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CHAPTER II

REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE AND STUDIES

2.1 RELATED LITERATURE

Site Selection The following are the characteristics of the site that should be considered in site selection from the book entitled Architectural Design Portable Handbook by Andy Pressman:
Sun- Orient buildings and outdoor spaces to coordinate heating/cooling characteristics with seasonal, regional, and programmatic factorsfor example, design fenestration, overhangs, and other devices to allow penetration of low winter sun and block high summer sun; consider thermal characteristics when selecting cladding materials; promote and control the quality of day-lighting; consider using deciduous trees that can help filter sun in summer and allow penetration of sunlight in winter. Wind- Protect/shelter entries from cold winter winds; capture summer breezes for good ventilation and outdoor areas. Moreover, the force of wind produces a variety of stresses and strains, which can lift the roof off a house or cause skyscrapers to sway. These potential stresses, obviously, should be considered for a particular location and factored into the design. Rain- Avoid placing the building in low areas subject to flooding (without some sort of control system); address water runoff from paved and built areas. A steep slope may suggest a multilevel scheme and zoning of functions by level with interesting three-dimensional potential. With a steep slope, there will be accessibility issues. Design slender forms that align with contours to minimize cutting and filling and disruption to the site. For a flat slope, the maximum potential for the plan is based on regular

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arrays of identical units; construction is more economical than on steep sites. Noise, Smells, and Bad Views- Provide buffer zones (and distance, if possible) to dissipate the problem; pay attention to materials selections (i.e., a translucent material such as glass block, to let in daylight and blur the view). Special construction detailing can help a lot toward acoustical separation. Good Views- Consider sight lines both to and from the site; study what is appropriate relative to your concept. Frame views from the site to heighten drama, or configure building elements to mediate views to specific areas. Traffic- Locate access to parking away from busy streets and intersections. Minimize the number of curb cuts and vehicular and pedestrian conflict. Existing Objects, Materials, and Public Works- Inventory and describe the condition and approximate sizes of existing items, and confirm this on the plan. Much of this is usually indicated on the survey. Include furniture (i.e., benches, picnic tables); lighting; retaining walls; paving; utilities (electricity, gas, water, sanitary sewers, storm drainage, phone lines); curbs, steps, ramps, handrails, and fences; and fire and police protection. If there are any structures on the site, they need to be evaluated carefully for possible relationship to the proposed new project. Noise and Smells- Listen for anything potentially disturbing (i.e. an interstate highway bisects your site, your neighbor is an international jetport). Are there signs of pollution (i.e., is the site downwind of a baked bean factory or a paper mill)? Subsurface Conditions- Information on subsoil and ground water conditions and data from percolation tests and borings (investigated and analyzed by geotechnical engineers) determine such things as bearing capacity, suitability for septic tank drainage systems, water runoff characteristics, permeability, and risk of erosion. Note the presence of topsoil and its influences on potential planting. Zoning- Zoning is the legal process by which local government specifies and regulates land use and building type, size, and context. Some items you may need to consider include setbacks, yards, maximum lot coverage and building height, off-

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street parking, floor area ratio (FAR [ratio of total floor area to site area]), sky exposure plane, and of course, permitted uses.

The statement of Andy Pressman will serve as a guide in analyzing and determining the site to provide the necessary and basic requirements for the viability of the proposed project. This will allow the researcher to evaluate the site prior to the given considerations by the process of observation and data gathering to come up with an ideal and functional project.

Site Development According to Andrea Woodner, author of the book, High Performance Building Guidelines: Identify and prioritize the sites natural and cultural attributes that are to be protected, conserved, or restored. General Site Layout Organize building mass, orientation and outdoor spaces to provide efficient access to services; incorporate recreational areas that have multiple functions in addition to visual value. For example, rooftops can be used as gardens and for water collection; a water feature in a playground can provide both cooling and recreation for children. Use earth forms, plantings, drainage and water detention systems, and soils to support the functions of the building and site (e.g., screening, windbreaks, etc.). Employ passive solar principles in architectural design, orientation, and sitting; use heat- retaining courtyard pavements (with proper shading), block winter wind and admit summer breezes.

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Map sun and shade patterns associated with new construction. Design landscaping that optimizes selection and positioning of plants for sun and shade. Incorporate adequate space for operational recycling and maintenance, including space for collection, storage, and access for collection vehicles.

In site development planning, it is necessary to consider the sites natural and visual features. The guidelines given by Andrea Woodner will be the basis in organizing the site by utilizing and incorporating the natural attributes of site.

Derek Thomas discussed about the cluster type of planning in his book, Architecture and the Urban Environment A Vision for the New Age. He mentioned that: To replace a grid-like array of houses on a street, clustering of a more personal nature gives people immediate and effective control over their common land. A cluster is a dynamic social structure, which takes physical shape, and is governed above all by the common land at its heart and by the fluidity of the relations between the individual families and this common land (Alexander et al. 1977). Control over the common space reinforces the community and is wholly important to successful residential neighborhoods. Further, Alexander states that the cluster of land and homes immediately around ones own home is of special importance...and it is the natural focus of neighborly interaction. The urge to cluster emerges in the presence of certain supporting factors. On the basis of a community keeping in touch, and meeting internally for decision-making, there appears to be the following pattern, Alexander observes: The clusters seem to work best if they have between them eight to twelve houses each.

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More than twelve houses and the balance is strained. In all cases common land which is shared by the cluster is an essential ingredient. Ownership is essential for the clustering pattern to take hold, and shared ownership of the social space reinforces the common interest.

Alexander recommends that houses should therefore be arranged in broadly identifiable clusters of eight to twelve households around some common land and paths. Clusters should also be arranged so that anyone can walk through them without feeling like a trespasser. Clustering in dense conurbations enables mutual help, assimilation and urbanization and the preservation of certain institutions, and helps maintain familiar controls and cultural patterns. Clustering allows dynamism and active flow of relationship between the user and the site. This concept shall be used in the organization and planning of the site development. Winand Klassen (1986). Philippines, he stated that: Buildings and open spaces can be organized to preserve each buildings access to breezes. Each building creates an area of reduced wind velocity on its leeward side; therefore, the buildings in which crossventilation is important should be separated by a distance of five to seven times the building height to assure adequate airflow if they are directly behind one another. Compared to multistory buildings, lower one-story buildings cause smaller wind shadows and can be spaced close together. If the buildings are staggered, the wind flow around one building helps provide ventilation air for the adjacent building and the spacing may be decreased. From his book Architecture in the

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This information gives the researcher an idea about the appropriate planning and organization of buildings in considering airflow and ventilation. The clustered type of plan allows such air ventilation to disperse.

Building Function From the book, Handbook of Specialty Elements, Andrew Alpern points out that: Every play activity has within it the potential of a relationship between spectators and performers- whos to take part in the activity and those who watch. This may range from the obvious observation of a team game to the more subtle watching done by strollers as they pass activities, seated people, or other strollers. When children are observed, they are also watching. Spectators and performers are relating visually- people enjoy watching other people. The spectator-performer relationship is helpful in generating contact, energy, and interest. Careful thought should be given to it in the design of those parts of the play environment that are intended for the performers and those that are meant for the spectators so that both groups can interact and relate in a comfortable and natural manner. The statement above discusses the potential relationship between the watchers and players. This information is useful in carefully planning the active facilities such that there is a clear and natural interaction between the spectators and performers.

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According to Derek Thomas (2002): Barren urban spaces are the antithesis of w h a t i s n e c e s s a r y for satisfactory social development, whereas good neighborhood playgrounds can stimulate multisensory play. If well designed they can provide the environmental conditions for a childs social intercourse and positive experiential appreciation of the urban habitat. In the wider public context the urban environment requires planned amenities comprising many familiar forms usually under the umbrella of landscape architecture. Generally these are: seating, fountains, shelters, steps, kiosks, bandstands; sports fields, play equipment and landscaped parks; trails along natural features; and botanical gardens and sanctuaries.

Options for recreational space should include a range for both formal (e.g. organized games) and informal (e.g. play space, parks) us es. Whereas formal recreation space should be incorporated as an imperative in an urban environment, in practice such facilities will be determined largely by available space, official perceptions of sustainability, and the ability of the target population to bear the costs. In a study of community needs in the developing world, the Urban Projects Manual (Culpin et al. 1983) provides the following synthesis for formal facilities: The location of the recreation facilities should be as central as possible to the areas which the spaces serve, though this need not be the most valuable area of the project site. Access will be important, but a location behind commercial, industrial or public facility areas would be suitable, provided that they are safe areas.

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Areas for formal games should be reasonably level and of suitable surface.

For informal areas: They should be provided on a more pragmatic basis. Locating a large number of small open spaces relating to housing clusters or local access roads will prove to be most economical and socially acceptable, particularly for the supervision of children from their homes. Hardened areas may be desirable for older children, though these should be located so that activity does not affect other users of the social space. With a view to a reduction in costs to the public purse, an important factoring current thinking is the issue of responsibility for the maintenance of outdoor amenities. Design proposals should always be sustainable, and developed in accordance with prudent economic policy, which could be guided by any or all of the following : o Private maintenance of garden areas in front of houses. This concept could include the house owners responsibility for the ma intenance of the immediate street trees. o Maintenance of sports areas by clubs. o Maintenance of small public gardens by commercial establishments, e.g. restaurants. In planning the recreational spaces, there shall be a mixture of formal and informal areas that will suite the social development of the users. This data will serve as a basis on locating socially functional areas and facilities. Prior to the spaces of the main building, the following functional requirements provided by De Chiara & Callender are: Social Functions of Clubhouse

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In the organization of clubhouse functions the social activities are normally accommodated in the following main and supplementary Main areas:
Lounge

Cocktail lounge Main dining room and ballroom

o o Private dining and party rooms Card rooms

Men's locker room, showers and toilets Women's locker room, showers and toilets Pro shop
o Sales end display area o Office o Club end cart storage o Club cleaning room o Stock room Attendant's station, shoe cleaning, clothes drying end pressing Bar and grill

Pool locker, shower and toilet Caddie house and caddie yard
Entry

Supplementary areas: Vestibule or lobby Men's and women's toilets / powder room
o Porches and terraces Storage check room

Entrance and vestibule from parking area Steam room and masseur's room Quiet rooms Auxiliary card room

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The list of facilities given by De Chiara & Callender will be the basis in coming up with the functional plan for the clubhouse as the main building of the proposed Silay City Watersports and Recreation Park.

For the layout of other relative facilities, De Chiara & Callender mentioned that: Man-made Lakes Many councils have built lakes; and, when good design and construction procedures were followed, excellent results have been obtained. Even though the lake may not be suitable for swimming due to pollution or other factors, it provides for boating, canoeing, fishing, and nature study. The following are important considerations in design and construction: Avoid large areas of shallow water. The water tends to become warm and promote weed and alga growth. Provide for draining the lake. Maintenance of the beaches and waterfront structures and removal of silt will be greatly simplified. Lowering the water level in the winter may help control weeds and leeches and permit silt to wash off the beaches. Control silting. An upstream conservation program and silting basins may be needed. Grade and construct beach areas before filling the take. Remove all trees and brush from the lake bed. Trees should be cut close to the ground and all debris removed. Topsoil need not be removed. Where flat slopes exist at the shoreline, make a vertical cut so that water will be 1 to 2 ft deep. This will minimize the growth of water plants and the breeding of mosquitoes. (This does not apply to beach areas.)

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Provide adequate depth. Twelve feet is a good maximum depth for the swimming area. Greater depths in other parts of the lake tend to keep the water cooler and minimize alga and plant growth .

Layout for boating and canoeing boat, and canoe docking and landing areas should be separate from swimming area. There may be administrative advantages in having the two areas reasonably close together. However, the boat and canoe area should be at least 200 ft. from the swimming area. A boat pier or docking facilities should be installed. Several kinds are suitable. The type and design will depend on local conditions. Canoes are beached and racked in the shade. Canoe racks should be low so boys can use them. Provision should be made for locking up paddles and oars when not being used. If greenhouses are to be near other buildings, avoid if possible dark paved surfaces and heat-absorbing walls, which contribute to summer heat buildup. Low-lying ground has a tendency to flood during thawing out periods. And for obvious reasons greenhouses should not be located adjacent to playgrounds or playing fields.

This information about other related facilities in a recreation center such as man-made lake, docking facility and greenhouse is necessary in the planning of the facility. The statement mentioned above shall be considered in order to come up with a good design for the support facilities.

From the website http://www.sesitec.de, the information stated below discusses the requirements for building a cable park. The minimal / maximal measurements for a cableway.

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The stretch of a water body should be at least 80m wide and 140m long to operate economical and appropriately. The largest length of a side in a straight line is 315m. The average of a cableway is about 500-700m How deep should the water body be to operate safely? The depth of water currently accepted by the TV is at least 1m in the complete operating area and 1.2m in the area in front of the starting dock. How many masts does a cableway needs? At least 5 masts, maximal 6 masts. 6 masts are recommended. Technical Features for Cable Park The masts and arms are a triangle lattice construction. Depending on the static demands they are between 400 and 600 mm wide and up to 14 meters high from the water surface on. Guy ropes and anchors keep them in the right position. Since the system causes only mere pressure within the mast a plate of about 1 m that lies above the water ground or on the shore is sufficient. At the starting ramp there is the motor mast (4) which holds the driving motor (5) as well as the mechanics for the coupling and decoupling of the ropes in the carriers etc. In addition to the motor mast there is one mast that has a special rope system (7). The other masts lead the ropes over their arms. Other technical features: The anchors (1) will be either set in concrete on the ground or fixed on the water ground depending on the local possibilities. The guy ropes (2) keep the masts and arms in their position and absorb the powers that occur from the running cables. The pair of running cables (3) consist of special non-drifting ropes which are also suitable for high speeds under strong conditions. The running cables may be stopped immediately by an electric break.

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The website http://cablewakeboard.us requirements of a Rixen cableway.

discusses

A RIXEN BIG BRO cableway has 4, 5 or 6 masts. Cantilevers are connected to those masts and extend out over the water where you will find 2 pulleys attached. One of these 13 to 15 m long masts is the motor mast which holds the drive and the techniques for the coupling and decoupling of the skiers. Rixen has also created a full size system that has two starting areas and can greatly increase the amount of traffic a cable system can handle. The cables run from tower to tower and have carriers fixed along the cable to attach ski ropes. The start ramp is at a right angle to the running cables and the starting skier will be slowly accelerated. This is one of the patented solutions from Rixen Seilbahnen. The skier will be pulled on a long curve under the running cables in a perfect acceleration. The system is ideal for both beginners and professional athletes to utilize simultaneously. The distance between the skiers is 70 to 90 meters so the bigger the lake, the longer the cable, the more skiers can be accommodated. Suitable lakes or ponds should have a minimum width of 90 meters and a minimum length of 170 meters to offer a profitable operation of the water ski cableway. Although the minimum water depth is 1 meter and in the starting area 1.2 meter, demanded by the TV (Technical Control Board) Cable Wake Parks recommends at least two to three meters for maximum safety. Depending on the available water area the cable length can be between 400 to 1500 meters, most water ski cableways are 600 to 900 meters. The longest possible length of one stretch is 310 meters. This distance is sufficient to host national and international water ski championships, but not needed for wakeboard competitions. Rixen systems are built to the highest standards. Because Rixen is the inventor of the system our experience in innovating and safety cannot be matched. Because we are the industry leader and Rixen has installed over 90% of the systems worldwide our experience cannot be matched. Product safety: The Rixen water ski and wakeboard

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cableways are product certified by the TV (Technical Control Board).

The information stated above is applicable in the design of the cable park in the project. The requirements for the cable park will be considered in the planning of this proposal. This information stated above will be used for the design of the Watersports cable park.

Building Aesthetics According to Derek Thomas (2002): Vernacular building is the manual-artisan culture of building, based on tectonic logic. As a craft it is concerned with the construction of domestic structures, workshops, dwellings, warehouses as well as engineering works. In general vernacular building is concerned with the erection and maintenance of the urban fabric, of the buildings-blocks forming the streets of the city, its walls and its bridges. Building is a craft culture which consists in the repetition of a limited number of types and in their adaptation to local climates materials and custom. As to vernacular architecture, the researcher shall use this concept as a basis for the building character and aesthetics. The design of the building shall adopt to the local climate, the culture and materials.

Vernacular as an architectural character, according to Andy Pressman in his book, Architectural Design Portable Handbook:

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Vernacular means: The common language of a country or locality From the Latin, vernaculardomestic, native Someone chosen or elected to the nobility The customary architecture of a region, culture, or period Every day, ordinary, popular Universal, international, global Orally transmitted, illiterate, unschooled Indigenous, local, regional

The sense of the vernacular as something common, everyday, and unschooled is sometimes summed up in the negative formulation not designed by an architect. This definition precludes you as an architect from working in the vernacular. So for this discussion of the relationship between architects and the vernacular, it is more useful to adopt the sense of vernacular as design that is linked to a particular region, that is adapted to its climate, and that builds on its particular history, cultural values, and natural material resources. The other examples, by contrast, build on the vernacular of their locales in their varying mixtures of climate-sensitive layouts, locally produced materials, conventional building types, regional forms, and popular symbolism. The authors statement gives the researcher an idea of what vernacular architecture is all about. The building character shall reflect this concept while applying the modern-Filipino theories of Francisco Maosa and other notable Filipino architects which they call the Neo-Vernacular style.

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Building Technology Smith explained about construction systems in his book, Architecture in a Climate of Change: The advantages of masonry construction are: It is a tried and tested technology familiar to house building companies of all sizes. It is durable and generally risk free as regards catastrophic failure though not entirely. A few years ago the entire outer leaf of a university building in Plymouth collapsed due to the fact that the wall ties had corroded. Exposed brickwork is a low maintenance system; maintenance demands rise considerably if it receives a rendered finish. From the energy efficiency point of view, masonry homes have a relatively high thermal mass which is considerably improved if there are high density masonry internal walls and concrete floors. Pressed steel frames for homes are now being vigorously promoted by the steel industry. The selling point is again speed of erection but with the added benefit of a guaranteed quality in terms of strength and durability of the material. From the energy point of view, framed buildings can accommodate high levels of insulation but have relatively poor thermal mass unless this is provided by floors and internal walls. This information stated by Smith is applicable in the building techniques: masonry, reinforced concrete, steel framing, etc. which will be used in the structures of the project.

De Chiara & Callender in relation with outdoor surfacing materials: 1 . Turf- This material is generally considered to be the beat surface for many of the recreation activities carried on at

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playlots and playgrounds. Although turf is not feasible for play areas having heavy participant use, most park and recreation authorities recommend using turf wherever practicable. Underground irrigation sprinkler systems with rubber top valves should be specified in areas with inadequate seasonal rainfall to maintain a turf cover. Major reasons for using turf are that it is relatively soft, providing greater safety than other surfaces, and it has a pleasing, restful appearance with great appeal to participants. A turf surface is especially suitable for open and informal play areas for younger children, and the large field game areas for sports and general recreation use. 2. Bituminous Concrete- This flexible paving material is the most generally used material for paving play areas. The designer should note that various asphalt grades and mixes are available, as well as color-coatings to improve appearance and maintenance. A suitable mix and careful grade control should be used to obtain a smooth, even surface, economical construction, and little or no maintenance. Bituminous concrete pavement is especially useful for paved, multipurpose areas, for tennis, basketball, and volleyball courts, roller skating and ice skating rinks, and for walks, roads, and parking areas. 3. Portland Cement Concrete- This rigid paving material is the most favored type of surface for use in specialized areas where permanence is desired, and to provide uniformity, maximum durability, and little or no maintenance. A Portland cement concrete surface is especially useful for court games requiring a true, even surface, such as tennis and handball, for shuffleboard courts, roller skating and ice skating rinks, and for walks, curbs, roads, and parking areas. 4. Synthetic Materials- Synthetic materials that have a cushioning effect are being used by some school, park and recreation departments, primarily for safety, under play equipment. Several companies have developed successful resilient materials which provide excellent safety surfaces;

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these have been more expensive than the other materials discussed. 5. Miscellaneous Materials- Materials used for specific areas include sand, sawdust, tanbark, or wood chips around and under play equipment, earth on baseball diamond infields, and brick, flagstone, or tile on walks and terraces. The ideas stated above are significant to this study because it provides information regarding the suitable materials to be used for recreational facilities. These materials shall be applied mostly on outdoor facilities.

Prior to the building materials, from the book, Handbook of Specialty Elements, Andrew Alpern mentioned that: Wood is visually the most interesting material, and after metal, has the potential for the widest variety of shapes and forms. While it has the advantage of not conducting heat or cold very well, it tends to splinter or split. Wood also has the disadvantage of being both flammable and capable of rotting. In using wood, therefore, it is necessary to specify that it be treated with some form of nontoxic preservative to prevent rot. While heavy timbers will not support fire but will merely char, lighter wood members should be fireproofed. The concept of Modern Asian architecture will make use of wood as one of the building materials in order to add warmth and textures to the structure. The data mentioned by Alpern shall be considered in designing the structures.

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Building Engineering and Utilities System From www.thewakeparkproject.com, the cable systems that are used for watersports cable park have environmental benefits that could help build community by providing a safe, accessible environment for enthusiasts to enjoy their sports. Limited Power Consumption- It doesnt take a lot of power to run the cable. Sesitec estimates that their electric drives only consume an average of 10kW per operation hour. To put this in perspective, it takes an average of 5 kW of power to dry one load of laundry. A cable system can operate for less than $10 per day (depending on the cost of electricity in your area). And since the amount of electricity you use is so small, you can afford to purchase a renewable energy source, such as 100% clean wind, to power your cable system. Silence Is Golden- The electric cable drive operates virtually silently. They create much less noise, for example, than the already quiet snow ski chair lifts that are commonly found on mountains. The peak decibel reading at the motor tower is below normal human speech (55 decibels). Preserving the Landscape- The cables towers have a fine lattice construction that does not disrupt the view, and the parallel running cables blend into the background allowing the landscape to be preserved Ensuring Water Quality- Cableways insure a high oxygen supply is delivered into the water. Between fallen riders swimming to shore and the intense water movement created by riders breaking the surface as they cruise around the lake, manufacturers estimate that an oxygen supply of five tons per year is delivered into the local water. This creates excellent water quality for fish and other wildlife. Cable systems also emit no harmful emissions. Maximizing Resources- A cable system allows more participants to enjoy watersports while using fewer resources. For example, you can provide access to 250+ people per day

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on a decent size cable system, which is a great solution for limited access to water or over crowded waterways

The information above is relevant in the study since there is a need to put up cable systems for watersports enthusiasts. Cable systems shall be used for the watersports cable park which will be the main feature of the project.

The Pacific Advanced Civil Engineering, Inc. presented about planning of manmade lakes. How does a gravel biofilter operate and how is it sized? Dissolved nutrients within a lake system such as ammonia, nitrate, and phosphate need to be removed biologically. Biofiltration refers to the nitrification processes in which dissolved ammonia is converted to nitrite and the nitrite is converted to less toxic nitrate. Submerged gravel bed biofilters have been used extensively as a biological filter system for even sensitive water systems such as Koi ponds. The submerged gravel beds become coated with a biological mass through which lake water is circulated and the nutrients are stripped by bacteria through an oxidation process. These are relatively shallow gravel beds because of the potential for anaerobic conditions, since if the biofilter is too deep the available oxygen will be used before reaching the entire portion of the gravel bed. What are the design issues associated with stormwater applications in manmade lake design? The design issues that must be addressed in the lake design when considering the introduction of stormwater include the following (1) reduction of inflow nutrient loads, (2) sediment and debris removal, (3) different methods for handling nuisance or dry weather flows and large storm flows, (4) surcharge of operating water levels with storm volumes, (5) emergency spillway or flow release from the lake during extreme storm events, (6) evacuation of stored storm runoff volume, (7) type or characteristic of runoff such as

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urban runoff compared to natural watershed runoff, (8) sufficient space for water treatment features, and (9) increased number of inflow locations preferring surface flow as compared to underground pipes. Stormwater applications within a manmade lake must consider both the water quality requirements for maintaining the health of the lake and operational requirements based on the large inflow of runoff volume. Pre-treatment of storm and nuisance flows that must be incorporated through the application of constructed water quality treatment wetlands will assist in reducing the nutrient load and trap the majority of sediment. The PACE discussed about the water treatment of manmade lakes. Biofilters shall be used in the water treatment of the manmade lake.

2.2 RELATED STUDIES

Site Selection

Water Rights to an existing body of water, a well, or access to city water lines will ensure you wont run out of that precious resource.

Cable systems work in both fresh and salt water. If a site is level, there will be less excavation and sloping, which can get expensive. That said, if the price of the land is right, it may be worth it. Visibility. If your site is visible from a major roadway, that is a marketing plus. Proximity to a large population. (500,000 or more is ideal, but smaller populations of avid watersports enthusiasts are also viable)

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The correct zoning designation or ability to get a permit for a specific site to build the park is essential. Soil that will hold water means you wont have to line your lake, which can get expensive. Talk to a local soil expert to determine what type you have on your proposed site and what that means for your lake. Weather. Many cable parks thrive in areas that have colder winters, but it is a factor in determining your overall operating days. If you have the right population, you can still build a successful park.

The Wake Park Project (www.thewakeparkproject.com) has built numerous state-of-the-art cable parks all over the world including Philippines Camsur Watersports Complex (CWC). The article above is the basis in selecting the appropriate site which shall be used by the researcher as a guide for determining the viability of the site.

Site Development The city-operated facility has parking for 600 cars, several picnic areas, with shelters and barbecues, nature trails and boat dockage. Pedestrian underpasses beneath North Ocean Boulevard connect the park proper with the public beach, while a 58 foot observation tower on the edge of the intracoastal lagoon provides a panoramic view of the area. Designed to conform rather than to alter the existing terrain, everything added by man blends with the environment as unobtrusively as possible. Coral rock forms the base of most structures; old railroad ties serve as parking bumpers; pine bark covers the paths; and the weathered

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wood used in sign posts, lamp poles and buildings help them blend into the background. The plan reflects a design solution which avoids vehicular-pedestrian conflict within the grounds. Parking spaces are located around existing stands of trees to screen parking areas from view, as well as avoid the unattractive aspect of unbroken asphalt sheeting. The prime goal was to assure that the need for parking and circulation did not detract from the naturalistic setting.

The author, Theodore Walker discussed the planning and organization of Spanish River Park. This information will reflect on the site development plan in locating the spaces, parking, structures, and other facilities of the project with consideration of the sites natural aspects.

Building Function The water-oriented design reflects the input of needs and desires expressed by the citizens of Renton. The park provides family recreation and a range of active and passive uses from power boating to nature study. A waterfront activity center at the south end of the park includes boat launching, day moorage, boat rental, and a restaurant. To the north, a floating waterwalk allows people to walk out onto Lake Washington for fishing, viewing and picnicking. This encloses a protected area for use of wind surfing lessons and rented paddle boats. A foot trail winds through the naturalized north half of the park where industrial debris and ditches have been replaced by hills, a renovated stream and marsh, cobble beaches, and naturalistic planting of trees and shrubs.

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The facilities of Gene Caulon Park, as mentioned by Walker in the book entitled Design for Parks and Recreation Spaces, are useful in the study as they will be considered in the planning of the functional spaces of the watersports and recreation park.

Building Aesthetics An article about modern http://www.eichlernetwork.com/, stated: Asian designs from,

Mid-century modern architecture owes an obvious debt to Asian design principles. This significant influence can be seen in the rectilinear geometries, open floor plans, multifunctional rooms, and the all-important direct connections between the interior of the house and the adjacent garden. This statement declares that Modern Architecture inhibits Asian motifs. This will be applicable to the design of the structures in the development.

An excerpt from the website http://www.olympiancares.com: Modern architecture is a style that is constantly evolving, and the basic idea behind the modern style is still open to interpretation by architects. Modern architecture is the most current style and most modern architecture buildings were designed and built after World War II. Because modern architecture is so new it is hard to actually determine what the elements of design are, however, most modern architecture is characterized by simple sleek forms and the lack of any ornamentation.

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Asian architecture has taken shape in China and Asia for centuries and the structural principles have not changed since the beginning of time. Asian architecture always has a horizontal emphasis and in particular, the construction of a heavy platform or base and a large roof that appears to float over the base. In Asian style architecture the vertical is downplayed and many times vertical walls appear to be nonexistent. Architecture that has an asian influence today will usually have the building surrounding an open yard or court yard, a large protruding roof, and curtain walls or door panels to break up interior space instead of classic European doors. Modern design is characterized by simple forms with less ornaments. Incorporating Asian design to Modern Architecture will blend with the overall qualities of the project.

The

website,

http://www.sparn.com/wolman/wolman.html,

explains about modern asian design with zen motif: This 1950s style house blends contemporary details with traditional materials, bringing it into the 21st century. The architects preserved much of the clean roof lines while opening up the floor plan to better suit the clients needs. An Asian-themed entry garden greets visitors with its bubbling fountain and bamboo gates. The home is organized around a new linear sky-lit gallery that leads from the front entry through to the living room. A new kitchen, dining room and family room were organized within the angular form of the original walls. The rest of the shell was gutted to reconfigure a new master suite and guest bedrooms. Tall glass walls were rebuilt with energy-saving features and visually connect with the heavily forested back yard. A bamboo forest outside of the living room windows compliments the Asian-themed home. The home incorporates state of the art energy-conserving features including an innovative evaporative cooling system.

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The zen design is ideal escape from excess stress of everyday life. This motif will be applied to the main building of the project.

Building Technology From the website www.metalroofingsource.com: Every single day the roof of a building receives the brunt of the elements. Every day it is subjected to one or more of the following: wind, rain, snow and a direct bombardment of UV rays. It stands to reason that the investment you make in your roof protects the entire investment of your home. A metal roof is the surest way to secure the investment youve made in your property because it outperforms any other roofing material.

This building technique is useful for the construction of roofs. Due to its inherent strength and durability, steel frame is ideal in all types of environments and conditions.

From housing.net:

the

publication

of

the

website,

http://www.world-

Reinforced concrete is one of the most widely used modern building materials. Concrete is artificial stone obtained by mixing cement, sand, and aggregates with water. Fresh concrete can be molded into almost any shape, which is an inherent advantage over other materials. Concrete became very popular after the invention of Portland cement in 19th century; however, its limited tension resistance prevented its wide use in building construction. To overcome this weakness, steel bars are embedded in concrete to form a composite material called reinforced concrete.

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Reinforced concrete (RC) frames consist of horizontal elements (beams) and vertical elements (columns) connected by rigid joints. These structures are cast monolithically that is, beams and columns are cast in a single operation in order to act in unison. RC frames provide resistance to both gravity and lateral loads through bending in beams and columns.

Reinforced concrete is another building technique used for composite building construction. It will be applicable in the structural supports of the facilities in the site.

Building Engineering and Utilities System An excerpt from a project manual entitled Development of A Sustainable Landscape by Cacciatore et al (2010): Stormwater run-off infiltration systems such as bioretention areas and vegetated swales are stormwater management tools promoted by Low-Impact Development. These environmentally-conscience practices aim to mitigate some of the detrimental consequences of land development, specifically those linked to impervious surface area. Increases in impervious surface area typically lead to increased run-off volume, increased run-off contamination, and decreased ground water recharge (LID, 2007). These can then create additional consequences such as erosion, and downstream flooding. The chain of negative impacts can continue as these affect the quality and stability of ecosystems, harming a variety of native vegetation and species. Stormwater run-off infiltration systems are incorporated onto sites in an attempt to reduce and ideally prevent this chain from occurring. Therefore, the main goal of stormwater infiltration systems is to reduce imperviousness and restore undeveloped conditions. By creating vegetated areas which replicate pre-development conditions, the natural hydrologic

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cycle can be better maintained; thus, inhibiting a long list of potential, harmful consequences at the source (PGC, 2007). Infiltration systems are typically shallow depressions which include a ponding area, vegetation, and a mix of mulches, sand, and soil (EPA, 2000). However, they can be designed and altered to achieve very specific project goals. Their particular designs depend greatly on several site criteria such as soil permeability and ground slope and factors such as drainage area and climate can further limit their use (PGC, 2007). Proper maintenance is crucial to the infiltration systems performance over time. Inadequate maintenance has been the cause of numerous unsuccessful projects which usually result in aesthetically unpleasant sites. However, properly designed and maintained infiltration systems have shown to consistently reduce run-off volume and improve run-off quality. Infiltration systems are essential in the site. It gives an overview that these are needed and shall be used in the project. This information is significant to the study because it gives the researcher ideas of what are the necessary utilities needed to produce a well functional project.

Taken from Wikipedia: A hydraulic ram is a water pump powered by hydropower. It functions as a hydraulic transformer that takes in water at one "hydraulic head" (pressure) and flow-rate, and outputs water at a higher hydraulic-head and lower flow-rate. The device uses the water hammer effect to develop pressure that allows a portion of the input water that powers the pump to be lifted to a point higher than where the water originally started.

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The hydraulic ram is sometimes used in remote areas, where there is both a source of low-head hydropower, and a need for pumping water to a destination higher in elevation than the source. In this situation, the ram is often useful, since it requires no outside source of power other than the kinetic energy of flowing water.

A hydraulic pump shall be used to pump out water from the Imbang Creek located near the site in order to provide sustainable water flow to the facilities in the site.