) a) Ten years after Diass voyage, Vasco de Gama rounded the cape and crossed the Arabian Sea to reach the port of Calicut, on the southwestern coast of India. Da Gama announced he was in search of Christians and Spices, and returned to Europe with fleets full of ginger and cinnamon. b) da Gamas voyage introduced new spices to Europe in which they made a large profit off of. The voyage also led to the annual return of Portuguese fleets to India. Beginning the blockade and the capture of Malacca. 13.Afonso de Albuquerquea) After Portuguese fleets blockaded the Red Sea from importing spices to the Muslims and Ottomans, Admiral Afonso de Albuquerque founded a land base

in Goa, in present day Bombay. Albuquerque then sailed to Malacca, and seized it. (See Malacca) b) Afonso founded the headquarters of Portuguese operations in the Indian region, and enhanced the Portuguese trade routes. 14.Malaccaa) Malacca was a thriving Arab spice trade port on the Malay Peninsula, which was seized by the Portuguese in a bloody battle. b) Portuguese control of Malacca crushed the Arab spice trade and provided the Portuguese a station on the route to the Spice Islands.
15. Spice Islands a. In 1511, a Portuguese fleet led by Afonso de Albuquerque attacked the Muslim sultanate at Malacca, on the west coast of the Malay Peninsula. Occupation of the port gave the Portuguese control over the strategic Strait of Malacca and the route to the Spice Islands. The Portuguese launched expeditions farther east, to China and the Spice Islands. There they signed a treaty with a local ruler for the purchase and export of cloves to the European market. b. Within a few years the Portuguese had managed to seize control of the spice trade from Muslim traders and made large profits for the Portuguese Monarchy. 16. Christopher Columbus a. Thought that Asia could be reached by sailing west instead of around Africa. He was rejected by the Portuguese, but then persuaded Queen Isabella of Spain to finance his exploratory expedition. He took 3 ships: the Santa Maria, Nina, and the Pinta, and a crew of 90 men to set sail on August 3, 1492. -October 12: reached the Bahamas and then went to explore Cuba and the northern shores of Hispaniola. Columbus thought that he had reached Asia. He assured to Queen Isabella and King Ferdinand when he returned to Spain, that he would find gold here and that they had an opportunity to convert natives to Christianity. b. In three later voyages (1493, 1498, 1502) he strived to find a route to the Asian mainland. In his four voyages he landed on the major islands of the Caribbean and the mainland of Central America each time. He was convinced that he had reached the Indies of Asia. 17. John Cabot a. A Venetian seaman who explored the New England coastline of the Americas under a license from King Henry VII of England. b. An explorer of the New World 18. Amerigo Vespucci a. The continent of South America was discovered accidentally by the Portuguese sea captain Pedro Cabral in 1500. Amerigo Vespucci, a Florentine, accompanied several of these voyages and wrote a series of letters describing the New World. b. The publication of his letters led to the use of the name America for the new lands. (After Amerigo) 19. Vasco Nunez de Balboa (1475-1519) a. A Spanish explorer who led an expedition across the Isthmus of Panama and reached the Pacific Ocean in 1513. b. One of the many voyages that explored the eastern coasts of both North and South America in the first two decades of the sixteenth century. 20. Ferdinand Magellan a. 1519-After sailing through the Magellan Strait (named after him) at the Southern tip of South America, he sailed across the Pacific Ocean reaching the Philippines, where he met his death at the hands of the natives. Only one of his original fleet of five ships survived and returned to Spain. b. Although only one of his five ships survived, he is still associated with the first known circumnavigation of the earth. His journey was the most dramatic of all the expeditions in the first two

decades of the sixteenth century. 21. Treaty of Tordesillas (include Papal Line of DemarcationSee class notes.) a. In the New World, the Spanish in particular were interested because the 1494 Treaty of Tordesillas had divided up the newly discovered world into separate Portuguese and Spanish spheres of influence: -Most of South America fell within the Spanish sphere. -Portuguese: Route east around the Cape of Good Hope -Spain: Route across the Atlantic (except for the eastern hump of South America b. ??

22) Conquistadors- (A) groups financed and outfitted privately rather than by the government. they had superior weapons, organization skills, and great determination which brought them success. capitalized of the destruction of the native peoples brought on by the Europeans. (B) caused the destruction of the Inca and the Aztecs. Leaders: Hernan Cortez (Aztec) Francisco Pizarro (Inca) 23) Hernan Corts- (A) Led a Spanish expedition in 1519 that destroyed the Aztec civilization starting with Tenochtitlan. he took advantage of the fact that the leader, Montezuma, thought he was coming with peace business. The smallpox brought on great devastation that gave victory to Corts. Joined forces with the surrounding cities who were tired of the Aztecs control. (B) Land was leveled from pyramids and Sparked a new wave of destruction for the Spaniards. Between 1531 and 1550, the Spanish took control of Northern Mexico. 24) Moctezuma- (A) Monarch of the Aztecs who was taken down by the Conquistadors under the leadership of Corts. (B)was the ruler under which the Aztec fell and were destroyed. 25) The Aztecs (include Tenochtitlan)- (A) A civilization in Mexico who were destroyed by the conquistadors while under the rule of Moctezuma. Drove the Spanish from the city, but then fell due to disease and were eventually overcome. Devastation was brought on by smallpox (B) was one of the most organized city-state of the early world and were outstanding warriors. set up a division of power with a capital at Tenochtitlan. 26) The Inca (include Pachakuti)- (A) a small city in Cuzco in the mountains. In 1440 under the rule of Pachakuti, the Inca started a conquest of rule the area surrounding their city. created a highly centralized state. also used a division of power. the city fell however because of the conquests of the Spanish lead by Francisco Pizarro by 1535. (B)gave a view of a highly centralized sate but lost because of the old fashioned weaponry compared to the Spanish.

27) Francisco Pizarro- (A) conquered the Incans and by 1535 established a capital for a new Spanish colony. (B) led the conquest which seized power from the Incans and created a new Spanish colony in the new world. 28) Encomienda- (A) a system that permitted the conquering Spaniards to collect tribute from the natives and use them as slaves. then the holders were to protect Indians, pay them, and supervise their spiritual needs. (B) this led the harsh treatment of the Indians and protests and disputes between the native people and the conquerors who were treating them unfairly. 29. Viceroy and Audiencias a) In the New World, Spanish developed an administrative system based on viceroys. b) Spanish possessions were divided into two major administrative units: New Spain (center being Mexico City), and Peru (western South America) governed by a viceroy in Lima. Each viceroy served as the Kings chief civil/ military officer and was aided by advisory groups called audicencia (supreme judicial bodies) 30. Boers (include Capetown) a) Dutch farmers that settled in the areas outside the city of Capetown b) The area had moderate climate and no tropical diseases making Europeans want to settle there; town was originally meant to be a base for Dutch ships en route to the Spice Islands (Dutch East India Company) 31. African Slave Trade a) Slavery had been practiced in Africa since ancient times. The primary market for slaves was in the Middle East, and was common in European countries. b) A rapid increase in slaves occurred when sugar cane was introduced (16C, founded in South America) the growth of the slave trade continued on during the next two centuries. 32. Triangular Trade (include middle passage) a) The journey of slaves from Africa to the Americas became known as the middle passage (middle leg of the triangular trade route) high death rates in slaves when being shipped across seas (10 %) b) Took at least 100 days for the voyage to America. Many slaves were prisoner of war, domestic servants, or wage less workers for the local ruler. The trade route that brought them from West coast of Europe, the African coast, and

the ports of North and South America was called the triangular trade and it characterized the Atlantic economy. 33. Dutch East India Company a) Established pepper plantations b) Became the source of massive profits for the Dutch merchants in Amsterdam 34. Batavia a) On the Island of Java, there was a Dutch fort in Batavia b) Dutch made this fort because they thought it was necessary to bring the inland regions under their control to protect their position 34. Batavia a) On the Island of Java, there was a Dutch fort in Batavia b) Dutch made this fort because they thought it was necessary to bring the inland regions under their control to protect their position 36. Mughal Empire a. The founders of the empire were not natives of India but came from the mountain region north of the Ganges River valley. The founder of the dynasty Baburs father descended from the great Asian conqueror Tamerlane, and his mother from the Mogul conqueror Genghis Khan. It was Baburs grandson however who brought Mughal rule to most of India. b. It was the greatest Indian empire since the Mauryan dynasty nearly 2,000 years earlier and helped unite the Indian subcontinent of Calicut. 37. British East India Company a. At the end of the 16th C. the British and Dutch arrived on the scene of the regional trade in the Indian Ocean, usually dominated by the Portuguese. Soon all three powers were fighting for control. During the first half of the 17th C. the British presence in India increased and by 1650 British trading posts were set up in Surat, Fort William (Calcutta), and Madras. From Madras British ships carried Indian cotton goods to the East Indies where they bartered for spices which were shipped back to Britain. The French competed with the British and even captured the Fort Madras, but they were saved by Robert Clive. b. Opened trade routes between Europe, India, and the New World with spices, cotton, and many other trading luxuries and food. It was the main trading route throughout the 17th and 18th centuries. 38. Robert Clive

a. An aggressive British empire-builder who eventually became the chief representative of the East India Company in India and also earlier saved the company from takeover by the French at Fort Madras. Began to consolidate British control in Bengal where the local ruler had attacked and imprisoned the Fort William British population. b. He helped shape the British East India Co. and saved it from being taken by the French. 39. The Black Hole of Calcutta a. In Bengal, the local ruler had attacked and imprisoned the local British population in an underground hole where many of them died while in captivity. In 1757 a small British force defeated a Mughal-led army more than 10 times its size in the Battle of Plassey. As part of the victory, the British East India Co. received from the Mughal court the authority to collect taxes from lands surrounding Calcutta. b. Marks a major step in the gradual transfer of the entire Indian subcontinent to the British East India Co. and later, in 1858 to the British crown as a colony. 40. The Ming Dynasty (1369-1644) a. By the time the Portuguese fleet arrived off the coast of China, they had already begun a new era of greatness in Chinese history. Under a series of strong rulers, China extended its rule into Mongolia and Central Asia, even briefly Vietnam. They strengthened the Great Wall and made peace with the nomadic tribesman who had troubled china for centuries. Though in the 1630s a major epidemic devastated the population in many areas. The suffering helped cause a peasant revolt led by Li Zicheng. In 1644 Li and his forces occupied Beijing and the last Ming emperor hanged himself from a tree. b. The overthrow of the dynasty created an opportunity for the Manchus, farming and hunting people who lived northwest of China in the area known as Manchuria. And it was one of the greatest dynasties in Chinese history. 41. The Qing Dynasty a. When the Ming dynasty fell, the Manchus conquered Beijing, and Li Zichengs army fell, and they declared the creation of a new dynasty (Qing), meaning pure. Two Qing monarchs, Kangxi and Qianlong, ruled China for well over a century, from the middle of the 17th, to the end of the 18th. b. They were blessed with a series of strong early leaders who pacified the country, corrected most serious social and economic ills, and restored peace and prospering. They were responsible for much of the greatness of Manchu China.

42. Lord Macartney a. In 1793, a British mission under him visited Beijing to press for liberalization of trade restrictions, but Emperor Qianlong did not want British products. Macartney compared the Chinese empire to an old, crazy, first-rate man-of-war and would soon be a failure. b. The Chinese would later pay for their rejection to Macartneys offer of opening up trade routes with China and the British East India Co.
.Emperor Qianlong. a) A strong ruler of the Qing dynasty who pacified China, corrected most serious social and economic ills, and restored peace and prosperity. Ruled China for most of 17th and 18th centuries, with the exception of Emperor Kangxi b) Responsible for much of the greatness in Manchu China- politically, economically, and socially. .Tokugawa shoguns of Japan a) Took the title shogun (general) in 1603, an act that initiated the most powerful and longest- lasting of all the Japanese shogonates. b) One of a number of powerful individuals who achieved in the unification of Japan. .Nagasaki and the Dutch a) A small amount of the Dutch community in Nagasaki was allowed to remain in Japan. The Dutch, unlike the Spanish and Portuguese, had not allowed missionary activities to interfere with their trade interests. Conditions for staying were strict. b) Only European community allowed to remain on Nagasaki. .Britain's Navigation Acts a) North America and West Indian colonies of Britain were assigned roles in keeping with mercantilist theory. Provided raw materials for mother country. Were supposed to provide a balance of trade favorable to the mother country. b) Regulated what could be taken from and sold to the colonies. .Samuel de Champlain a) French citizen and colonist b) Established a settlement at Quebec in 1608. French began to take a more serious interest in Canada as a colony. .the asiento a) A privilege granted to the British in 1713 that allowed the transportation of 4,500 slaves a year into Spanish Latin America b) Major factor in slavery in the Americas .inflation (include price revolution) a) Major economic problem in the 16th and early 17th centuries. A Europe- wide phenomenon. As a result of price revolution, wages could not keep up w/ rising prices. Aristocrats prospered. b) Wage earners standard of living dropped. .joint-stock trading companies a) Individuals bought shares in a company and received dividends on their investments. Board of Directors ran the company and made important decisions. b) Made commercial expansion of 16th and 17th centuries easier

51. House of Fugger

A. In the sixteenth-century family banking firms such as the Fuggers were closely associated with mining industries. The house of Fuggers arranged large loans to Charles V. Because of this, Jacob Fugger was given a monopoly over silver, copper, and mercury mines in the Habsburg possessions of central Europe, which produced profits in excess of 50 percent per year. The Fuggers house went bankrupt at the end of the sixteenth century when the Habsburgs defaulted on their loans. B. The relationship between governments (Charles V) and entrepreneurs (the house of Fuggers) lead to stunning successes. It caused an increase of power, and wealth between the government and the Fuggers. 52. Mercantilism A. The name historians use to identify a set of economic tendencies that came to dominate economic practices in the seventeenth century. Also believed that the total volume of trade was unchangeable. Since one nation could expand its trade and hence its prosperity only at the expense of others, to mercantilists, economic activity was war carried on by peaceful means. B. This meant that the prosperity of a nation depended on a plentiful supply of bullion (gold and silver). Because of this, it was desirable to achieve a favorable balance of trade in which goods exported were of greater value than those imported. This promoted an influx of gold and silver. Mercantilism focused on the role of the state, believing that state intervention in some aspects of the economy was desirable for the sake of the national good. 53. Mestizos A. The Spanish rulers had authorized the intermarriage between Europeans and native American Indians, whose offspring became known as Mestizos. B. Mestizos, along with Africans, native Indians, and Mulattoes produced a unique society in Latin America. Unlike Europe, and unlike British North America, which remained a largely white offshoot of Europe, Latin America developed a multiracial society with less rigid attitudes about race. 54. Mulattoes A. The offspring of Africans and whites. B. Like Mestizos, Mulattoes helped to produce a unique society in Latin America, and also helped to develop a multiracial society. 55. Missions A. From the beginning of the conquests to the New World, Spanish and Portuguese rulers were determined to Christianize the native peoples. This policy gave the Catholic church an important role to play in the New World,

one that added considerably to church power. Catholic Missions, from the Dominicans, Franciscans, and Jesuits- fanned out to different parts of the Spanish Empire. B. The missions would bring Indians together into villages, where the natives could be converted, taught trades, and encouraged to grow crops. These missions enabled the missionaries to control the lives of the Indians and helped ensure that they would remain docile members of the empire. Missions also served as military barriers to foreign encroachment. 56. Jesuit Missionaries A. The Jesuit Missionaries began in China and were highly educated men who were familiar with European Philosophical and scientific developments. They helped to make the Chinese people more open to Western ideas. They used this openness to promote Christianity. Jesuits pointed to similarities between Christian morality and Confucian ethics. They were also successful in Japan, where the Jesuits converted a number of local nobles. By the end of the sixteenth century thousands of Japanese on the southern islands had become Christian. B. The Jesuit Missionaries were among the most active and the most effective of all missionaries. The Jesuits spread the belief of Christianity to many Asian countries and converted thousands of people. 57. The Columbian Exchange A. Historians refer to the reciprocal importation and exportation of plants and animals between Europe and the Americas as the Columbian Exchange. Europeans brought horses, cattle, and wheat to the New World through the Columbian Exchange. The Europeans were also taking back with them new agricultural products such as potatoes, chocolate, corn, tomatoes, and tobacco. Potatoes became especially poplar as a basic dietary staple in some areas of Europe. B. The improvements of nutrition due to the Columbian Exchange reflected in a rapid increase in population. The European lifestyle was greatly affected by new products from abroad. 58. Gerardus Mercator/Mercator Projection A. Gerardus Mercator was a Flemish cartographer. He created map projections and Mercators is what mapmakers call a conformal projection. It tires to show the true shape of landmasses, but only of a limited area. B. He created the most famous map projection of the time known as the Mercator projection. Mercators projections also greatly helped ship captains on their journeys.