BASIC MATHEMATICS

Sets, Relation and Functions

Power set. Let A be any set. The set of all subsets of A is called power set of A and is denoted by P (A). Cross product of Two sets. A B = {(x, y) : x A and y B} B A = {(x, y) : x B and y A}. Disjoint sets. If A B = , then A, B are disjoint. Relation. Let A = , B = . Then every subset of

Inverse Relation. Then R1 B A is dened by, R R1 = {(b, a) : (a, b) R}. Reexive Relation. A relation dened on a set A is said to be reexive, if a a, a A. Eg:- In the set of all real numbers the Let R A B be a relation from A to B.

reexive relation.

relation dened by a b, if a = b is a

Symmetric Relation. A relation dened on a set A is said to be symmetric if a b b a. Eg:- In the set of all straight lines, the re-

A B denes a relation from A to B and lation dened by a b if a||b (parallel to) every relation from A to B is a subset of is a symmetric relation. A B. Domain and Range of a relation. Let R be a relation from A to B. Then Domain of R Transitive Relation. A relation dened on a set A is said to be transitive if a b and b c a c. relation equal to is transitive. Eg:- In the set of all real numbers, the

= {a : a A; (a, b) R for some b B} Equivalence. A relation R on a set A is called an Range of R equivalence relation on A when R is = {b : b B; (a, b) R for some a A} (i) Reexive

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(ii) Symmetric and (iii) Transitive. Eg:- The relation = on the set R is an equivalence relation.

Congruences. Denition 1. Let m be a positive integer. The relation congruent modulo m, by a b( mod m) iff m|(a b). Eg:(i) 88 24( mod 4), (ii) 89 1( mod 4), since 4|88 since 4|(88 24) ( ( mod m)) is dened on all a, b Z

Equivalence class. Let R be an equivalence relation dened on a set A. Then if a A, the equivalence class of a is dened as the set of all eldenoted by [a]. Eg:- Consider the equivalence relation if and only if a b is a multiple of 3. [0] = { 9, 6, 3, 0, 3, 6, 9, } [1] = { 8, 5, 2, 1, 4, 7, } [2] = { 7, 4, 1, 2, 5, 8, } [3] = { 9, 6, 3, 0, 3, 6, 9, }. Thus [0] = [3] = [6] = [1] = [4] = [7] = [2] = [5] = [8] = Result. The equivalence classes on a set A, partitions it into mutually disjoint sets. Also or identical. ements in A which are related to a. It is

(iii) 153 7( mod 8), since 8|160 (iv) 24 3( mod 5), since 5 | 21

dened on the set of all integers by aRb Result. Any integer a is congruent modulo m to the remainder obtained by dividing a by m. Denition 2. The realtion (mod m) Then

on Z is an equivalence relation and

separates the integers into m equivalence classes, [0], [1], [2], [m 1] called residue classes modulo m, where [r] = {a : a Z, a r( mod m)}.

Eg:- The residue classes modulo 4 are, [0] = { 16, 12, 8, 4, 0, 4, 8, } [1] = { 15, 11, 7, 3, 1, 5, 9, } [2] = { 14, 10, 6, 2, 2, 6, 10, } [3] = { 13, 9, 5, 1, 3, 7, 11, }. modulo m by Zm .

two equivalence classes are either disjoint We will denote the set of all residue classes

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Eg:Z4 = {[0], [1], [2], [3]} Zm = {[0], [1], [2], , [m 1]}. The Algebra of residue classes. Let (addition) and (multiplication) be dened on the element of Zm as follows. [a] [b] = [a + b] [a] [b] = [a b] for every [a], [b] Zm . Functions (Mappings). A mapping from a set A to a set B is a rule that associates each and every elements of A with a unique element of B. Domain, co-domain and Range.

(ii). Onto mapping (Surjective) A mapping f : A B is said to be some x A. onto if every y B is the image of i.e., Range of f = co-domain. (iii). Bijective mapping A map which is both one-one and onto is called a bijective map. (iv). Identity mapping identity mapping if A mapping f : A A is called an

f (x) = x, x A. (v). Constant mapping A mapping f : A B is said to be some xed k B. constant if f (x) = k, x A, for

If f : A B, then A is called the domain Inverse of a map. and B is called the co-domain of f . The Let f : A B is a bijection. set of all images of f is called the range of f.

f 1 (y) = x is called the inverse map of f . Range f = {y : y = f (x), for some x A}. Composite of mappings.

Then mapping f 1 : B A such that

Let y = f (x), for x A, y B.

Different types of mapping

(i). One-one map):mapping

tions.

If f : A B and g : B C be two func-

(Injective Then the function g f : A C dened by (g f )(x) = g(f (x)), x A is called

A mapping f : A B is said to be the composite of f and g. one-one if f (x) = f (y) x = y, Note:x, y A.

the domain g.

g f exists iff the range of f is a subset of

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Some useful Results

1 If A has n elements, then power set of A, P (A) has 2n elements. 2 If A = , then p(A) has one-element n(P (A)) = 1. 3 (A B)c = Ac B c and (A B)c = Ac B c . 4 n(A B) = n(A) + n(B) n(A B). If A and B are disjoint then n(A B) = n(A) + n(B). 5 A B = B A iff A = B. 6 n(A B) = n(B A) = n(A) n(B) 7 Number of possible relations from A to B = 2mn (if n(A) = m, n(B) = n). 8 The number of functions from a nite set A into a nite set B = (n(B))n(A) . 9 The number of one-one functions that can be dened from a nite set A into a nite set B is n(B) Pn(A) if n(B) n(A), and 0 otherwise. 10 If n(A) = m and n(B) = n. Then the number of onto mappings from A to B is, otherwise. nm nC1 (n 1)m + nC2 (n 2)m nC3 (n 3)m + if n(A) n(B) and 0

11 The number of bijections from a nite set A onto a nite set B is n(A)! if n(A) = n(B) and 0 otherwise. 12 The number of binary operations on a set A having n elements is nn .
2

Problems
1). The number of non-empty subsets of the set {a, b, c, d} is (a) 16 (b) 15 (c) 4 (d) 8.

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2). If A = {, {}} then power set of A is (a) {, {}, A} (b) {, {{}}, A} (c) {, {}, {{}}, A} (b) 8 (d) {, {}}. (d) 6. 3). Total number of relations from {1, 2, 3, 4} to {a, b} is (a) 256 (c) 128 4). If A = {1, 2, 3}, B = {a, b}. Then n(A B) is (a) 5 (b) 3 (c) 2 (d) 6. 5). If A = {1, 2, 3}; B = {a, b, c, d}. Then (a) 64,81 (a) 24,20 (a) 24,0 (a) 3 (b) 81,64 (b) 24,0 (b) 0,24 (c) 12,12 (c) 0,24 (c) 0,36 (d) 0.

i Number of functions from A to B and B to A (d) 126,512. (d) 12,12. (d) 36,0

ii Number of one-one functions from A to B and B to A iii Number of onto functions from A to B and B to A iv Number of bijections from A to B (b) 4 (c) 12

6). If A = , n(B) = m then, the number of functions from A to B is (a) 0 (b) (b) 3 (c) 1 (d) m.

7). If A = {1, 2, 3}, B = {a, b, c}. Then the number of bijections from A to B is (a) 9 (c) 6 (d) 0. 8). The domain of the function f (x) = (a) [2, 2]
1 4x2

is (c) (2, 2) + x + 2 is (d) (, ).

(b) (, 2) (2, )
1 log10 (1x)

9). The domain of the function, g(x) = (c) [3, 2] f (x) =

4x2 [x]+2

(a) [2, 1]

(d) [2, 1) {0}.

(b) [2, 1] {0}

10). Let [x] denote the greatest integer x. Then the domain of the function is

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(c) (, ) (a) R {3} (a) (, 0)

(a) (, 1) (1, 2]

(d) [1, 2].

|x+3| x+3

(b) (, 2) [1, 2] is (d) R.

11). The domain of the function f (x) = (b) R {3} (b) R

(c) R {3, 3} (d) [0, ).

12). The range of f (x) = |x| is

(c) (0, ) (c) R

13). The range of the function f (x) = [x] (a) Z (b) R 2 (b) (0, ) (b) [0, ) (b) (1, ) (b) [0, ) (d) R {0}.
x|x|

14). Find the domain of the function f (x) = 1 (a) R (c) Z

(d) .
x+[x]

15). Find the domain of the function f (x) = 1 (a) (0, ) (a) R Z (a) (0, ) (c) R 16). Find the range of the function f (x) = 1 (c) R

(d) Z.
x[x]

(d) Z.

17). Find the range of the function f (x) = |x 3| (c) R 18). Find the range of the function f (x) = cos[x], (a) {0} (a) [1, 1] (b) {0, 1} (b) {0}
2|x| 4

(d) R {3}.
4

<x<

(c) {0, cos 1} (c) {1}

(d) {1, cos 1}.

19). The range of the function sin(sin1 x + cos1 x), |x| 1 is (d) (1, 1). 20). If f (x) = cos1 + [log(3 x)]1 , then its domain is given by (c) [6, 2]

(a) [6, 2) (2, 3) (a) one-one

(b) [2, 6)

(d) (2, 2) (2, 3). (d) Neither one-one nor onto.

21). f : Z Z given by f (x) = x2 then f is (b) onto 22). f : R R denitely f (x) = sin x is (a) one-one (b) onto

(c) one-one and onto

(c) bijective

(d) Neither one-one nor onto.

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23). f : N N given by f (x) = x3 (a) one-one (b) onto

(c) one-one but not onto

(d) onto but not one-one.

Answers
1). (b) Total number of subsets = 24 = 16 The non-empty subsets = 16 1 = 2). (c) 3). (a) 4). (d) 5). 2mn = 28 = 256 n(A) n(B) = 3 2 = 6. [n(B)]n(A) , [n(A)]n(B) = 43 , 34 = 64, 81. ii (b)
n

15

i (a)

(B)Pn(A) , 0 = 4p3 , 0 = 24, 0.

iii (c), Since n(A) < n(B) onto functions from A to B is 0. Number of onto functions from B to A is 34 3C1 (3 1)4 + 3C2 (3 2)4 = 81 3 16 + 3 = 36. iv (d), Since n(A) = n(B). 6). (c), m0 = 1 (concept). 7). (c), 3! = 6.

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8). (c), For 4 x2 > 0 x2 < 4 9). (d), Domain of g = {x R : 1 x > 0, 1 x = 1} {x R : x + 2 0} = {x R : 1 > x, x = 0} {x R : x > 2} = {x R : x < 1, x = 0} {x R : x 2} = [2, 1) {0}. 10). (b), Domain of f =
4x2 [x]+2

|x| < 2 2 < x < 2 x (2, 2).

0 4 x2 0 and [x] + 2 > 0 or 4 x2 0 and [x] + 2 < 0 x2 4 and [x] > 2 or x2 4 and [x] < 2 (|x| 2 and x 1) or (|x| 2 and x < 2) x [1, 2] (, 2).

11). (a)

Domain of f is x + 3 = 0 x = 3 i.e., R {3}.

12). (d), f (x) = |x| is always greater than or equal to 0. 14). (d) 13). (a), [x] is the greatest integer x. |x| =

x,

if x 0 if x < 0

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x |x| =

x x = 0,

if x 0 if x < 0

x |x| 0 if x 1 x |x|

x + x = 2x

does not take any real values for x R.

Domain of f = . 15). (a) x + [x] > 0 for all x > 0 x + [x] = 0 for x = 0 x + [x] < 0 for x < 0 1
x+[x]

is dened for x > 0 only

16). (b); First we check the domain. It is R Z. Now for range 0 < x [x] < 1 x R Z Now |x 3| 0 x R 0 |x 3| < x R 0 f (x) < x R Range f = [0, ). 0< 1< x [x] < 1 x R Z 1 x [x] <xRZ

Domain = (0, )

1 < f (x) < x R Z Range f = (1, ).

17). (b); Clearly Domain f = R

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18). (d); When

4

<x<0 1 < < x < 0 [x] = 1. 4

When 0 x <

When [x] = 1, cos[x] = cos(1) = cos 1

4

0x<

< 1 [x] = 0 4

cos[x] = cos 0 = 1 Range = {1, cos 1}. 19). (c); sin1 (x) + cos1 (x) = sin =1 2 Range {1}.
2|x| 4

(Result) 2

20). (a); Domain of cos1

is, 2 |x| 1 4 4 2 |x| 4 1 6 |x| 2 2 |x| 6.

Domain is 6 x 6. Now Domain of

1 log(3x)

is, 3 x > 0 and 3 x = 1 3 > x and 2 = x.

Domain is x < 3 and x = 2 The Domain of the function is, [6, 2) (2, 3).

21). (d); because f (1) = f (1) = 1 (not one-one) and negative numbers are not in the range set. 22). (d); sin() = sin(2) = = 0 (not one-one) and Range = [1, 1]. 23). (c); f (x) = f (y) x3 = y 3 x3 y 3 = 0 (x y)(x2 + xy + y 2 ) = 0 (x y) = 0 x = y one-one. [Since x2 , xy, y 2 are positive numbers, their sum never 0] It is not onto because 2 is not in the range set. 1. If f (x + y) = f (x)f (y), x, y f (0) = 4 and f (3) = 2, then f (3) = (a) 8 (b) 6 (c) 2 (d) -2

Solution:Given that f (x + y) = f (x)f (y) f (3 + x) = f (3)f (x) f (3 + x) = f (3)f (x). Put x = 0 we get, f (3) = f (3) f (0) f (3) = 2 4 = 8. Ans:- (a) 2. Let f (x) = x2 be dened on an interval [a, b]. Then the value of such that f (b) f (a) = f () is ba a+b a+b 2a + b (a) a + b (b) (c) (d) . 2 4 3

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Solution:f (b) f (a) = f () ba b 2 a2 = 2 since f (x) = 2x ba b+a = . 2 Ans:- (b)

3. If sin + cos = 1, then sin 2 = (a) 0 (b) 1/2

(c) 1/ 2

(d) 1.

Solution:sin + cos = 1 (sin + cos )2 = 1 sin2 + cos2 + 2 sin cos = 1 1 + sin 2 = 1 sin 2 = 0. Other Method:Put sin = 1 and cos = 0 (i.e., = /2). sin 2 = sin(2 /2) = sin = 0. Ans:- (a)

4. cos1 (1/2) + 2 sin1 (1/2) = (a) /4 (b) /6 (c) /2 (d) 2/3.

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13

Solution:cos1 1/2 + 2 sin1 (1/2) = cos1 1/2 + sin1 1/2 + sin1 1/2 = /2 + sin1 1/2 = /2 + /6 = 2/3. = sin1 x + cos1 x = /2 sin1 1/2 = /6. Other:cos1 1/2 + 2 sin1 (1/2) = /3 + 2 /6 = 2/3. Ans:- (d)

5. The total number of 9 digit numbers which have all different digits is (a) 10! (b) 9 9! (c) 9! 8 (d) 9!.

Solution:This can be done in 9 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 Ways Ans:- (b) The answer is 9 9!

6. If the chord of the parabola joining the points (at2 , 2at1 ) and (at2 , 2at2 ) on the 1 2 parabola pass through the focus of the parabola, then (a) t1 t2 = 1 (b) t1 t2 = 1 (c) t1 = t2 (d) t1 = t2 .

Solution:-

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The equation of the chord joining the points (at2 , 2at1 ) and 1 (at2 , 2at2 ) is, 2 y(t1 + t2 ) = 2x + 2at1 t2 . Since it passes through the point (a, 0) (focus), we have 0(t1 + t2 ) = 2a + 2at1 t2 2a + 2at1 t2 = 0 or t1 t2 = 1. Ans:- (a) 7. The eccentricity of the hyperbola x2 y 2 = 1 is (a) 3 (b) 2 (c) 5 Solution:Ans:- (b) The eccentricity of the rectangular hyperbola x2 y 2 = a2 is (at2 , 2at2 ) 2 (a, 0) (at2 , 2at1 ) 1 y 2 = 4ax

(d)

7.

2.

8. The area of the triangle with vertices at the points (0, 0), (4, 0) and (0, 2) is (a) 8 Solution:0 0 1 1 Area = 4 0 1 2 0 2 1 = 4 square units. Ans:- (b) 9. If tan1 (a)
1 2 3 5

(b) 4

(c) 6

(d) 2.

+ tan1

1 3

(b)

= tan1 ( 1 ) + tan1 , 0 < 1, then = 4

2 5

(c)

1 5

(d) 0.

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Solution:tan1 1 1 1 + tan1 = tan1 + tan1 2 3 4 1 +1 1 2 3 tan 1 1 2 1 3 tan1 1 = tan1 or 1 + 4 =1 4

= tan 1 + 4 4

+ 1 4

1 4

1 + 4 = tan1 4 4

3 = . 5

Ans:- (a) 10. The equation 2x2 3xy 2y 2 + 7x + y + 3 = 0 represents (a) A pair of perpendicular lines (b) A pair of parallel lines (c) An ellipse Solution:ax2 + 2bxy + by 2 + 2gx + 2f y + c = 0 represents (ii) A hyperbola ab b2 > 0 (iv) A pair of parallel lines, if ab b2 = 0 and abc + 2f gh af 2 bg 2 cb2 = 0 ab b2 = 2 2 = 4 Ans:- (c) 11. The focus of the parabola y 2 = 8x is (a) (0, 0) (b) (2, 0) (c) (2, 0) (d) (0, 2). 9 2 9 <0 2 Represent an ellipse. (iii) A parabola ab b2 = 0 (i) An ellipse if ab b2 < 0 (d) A hyperbola.

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Solution:The focus of the parabola y 2 = 4ax is (a, 0). Here 4a = 8 a=2 The focus is (2, 0). Ans:- (c) 12. If sin3 = (a) 0 Solution:We know that sin 3 = 3 sin 4 sin3
1 4

(a, 0)

( sin sin 3), then = (b) 1 (c) 2

(d) 3.

1 sin3 = (3 sin sin 3) 4 Ans:- (d) 13. If x = (a) y x acos1 t and y = (b) asin
1

= 3.

t,

then

y x asin

dy = dx x (c) y
t

(d)

x . y

Solution:Given that x =

acos1 t , y =

xy = x

acos1 t+sin

a 2 = a constant| Since sin1 t + cos1 t =

dy +y =0 dx dy y = . dx x

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Ans:- (b)

14. If tan p tan q = 0, then the value of from a series in (a) A.P (b) G.P (c) H.P

(d) A.G.P.

Solution:Given that tan p tan q = 0 tan p = tan q or sin p cos q cos p sin q = 0 sin[(p q)] = 0 (p q) = n n or = , nz pq i.e., the value of is , 0, They form an A.P. 2 3 , , , . pq pq pq

Ans:- (a) Aliter:tan p = tan q since tan A = tan B p = q + n, n z n A = B + n, n z = pq 2a 1 + a2 ab 1 + ab 2b 1 + b2 b 1 + ab

15. It sin1 (a)

+ sin1 (b)

= 2 tan1 x , then x is equal to (c) b 1 ab (d) a+b . 1 ab

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Solution:Put a = tan and b = tan Then sin1 sin1 2a 1 + a2 + sin1 2b 1 + b2 = 2 tan1 x. = 2 tan1 x

2 tan 1 + tan2

+ sin1

2 tan 1 + tan2

sin1 sin 2 + sin1 sin 2 = 2 tan1 x + = tan1 x tan1 a + tan1 b = tan1 x tan1 x = tan1 x= Ans:- (d) a+b . 1 ab a+b 1 ab

16. The latus rectum of an ellipse is equal to the half of its minor axis, then its eccentricity (a) 3 2 1 2 1 (c) 2
3 . 2

(b)

(d)

Solution:Eccentricity, e =
a2 b2 a2

Length of major axis = 2a Length of minor axis = 2b Length of the latus rectum =
2b2 a

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19

Given that 2b2 =b a a = 2b e= = a2 b2 a2

4b2 b2 4b2 3 = . 2 Ans:- (a) 17. If 2 sin 1 cos + sin = t, then is 1 + cos + sin 1 + sin 1 (a) t (b) (c) 1 t (d) 1 + t. t 2 sin =t 1 + cos + sin 4 sin cos 2 2 =t 2 + 2 sin cos 2 cos 2 2 2 2 sin 2 =t cos + sin 2 2 (1)

Solution:-

2 sin2 + 2 sin cos 1 cos + sin 2 2 2 = 2 2 + 2 sin cos 1 + sin sin 2 + cos 2 2 2 = = From (1) we have 1 cos + sin 2 sin = = t. 1 + cos + sin 1 + sin Ans:- (a) 2 sin sin + cos 2 2 2 sin + cos 2 2 2 sin 2 . sin + cos 2 2
2

(2)

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Aliter:Given that 2 sin =t 1 + cos + sin put = . 2 2 sin 2 = t. Then 1 + cos + sin 2 2 t=1

1 cos + sin 1 cos + sin 2 2 = 1 + sin 1 + sin 2 = 1 = t. Ans:- (a). 18. If the lines x + 2y = 9, 3x 5y = 5, ax + by = 1 are concurrent, then a line which passes through (a, b) is (a) 5x 2y = 1 (c) 2x + 5y = 1 Solution:Since the lines are concurrent, we have 3 5 5 b 1 2 9 (b) 5x + 2y = 1 (d) 2x 5y = 1.

1 = 0

which gives the equation of the line passes through the point (a, b). On solving we get 5a + 2b = 1. Ans:- (b).
2

19.
0

[x2 ]dx is (a) 2 2 (b) 2 + 2 (c) 21 (d) 2 3 + 5.

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21

Solution:2 1 2 3 2

[x2 ]dx =
0 0 1

[x2 ]dx +
1 2

[x2 ]dx +
3

[x2 ]dx +
2 2

[x2 ]dx
3

=
0

0dx + 3 2.
1

1dx +

2dx +
2

3dx
3

=5 Ans:- (d). 20.

3 {x}dx 2

= (b)

, {x} denotes the fractional part of x. 7 2 (c) 5 2 (d) 1 . 2

(a)

17 2

Solution:Note that {x} = x [x]

3

{x}dx = =

2 3 2

(x [x])dx
3

x dx
3 2 3

[x]dx
2

x2 2

2dx.
2

1 = . 2 Ans:- (d). dy + sin dx

y 4 y 4 x+y 2 xy 2

21. The general solution of the differential equation (a) log tan (c) log tan
y 2 y 4

= sin

is

= c 2 sin x = c 2 sin x

(b) log tan (d) log tan

= c 2 sin +
4

x 2 x 2

= c 2 sin

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Solution:xy x+y sin 2 2 y x sin = 2 cos 2 2 x y dy = 2 cos dx cos ec 2 2 log tan y 2 sin x 4 2 = +c 1 1
2 2

dy = sin dx

Ans:- (b).

y x log tan = c 2 sin . 4 2

22. A coin is tossed 2n times. The chance that the number of times one gets head is not equal to the number of times one gets tail is 2n! (a) (n!)2 (c) 1 Solution:The required probability = 1 probability of equal number of heads and tails. p (equal number of heads and tails) = p(n tails and n heads) = 2ncn = 2ncn 1 2 1 2
n

1 2

2n

(b) 1

(2n)! (n!)2

(2n)! 1 n 2 (n!) 4

(d) None.

1 2

2nn

2n

(2n)! = (n!)2

1 2

2n

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23

Required probability (2n)! =1 (n!)2 =1 Ans:- (c). 23. The image of the point (4, 3) with respect to the line y = x is (a) (4, 3) Solution:If (4, 3) is the image, then midpoint of (4, 3) and (4, 3) lies in the line y = x. It is not so, (4, 3) is not the image. (b) (4, 3) (c) (4, 3) (d) (3, 4). (2n)! (n!)2 1 2 1 4
2n

(4, 3) is the image. Ans:- (c)

24. If the straight lines ax + by + c = 0 always pass through (1, 2) then a, b, c are (a) in A.P (b) in H.P (c) in G.P Solution:Since ac + by + c = 0 passes through (1, 2) we have a 2b + c = 0 or a, b, c are in A.P. Ans:- (a) b= a+c 2

(d) None of these.

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Probability
1. There are n persons in a room. (i) What is the probability that atleast two persons have the same birthday? (ii) Calculate the probability for n = 50. (iii) How large need n be for this probability to be greater than .5? Solution:(i) As each person can have his or her birthday on any one of 365 days (ignoring the possibility of February 29). There are a total of (365)th possible outcomes. Let A be the event that no two persons have same birthday. Then the number of outcomes belonging to A is n(A) = 365 364 (365 n + 1) p(A) = n(A) 365 364 (365 n + 1) = . n(s) (365)n

365 365 365 365 365 (365) total = [365]n 365 364 363 365-(n+1) Then B=A p(B) = p(A) = 1 p(A). (3) n (total) Let B be the event that atleast two persons have the same birthday.

(ii) Substitute n = 50 in the above equation we have the required probability = 1 (iii) From equation (3), we have p(B) = 1 p(A) .507 if n = 23. same birthday exceeds .5. i.e., if there are 23 persons in a room, the probability that atleast two of them have the 365 364 (365 49) (365)50

.97

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1 2. The probability that a man will live 10 more years is and the probability that his 4 1 wife will live 10 more years is . Then, what is the probability that neither will be 3 alive in 10 years. Solution:1 p(M ) = 1 4 1 p(W ) = 1 p(W ) = 3 p(M ) = 1 3 = 4 4 1 2 = . 3 3

Both of these events are independant. Required probability p(M W ) = p(M ) p(W ) = 3 2 = 4 3

1 . 2

3. From 4 children, 2 women and 4 men, 4 are selected. Find the probability that there are excactly 2 children among the selected. Solution:Total number of selection = 10c4 = 210. 2 children can be selected in three combinations (i) 2 children and 2 women = 4c2 2c2 = 6 ways. (iii) 2 children, 1 man and 1 woman = 4c2 4c1 2c1 = 48 ways. Required probability = 90 9 = = 210 21 3 . 7 (ii) 2 children and 2 men = 4c2 4c2 = 36 ways.

Number of favourable cases = 6 ways + 36 ways + 48 ways = 90 ways.

4. Find the probability of boys and girls in families with 3 children assuming equal probabilities for boys and girls. Solution:Let B the event that boy in the family and let G be the event that girl in the family. 1 p(B) = p(G) = . 2 1 1 1 1 (i) p(3 Boys) = p(BBB) = = . 2 2 2 8 (since the events are independant)

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(ii) p(3 Girls) = p(GGG) = (iii) p(2 boys and 1 girl)

1 1 1 1 = . 2 2 2 8

= p(BBG) + p(BGB) + p(GBB) 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 + + 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 3 = . 8 = (iv) p(2 girls and 1 boy) = p(GGB) + p(GBG) + p(BGG) = 1 1 1 + + 8 8 8 3 . = 8

5. Show that if three events A, B, C are independant, then A and B C are independant. Solution:p[A (B C)] = p[(A B) (A C)] = p(A B) + p(A C) p(A B C) = p(A)p(B) + p(A)p(C) p(A)p(B)p(C) (since A, B, C are independant) = p(A)[p(B) + p(C) p(B)p(C)] = p(A)[p(B) + p(C) p(B C)] (since B and C are independant) = p(A)[p(B C)]. i.e., p[A (B C)] = p(A)p(B C) between girls. A and B C are independant.

6. 5 boys and 4 girls are seated at random in a row. Find the probability that no boy sits

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Solution:5 boys and 4 girls can be arranged in (5 + 4)! ways. Total number of cases = 9!. The number of arrangements of 5 boys and 4 girls when 4 girls are consecutive = 6! 4! favourable cases = 6! 4! required probability = 6! 4! 9! 1 . = 21