Progress Report of G:3 (BAU Component) up to 25 February 2012 BSERT, Bangladesh Agricultural University

Introduction As per memorandum of understanding between IWMI and Bureau of Socioeconomic Research and Training (BSERT), Bangladesh Agricultural University (BAU), 04 (four) MS students of the Department of Agricultural Economics have finally been selected as Research Fellows strictly on the merit basis and quality of research proposals. The selected fellows are: 1. Ms Kanij Fatema; 2. Md Faizul Kabir; 3. Ms Afsana Zaman; and 4. Md Chhiddikur Rahman. All of them have started their formal research activities (i.e., review of literature, selection of research topic, preparation of questionnaires, selection of study villages, etc) from 01 January 2012 under my direct supervision. I have been working as Principal Investigator of the BAU component of G3 and supervising the research activities of the fellows. It may be noted here that the duration of fellowship of serial Nos. 1 to 3 is 6 months, while this is 12 months for Md Chhiddikur Rahman. Progress Name of research fellow 1. Ms Kanij Fatema Research topic An Economic Investigation into the Dilemma of Rice versus Shrimp Farming in Selected Areas of Dacope Upazila under Khulna District of Bangladesh Economic Analysis of Shrimp and Paddy in Two Selected Villages in Polder 31 of Dacope Upzila in Khulna District Comparative Study on Livelihood Adaptation of Disadvantaged People in Some Selected Areas of Polder Number 29 and Latabunia Union in Dumuria Upazila of Khulna District Economic Study on Paddy and Prawn Farming in Polder 31 of Dacope Upazila in Khulna District

2. Md Faizul Kabir 3. Ms Afsana Zaman

4. Md Chhiddikur Rahman

Research activities of the above-mentioned studies of the concerned fellows have been making progress satisfactorily. Meanwhile, they have modified individual research proposals. Their study areas were purposively selected from Dacope and Dumuria Upazilas of Khulna district in Bangladesh and sample sizes of each of the fellows were also determined. After pretesting, all questionnaires were finalized. All Fellows presented their research proposals in the seminar on 06 February 2012, Monday at 10:30 am to 01:30 pm at
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the Conference Room of the Faculty of Agricultural Economics and Rural Sociology (AERS), BAU. I was the chairperson of the seminar. Professor Dr Md Idris Ali Mia, Dean, Faculty of AERS and Chairman, BSERT was present as the chief guest, while Professor Dr Md Taj Uddin, Head, Department of Agricultural Economics and Ms Camelia Dewan of IWMI were present in the seminar as special guests. Almost all the distinguished Professors, Associate Professors, Assistant Professors, Lecturers, PhD and MS students of the Department of Agricultural Economics actively took part in the discussions of the seminar. Having received the feedback and/or comments from the seminar as well as from Ms Camelia Dewan, they have again modified their research proposals and interview schedules. Thus, final questionnaires were prepared and became ready for primary data collection from the concerned study areas. However, Ms camellia Dewan suggested three fellows (Kanij Fatema, Faizul Kabir and Md Chhiddikur Rahman) to divide their questionnaires into two sections: A and B. A part contains some common questions while B has been developed taking into account their individual specialties. Afsana, of course, has made a separate questionnaire since her study is quite different from others. All those questionnaires (and also checklist) are given at the end of this progress report. For the greater interest of the project and save the time, each fellow was given two additional enumerators (who are also MS students of the Dept of Agricultural Economics) for primary data collection from the selected study areas. All four Research Fellows and eight enumerators were given a day long training on 13 February 2012 at BAU on field-level data collection methods. After this training, all of the fellows accompanied by enumerators went to study areas on 15 February 2012 for primary data collection. In fact, they have already collected data from the selected farmers/respondents and came back to the BAU campus on 23 February 2012. All of them, with the exception of Mr Chhiddikur Rahman, have collected required primary data from 120 respondents for their individual studies. Mr Chhiddik will be required to go to the study areas for a couple of days. He completed 120 samples out of 200 altogether. It is expected that they will spend a few days for making codebooks and then they will start data processing and data entry activities. I am hopeful that they will be able to finish their analyses at the end of March and thesis by the end of May 2012. Lt may be noted here that Chhiddikur Rahman will finish his data collection within three months and he would be able to submit his thesis at the end of November 2012. Challenges Data collection from the respondents of remote villages in Khulna district was really challenging tasks for both male and female research fellows/enumerators. Moreover, respondents houses were located in the scattered ways in the villages and visit from one respondent to another was quite difficult for the fellows since there were, unlike other parts of Bangladesh, no good roads for moving from one house to another in the study villages. Transport and communication were the biggest problems for the researchers. All of them had to travel everyday from Upazila headquarter to the study villages by motor bike. But in the villages, walking was the only means of communication from one house to another respondents house and it took on an average 20 to 30 minutes. However, Dr Rayan Hayat
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Sarwer of WorldFish, Mr Aminul Islam, Dacope Area Manager of HEED, Bangladesh, Mr Subir Kumar Banarjee, Dacope Upazila Ag Extension Officer, Mr Amal Krishna Roy (retired worker of HEED, Bangladesh) of Batiaghata and Mr Sheikh Akhter Hossain (Honours final year student of Khulna University) of Latabunia under Dumuria Upazila extended the whole-hearted cooperation to arranging accommodation, transport and field level data collection. Despite the fact, the researchers had to face tremendous difficulties to obtain accurate information from the respondents since they did not maintain any written records for farm business transactions and/or household consumption, . In other words, the enumerators had to rely on their memories and sincerity. Outputs No visible outputs have yet been achieved by BAU component of G:3. It is expected that three theses will be submitted to the Department of Agricultural Economics and three journal articles will be submitted to the journals for publication at the end of May 2012. Another thesis, as stated before, will be submitted at the end of November 2012 and at the same time an article will be submitted to the journal for publication. Conclusion Research works of four Research Fellows at the BAU have been making progress in right direction as per work plans and/or MOU. I am quite confident and happy to see their overall performance, hard work and devotion to duties with sincerity of purpose. In other words, BSERT will be able to finish the assigned tasks within this year (2012).

Tofazzal Hossain Miah BAU Mymensingh 24 February 2012

1.

Questionnaire of Ms Kanij Fatema

Bureau of Socioeconomic Research and Training (BSERT) and Department of Agricultural Economics Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh
Interview Schedule on An Economic Investigation into the Dilemma of Rice versus Shrimp Farming in Selected Areas of Dacope Upazila under Khulna District of Bangladesh

Section A
1.0 a) Identification of the Respondent Name: .. Village....Fathers name:. Union Upazila ...Polder Area
b) What do you cultivate? Paddy Shrimp White fish Yes Vegetables No

c) Do you engaged in any type of NGO/s? If yes, specify the name of NGO/sDuration of membershipd) Do you have any trainning ? Yes

No

if yes, specify the organization and purpose of trainning -

e) Family composition of the farmer Sl. No. Age Relationship with HH Main Occupation Secondary Occupation Literacy level Remarks

2.0 Land Ownership Land utilization

Owned land (Decimal)

Leased in (Decimal)

Leased out (Decimal)

Total area (Decimal)

Homestead area Area under vegetable crops (specify) Area under Bagda gher Area under Golda gher Area under Paddy Fallow land (if any) Other (specify)

3.0 Cropping pattern Crop season Golda Bagda Paddy Vegetables Others (specify) Jan Feb Mar Apr May June July Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec

4.0 Cost and Return of Paddy Farming a) Cost of Paddy Cultivation (Please provide information on the biggest plot), Plot size; _________ Decimals; Name of the variety:_________________

Items costs/return Gross Costs Power tiller Seeds/seedlings Labor (land preparation, transplanting, weeding, harvesting, etc.) Urea Fertilizers TSP TSP MOP Gypsum Gypsum

Quantity with units

Unit price (Tk) Total value(Tk)

Cow dung/manure Irrigation cost Chemical Pesticides Organic

Other (specify) Total

b) Return from Paddy Cultivation

Area under paddy (Decimal)

Yield (kg)

Unit price Estimated Gross (Tk/kg) value return (Tk) of byproduct (Tk)

used for home consumption

Marketable surplus

5.0 Bagda/Golda Farming a) What do you cultivate ? Shrimp (Bagda) Prawn (Golda) Both

b) Sources of Post larva (PL) 6

c) Cost of golda/bagda farming(Please provide information on the biggest plot/Gher, Plot/Gher size; _________ Decimals) Quantity of input used Cost items for Bagda/golda farming Home Supplied Gher preparation Night duty (wathman salary) Labour Feeding Liming and salting Others Post Larva Feed (put names of feed;..................) Lime Salting Electricity Price/unit Total cost(Tk) (Tk) Hired/purchased Total

Others(specify)

d) Gross returns from production of Bagda/Golda Species Area of Gher/pond Quantity Price/unit Value (Tk) (Tk) (kg) Gross return (Tk) Bagda Golda Others (specify)

Used for home consumption

Marketable surplus

6.0 Sources of Houshold Income Sources of income Paddy farming Aman Shrimp culture Boro Prawn culture Others Fish Culture Small business Sewing machine/tailoring Rickshaw/van pulling Labor selling Others (specify) Amount (Tk) % of total Sources of income Amount (Tk) % of total

Vegetables production Cattle rearing Poultry and duck rearing Goat rearing Sheep rearing Buffalo rearing Foreign remittances

7.0 Are you benefited from this polder? If yes, what sorts of benefits?

Yes

No

If not, specify complaints:

What could be done to improve polder management?

What has been done to improve polder management?

Section B 7.0 Decision Making between Shrimp and Rice Farming i. Which do you prefer to cultivate the most? Why?

ii.

Are there any problems related to water for you to cultivate what you prefer most?

a) If yes what type of problems?

b) What are the main causes of the problem?

c) How did you solve these problems?

iii.

Has anyone helped you to solve these problems?

a) Who?

b) Who gave this person/committee this responsibility?

c) How were it formed/who took the initiative to create this?

iv.

Is there any shortage of men/women labour in cultivating shrimp/rice? Why? What problems do you face due to this?

v.

What are the existing (institutional and non-institutional) mechanisms for solving the probable conflicts? How would this help to increase production of the crop you are cultivating?

vi.

How does the polder affect livelihoods in the community? Has the community or others taken any initiatives to change anything with the polder (more sluice gates, pipes, re-excavation of silted khals etc)? Why and how was this organized?

vii.

How are different people affected by the polder? 10

a) Women

b) Disadvantaged groups

viii.

Do you have any other specific suggestion/s for improving farm efficiency as well as overall management of this polder?

Thank you very much.

Name of the Enumerator:

Date:

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2. Questionnaire of Md Faizul Kabir

Bureau of Socioeconomic Research and Training (BSERT) and Department of Agricultural Economics Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh Interview Schedule for the Economic Analysis of shrimp and Paddy in Two Selected Villages in Polder 31 of Dacope Upzila in Khulna District Section-A
1.0 a) Identification of the Respondent Name:.. Village....Fathers name:. Union Upazila ...Polder Area

b) What do you Cultivate? Paddy Shrimp White fish Yes Vegetables No

c) Do you engaged in any type of NGO/s? If yes,specify the name of NGO/sDuration of Membershipd) Do you have any trainning ? Yes

No

if yes, specify the organization and purpose of trainning -

e) Family composition of the farmer Sl. No. Age Relationship with HH Main Occupation Secondary Occupation Literacy level Remarks

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3.0 Land Ownership Land utilization

Owned land (Decimal)

Leased in (Decimal)

Leased out (Decimal)

Total area (Decimal)

Homestead area Area under vegetable crops (specify) Area under bagda gher Area under golda gher Fallow land (if any) Other (specify)

4.0 Cropping pattern Crop season Golda Bagda Paddy Vegetables Others (specify) Jan. Feb. Mar. Apr. May June July Aug. Sep Oct. Nov. Dec.

13

5. Cost and Return of Rice Farming c) Cost of Rice Cultivation (Please provide information on the biggest plot), Plot size; _________ Decimals; Name of the variety:

Items costs/return Gross Costs Power tiller Seeds/seedlings Labor (land preparation, transplanting, weeding, harvesting, etc.) Urea Fertilizers TSP TSP MOP Gypsum Gypsum

Quantity with units

Unit price (Tk) Total value(Tk)

Cow dung/manure Irrigation cost Chemical Pesticides Organic

Other (specify) Total

d) Return from Paddy Cultivation

Area under paddy (Decimal)

Yield (kg)

Unit price Estimated Gross (Tk/kg) value return (Tk) of byproduct (Tk)

% used for home consumption

Marketable surplus (%)

6.0 Bagda/Golda Farming e) What do you cultivate ? Shrimp (Bagda) Prawn (Galda) Both

f) Sources of Post larva (PL) g) Cost of golda/bagda farming(Please provide information on the biggest plot/Gher, 14

Plot/Gher size; _________ Decimals) Quantity of input used Cost items for Bagda/golda farming Home Supplied Gher preparation Night duty (wathman salary) Labour Feeding Liming and salting Others Post Larva Feed (put names of feed;..................) Lime Salting Electricity Price/unit Total cost(Tk) (Tk) Hired/purchased Total

Others(specify)

h) Gross returns from production of Golda Species Area of Gher/pond Quantity Price/unit Value (Tk) (Tk) (kg) Gross return (Tk) Golda Others (specify)

Marketable Used for surplus home consumption (kg) (kg)

15

7.0 Sources of Household Income Sources of income Aman Rice farming Boro Vegetables production Cattle rearing Poultry and duck rearing Goat rearing Sheep rearing Buffalo rearing Foreign remittances Prawn culture Others Fish Culture Small business Sewing machine/tailoring Rickshaw/van pulling Labor selling Others (specify) Shrimp culture Amount (Tk.) % of total Sources of income Amt. (Tk.) % of total

8.0 Are you benefited from this polder? If yes, what sorts of benefits? 1. 2. 3. If not, specify complaints:

Yes

No

What could be done to improve polder management?

What has been done to improve polder management?

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Section-B
1.0 Shifting from Bagda to Golda Farming Did you recently shift away from Bagda? How were you able to shift? If yes, why? When and how were you able to shift? i. Are you now cultivating golda/white fish concurrently with paddy? a)

b)
i. Are you now alternating golda/white fish with paddy cultivation? ?

If there is any cost of sifting,specify the cost incurred during shifting? Cost items Amount

iii.

Were there any institutional mechanisms influence you to shift? (Probes, recent events, local governments, influential people, WMOs etc.) if yes how? a) b)

iv.

Please explain your historical background of shifting?

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v.

If you recenty shift from alternate shrimp and rice farming to concurrent golda and rice farming or alternate golda rice farming, please specify your pervious cost and returns

a) Cost of shrimp (Bagda) farming(Please provide information on the biggest plot/Gher, Plot/Gher size; _________ Decimals)

Quantity of input used Cost items for Shrimp farming Home Supplied Gher preparation Night duty (wathman salary) Labour Feeding Liming and salting Others Post Larva Feed (put names of feed;..................) Lime Salting Electricity

Price/unit Total cost(Tk) (Tk) Hired/purchased Total

Others(specify)

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b) Gross returns from production of shrimp Variety Area of Gher/pond Quantity (kg)

% used for home consumption

Market able surplus (%)

Price/unit (Tk)

Value (Tk)

Gross return (Tk)

Bagda Others (specify)

8.0 Problems of Practicing Alternative Rice and Golda Farming Problems (MV Rice Cultivation) a) b) c) d) Suggestions

Problems(Golda cultivation) a) b) c) d)

Suggestions

9.0 Do you know that the High Court recently made saltwater shrimp cultivation expansion into agricultural land and forestry illegal? What do you think of this news and why?

Thank you very much for your kind cooperation.

Name of the Enumerator:

Date:

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6. Questionnaire of Ms Afsana Zaman

Bureau of Socioeconomic Research and Training (BSERT) and Department of Agricultural Economics Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh
Interview Schedule for the Comparative Study on Livelihood Adaptation of Disadvantaged People in Some Selected Areas of Polder Number 29 and Latabunia in Dumuria Upazila of Khulna District Sample No: 1.0 Socio-demographic Profile a. Identification of Respondent: Name: .. Fathers name: Village: .Union: .................. Upazila: b. Category of the Respondent (use ): i) Farmer (Cultivate rice/shrimp/other fish/vegetables) ii) Wage labour iii) Other (Specify)

c. Ownership of Land Types of land Homestead area Farm land -Own land - Leased in land - Leased out land Shrimp farm (Area under Gher) Total Area (Decimals)

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d. Family Members and Their Occupational Structure SL. Name No. 1 2 3 4 5 6 Relationship with Age respondent (Years) Educational level Occupation

e. Housing Facilities Type of house Straw house Tin roof with non-tin wall Other (Specify) Nos.

f. Physical Assets Owned Physical assets Building/Tin roof/straw roof Tube well Chair, Table Bicycle/motorcycle TV/Radio Yes/No Physical assets Toilet Electric fan Mobile phone Others, if any Yes/No

21

2.0 Household Income from different Income Generating Activities Income Activities Rice farming Vegetables production Cattle rearing Poultry and duck rearing Goat rearing Sheep rearing Buffalo rearing Generating Amount (Tk) % of total Income Activities Generating Amount (Tk.) % of total

Shrimp farming Catching fish Small trading Labour selling Rickshaw/van pulling Sewing machine/tailoring Others (specify)

3.0 Expenditure of the Family Items Food Food grain Vegetables Fish and livestock products Others (Specify) Clothing Housing and sanitation Repairing New construction Health Doctors Medicine Education Farming Yearly expenses (Tk/yr) Remarks

22

Purchasing seed, feed and fertilizer Using PT and DP Labor hiring Electricity Other (Specify)

4.0 Consumption Pattern of the Family Item Food consumed yesterday (During last 24 hours) Food status (use ) Sufficient Moderate sufficient Rice (gm) Ata/flour (gm) Potato (kg) Vegetables (gm) Pulses (gm) Dry fish (gm) Fish (kg) Eggs (No.) Meat (kg) Soybean oil (ml) Mustard oil (ml) Milk (ml) Fruits(kg) Others (specify) Insufficient

23

5.0 Production Cost (if any) Production Cost for Rice (Aman/ Boro) Cost items Quantity with units Human labor Power tiller cost Seed/Seedlings Fertilizer -Urea -TSP -MP -Gypsum Organic manure (Cow dung) Pesticides Chemical Organic Irrigation cost Miscellaneous (specify) cost Total Production Cost for Bagda/Galda Cost items Human labor Shrimp seeds (PL) Feed (Fish meal) Lime Urea TSP Land use cost Miscellaneous cost (specify) Total Quantity (unit)

Price/unit(Tk)

Total cost (Tk)

Price/unit

Total cost (Tk)

24

Production Cost for Vegetables Cost items Human labor Power tiller cost Seedlings Fertilizer -Urea -TSP -MP -Gypsum Organic manure (Cow dung) Pesticides Chemical Organic Irrigation cost Miscellaneous cost (Specify) Quantity (unit) Price/unit Total cost (Tk)

Total

6.0 Sources of Income i. Income from different crop production (rice/shrimp/other fish/vegetables/fruits) Crop Quantity (kg) Price (Tk/kg) Total % used for % of Value of home surplus (if production consumption any) (Tk) Rice Main product 25

 By-product Shrimp -Galda -Bagda OtHer fish (specify) Vegetables (Specify) Fruits (Specify) Others (Specify)

ii. Remittances (if any) Tk:

Provide short story about getting remittances

7.0 Time Frame for different Crop Production Crop In which season you When did you get Do you cultivate any crop grow this crop? this Profit? simultaneously?

Rice -Aman -Boro Shrimp -Galda -Bagda Other fish (Specify) Vegetables (Specify) Fruits (Specify)

8.0 Are there any benefits that you get from having a Polder? i) Yes ii) No

If yes, what sorts of benefits 26

Are there any problems that the polder may cause to you and your community?

What has been done to improve polder management?

What could be done to improve polder management?

9.0 What were the natural hazards you faced in last five years in this area?

10.0 Impacts of natural hazards on household income and employment of family members

27

11.0 Coping strategies taken during natural hazards

12.0 What are the major problems you face in your daily life?

13.0 Do you have any specific suggestion/s for making food security of your family and improving livelihood patterns?

Thank you,

Signature of Interviewer Date:

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4.0 Questionnaire of Md Chhiddikur Rahman Bureau of Socioeconomic Research and Training (BSERT) and Department of Agricultural Economics Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh Interview Schedule for Economic Study on Paddy and Prawn Farming in Polder 31 at Dacope Upazila of Khulna District

Section-A
1.0 a) Identification of the Respondent Name:.. Village....Fathers name:. Union Upazila ...Polder Area

b) What do you Cultivate? Paddy Shrimp White fish Yes No Vegetables

c) Do you engaged in any type of NGO/s? If yes,specify the name of NGO/sDuration of Membershipd) Do you have any trainning ? Yes

No

if yes, specify the organization and purpose of training

e) Family composition of the farmer Sl. No. Age Relationship with HH Main Occupation Secondary Occupation Literacy level Remarks

29

2.0 Land Ownership Land utilization

Owned land (Decimal)

Leased in (Decimal)

Leased out (Decimal)

Total area (Decimal)

Homestead area Area under vegetable crops (specify) Area under bagda gher Area under golda gher Fallow land (if any) Other (specify)

3.0 Cropping pattern Crop season Golda Bagda Rice Vegetables Others (specify) Jan. Feb. Mar. Apr. May June July Aug. Sep Oct. Nov. Dec.

4.0 Cost and Return of Rice Farming e) Cost of Rice Cultivation (Please provide information on the biggest plot), Plot size; _________ Decimals; Name of the variety:

30

Items costs/return Gross Costs Power tiller Seeds/seedlings Labor (land preparation, transplanting, weeding, harvesting, etc.) Urea Fertilizers TSP TSP MOP Gypsum Gypsum

Quantity with units

Unit price (Tk) Total value(Tk)

Cow dung/manure Irrigation cost Chemical Pesticides Organic

Other (specify) Total

f) Return from Paddy Cultivation

Area under paddy (Decimal)

Yield (kg)

Unit price Estimated Gross (Tk/kg) value return (Tk) of byproduct (Tk)

% used for home consumption

Marketable surplus (%)

5.0 Bagda/Golda Farming i) What do you cultivate ? Shrimp (Bagda) Prawn (Galda) Both

j) Sources of Post larva (PL) k) Cost of golda/bagda farming(Please provide information on the biggest plot/Gher, Plot/Gher size; _________ Decimals)

31

Quantity of input used Cost items for Bagda/golda farming Home Supplied Gher preparation Night duty (wathman salary) Labour Feeding Liming and salting Others Post Larva Feed (put names of feed;..................) Lime Salting Electricity

Price/unit Total cost(Tk) (Tk) Hired/purchased Total

Others(specify)

l)

Gross returns from production of Golda Area of Gher/pond Quantity Price/unit Value (Tk) (Tk) (kg) Gross return (Tk)

Species

Marketable Used for surplus home consumption (kg) (kg)

Golda Others (specify)

32

6.0 Sources of Household Income Sources of income Aman Rice farming Boro Vegetables production Cattle rearing Poultry and duck rearing Goat rearing Sheep rearing Buffalo rearing Foreign remittances Prawn culture Others Fish Culture Small business Sewing machine/tailoring Rickshaw/van pulling Labor selling Others (specify) Shrimp culture Amount (Tk.) % of total Sources of income Amt. (Tk.) % of total

7.0 Are you benefited from this polder? If yes, what sorts of benefits? 1. 2. 3. If not, specify complains:

Yes

No

33

What could be done to improve polder management?

What has been done to improve polder management?

Section B
1.0 Any problem related to water/sluice gate management? If yes, fill-up the following table. Sl. No. 1. 2. 3. 4. Description of the problem Suggestions

What are your expectations from WMOs? 1) 2) 3) Are you satisfied on WMOs? If not, specify complains: 34 Yes No

2.0 Advantages of conducting farming a) Nearer to the sluice gate

b) Faraway from the gate

7.0 Disadvantages of conducting farming a) Nearer to the sluice gate

b) Far away from the gate

8.0 Do you have any specific suggestions for improving crop farming in your area?

35

9.0 Do you know that the High Court recently made saltwater shrimp cultivation expansion into agricultural land and forestry illegal? What do you think of this news and why?

Name of the Enumerator: ___________________________

Date: __________________

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Checklist for Collecting Information from WMOs

1.0 Identification of the respondent Name: Age: Literacy Level: Occupation: ................... Land area under this polder: . Decimals Village: . Union: .. Upazila:

2.0 How many sluice gates under your jurisdiction?

3.0 How did you usually manage the gate during the Boro/Aman/other crop seasons?

4.0 What types of difficulty did you face in managing sluice gate during the crop season and/or peak period?

5.0 What mechanism did you follow to tackle those problems?

6.0 Do you have any other suggestions for betterment of the polder and/or increasing crop productivity within the polder?

Name of the Enumerator: ________________ Date: ___________________

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