DIFFERENT TYPES OF

TERMINALS

Definition of Port
A port (or seaport) is a place at which the transfer of

cargo and passengers to and from waterways and shores occurs. The port may be a cargo port (handling only the transfer of cargo), a passenger port (handling only the transfer of passengers), or a combination cargo/passenger port (handling the transfer of both cargo and passengers).

Definition of Port
In most places in the world, ports are located on the

shore lands of cities. These lands are highly valued with many alternative uses. Not only may the land be used for marine terminals, but also for tourism and recreation industries, residential and office buildings, nature parks and commercial fishing industries. Ports mostly helps the national and regional development of the country sides.

. Ports can divide into two, as natural and

artificial ports. Artificial ports are those constructed along a shoreline by means of earth fill or excavation. Harbors are joined with the sea via an approach channel. The entrance to this channel is usually protected from waves and current by means of breakwaters. Also a suitably designed port entrance, an adequate maneuvering area must be planned.

 Cargo ports are described by the prominent type of

cargo handled.
If a port, for example, handles mostly container cargo, it

will be described as a container port. Passenger ports are classified by the prominent type of passenger vessel that calls at the port. For example, a passenger port may be a cruise (ferry) port, where calls by cruise (ferry) vessels are prominent.
A port may have several marine terminals for

handling the same type of cargo or different types of cargo.

Ports may be commercial privately owned, seeking to

make a profit or public owned by government (local, state, or federal), generally not seeking to make a profit.

Types of Terminals in Ports

Kinds of Terminals

1. 2.

3.
4. 5. 6. 7. 8.

General Cargo Terminals Dry Bulk Cargo Terminals Liquid Bulk Cargo Terminals Multipurpose Terminals Container Terminals RoRo and Ferry / Passenger Terminals Cruise Terminals Marinas

1. General Cargo Terminals

These

are terminals mostly equipped with conventional cranes which handle cargo in all types of packaging compatible with cranes.

The packaging could be parcels, sacks, pallets, steel

products, LoLo cargoes, containers.

General Cargo Terminal Cargo Operations

Cargo may arrive at a port by land (rail, truck) or

inland waterway (barge) carriers and then depart from the port on a ship. For transshipment cargo, the cargo arrives at a port by ship and then departs from the port on another ship or vice versa. Cargoes could be loaded/discharged from the vessels either by port conventional cranes or by ships cranes.

General Cargo Terminal Cargo Handling

Loading/unloading operation by cranes of general

cargo onto a dock, transporting and stacking it in sheds. Transfer to and from a shed may be by the following ways: (1) Use of a tractortrailer combination, (2) Use of heavy forklift trucks. Cargo unloaded by dockside cranes can be placed directly on trailers. If forklifts are used instead of tractors and trailers, the cranes discharge the cargo directly onto the dock floor for forklifts to pick up.

Views of general cargo terminal loading/discharging/stowing operation

2. Dry Bulk terminals

A large variety of goods is carried by ships as dry

bulk. These goods can be divided roughly into four main categories:
Minerals, such as iron ore, Coal,

Foodstuffs such as grain,

Other commodities, such as cement.

Dry Bulk Cargo Operations

Dry bulk is frequently transferred between the

loading or discharging the storage by means of belt conveyors. If these conveyors are not located at quay, the supporting structures handling of general cargo (grab cranes), etc to be used. In general, it is desirable that dry bulk storage takes place fairly close to the berths. Stowage between covered sheds or silos is usually based on economics. Silos would normally be preferred when the storage time is short and for commodities which are fine powders, for dust-control reasons.

Depending on the type of commodity and throughput, the storage is usually one of four basic types:
Open storage yard, which is normally used for

commodities which do not suffer serious degradation by being exposed to the elements; Shed, which is normally used for commodities which would suffer degradation if exposed to rain; Silo,which is used for storage of grain, cement and other commodities, which must be protected from the elements. Silos are normally equipped with efficient materials-handling equipment; Slurry pond, which is, only feasible for materials which are not damaged by water.

3. Liquid Bulk Terminals

At these terminals, liquid bulk cargo (without

packaging) is handled. The major cargo category in the world trade is bulk crude oil and petroleum products. Other liquid-bulk cargoes can be classified as molten sulphur, solvents, chlorine, chemicals, LNGs and foodstuffs (vegetable oils).

Liquid Bulk Terminal Operations

These terminals mostly stated outside of the city

centres and close to the rafineries/chemical factories due to health and security reasons. Specifically, the U.States noted that these terminals would be a potential terrorist target. What differs these terminals from the others are berting places could be offshore terminals, jacket type platforms, island jetties. Ships can moor at floating buoys or dolphins.

Liquid Bulk Terminal Operations

Both chemical/LNG and oil terminals, loading and

disch.operations carries out centerly common suction pipes. Usually, pumping machinery with suitable piping is used at these terminals. There is no need huge gentry cranes on berths. From berths to lands, cargoes transferes by submarine pipes. (Pipelines can easily and inexpensively be placed over or under other traffic lanes.)

Liquid Bulk Terminal Operations

A distinction must be made between loading and

discharging terminals. Cargo is normally discharged by ships pumps. This is a factor over which the port designer has no control. For specialized cargo terminals, the cargo flow during loading and unloading has to be calculated first, to ensure that vessels will be serviced within acceptable periods of time. Initial and final cargo testing procedures carries out by jetty operators.

LNG Marine Terminals

Liquefied natural gas (LNG) is natural gas that is

stored and transported in liquid form at a temperature of minus 260 degrees Fahrenheit (-126 C) By converting the gas into a liquid form, its volume is significantly reduced for transport by LNG tanker ships and for handling by LNG marine terminals. An LNG marine terminal may be a liquefaction (for exporting natural gas) or a regasification (for importing natural gas) terminal.

Multipurpose Terminals
These terminals combine a variety of functions in a

single terminal, where containers, but also conventional general cargo or other packaged products, can be handled. Unitized cargoes on specialized vessels start appearing in quantities that do not yet require development of a specialized terminal. Thus, a multipurpose terminal is created in which break-bulk cargo traffic is diminished, although unitized cargo is also handled. At the same time, the specialization of dry bulk cargo terminals continues.

Handling Operation Options

Two alternative handling options are available in this respect: (1) The full cargo can be forwarded inland via port sheds, (2) Direct loading/ unloading to and from rail or road vehicles can be retained but conducted at some distance from the docks.

Container Terminals
A

container port is the place, where nontransshipment containers received from vessels are transferred to inland carriers such as railroads, truck carriers, inland waterway and coastal carriers and transshipment containers are transferred from one vessel to another. Container ports are often located on the shore lands of cities e.g., Rotterdam-Netherlands, Antwerp-Belgium, Hamburg-Germany, Los Angeles United States ext.

Container Terminal Operations

Containers

are handled using special loading/unloading, transfer and stacking equipment. Containers are loaded to and from containerships by ship to-shore gantry cranes. These cranes may be dock cranes (located on the dock or wharf of the port) or shipmounted cranes (mounted on the containerships).

Port Equipment
Cranes

stated for operations on wharfs are powerful dock gantry cranes that can attain an output of 25 to 30 TEU (twenty-food equivalent unit) per hour. (The operational life of a typical gantry crane extends to 15 years and 2,000,000 operating cycles.) Since most modern containerships are non-selfsustaining (without ship-mounted cranes), they require the use of dock cranes while in port. The majority of ship-to-shore gantry dock cranes are rail cranes (although some are rubber-tired). Typically, several to be used ganged together for working (i.e., unloading and loading containers from and to) large containerships simultaneously.

Container Operation
Containers that move through a container port are involved in four basic port activities: (1) receiving, (2) loading/unloading, (3) staging, (4) storage. The container terminal consists of various buildings, roadways and pathways for the movement of containers within the port by trucks and various types of yard equipment, and land area for the storage of containers and equipment.

A Containers operation
1.An export container arrives at the ports interchange gate by truck. 2.Then, the truck moves to a location within the port, where the container is removed from the truck and placed in storage location. 3.Than it will be moved to a staging location to wait the arrival of the specific ship onto which it will be loaded. 4.The container load to proper vessel. 1.The container is unloaded from the ship by a shipto-shore crane and placed on the staging location. 2.From the staging location, the container is moved to a storage location or loaded onto a truck for departure from the port. 3.If placed in storage, it will eventually be removed by loading it onto a truck or rail car for departure from the port. The import container will leave the port through its interchange gate.

From Ship to Truck Transfer

From Railway to Truck Transfer

Port inland transfer by top loader

Container carrying equipments

The equipments used at container ports for lifting and lowering of containers: (1) ship-to-shore gantry cranes, (2) straddle carriers, (3) yard gantry cranes (transtainers), (4) top loaders, (5) automated guided vehicles (AGVs). Trucks with chassis and AGVs are used to move containers to and from different locations within the port.

Container Carrying Equipments-1

Ship to shore gantry crane
Straddle carrier

Container Carrying Equipments-2

Top loader
Yard gantry crane

Container Carrying Equipments-3

Automated guided vehicle (AGV) AGV Double stacked

Container Carrying Equipments-4

Automatic Stacking Crane (ASC)

ISO Type TEU External Dimensions (m) Max.Lifting Capacity (m) (tons) 1C (20 ft) 1A (40 ft) 1B (30 ft) 1 2 1,5 6.05*2.435*2.435 12.190*2.435*2.435 9.125*2.435*2.435 20 30 25

Capacity (m3) 29.0 60.5 45.0

1D (10 ft)

0,5

2.990*2.435*2.435

10

14.1

Table. Selected container sizes

Container Terminals
As

larger and larger containerships are employed in world trade, container ports are under pressure to increase channel and berth water depths, channel widths, the size of shoreside cranes, terminal storage capacity, and truck and railroad facilities

The worlds largest container ports, ranked by TEU throughput, appear in below table. Theseports are often described as load center ports:

Number of Terminals and Total Hectares Controlled by the Twelve Largest Port Holdings
Terminals
14 16

13
14 10 20 11 9 42 50 38 47

Ro Ro and Ferry Terminals

Here cargo is transferred within a roll onroll off system, with

loading and unloading of cargo by horizontally moving lorries, forklifts, tractors and so on. RoRo and Ferry ports are ports where roro and ferry vessels call. Ferry vessels may carry passengers and their vehicles and truck and rail transporting cargo. Ferry services are provided between origin and destination locations where a bridge (or tunnel) does not exist or where the width of the body of water between these locations would make the construction of a bridge (or tunnel) impractical. Ferry services are usually found in coastal urban regions, but also may be found in inter-island and inter-coastal regions.

Image of modern multipurpose passenger terminal

LoLo Loading Method

LoLo

vessels load and unload cargo at Roll OnRoll Off (Ro-Ro) ports, Load On-Load Off (Lo-Lo) ports and at unserviced jetties, using its owncranes.

Self-geared Lift-on/Lift-off

(Lo/Lo) type vessels are loaded and unloaded by a crane, which lifts cargo to a specific location on the Lo/Lo ship.

Cruise Lines/Terminals
Cruise

lines are water carriers that provide passenger transportation (getting from origin A to destination B), tourism and leisure services. Cruise ports have passenger ashore support facilities such as shops, foreign exchange bureaus and tourism information offices and provide passengers including shops (food and retail), luggage interchange (between ship and shore) offices.

Cruise ports operations

They

utilize smaller sized equipment in loading/unloadg luggage and supplies on cruise vessels. Also, cruise ports utilize passenger loading bridges. These bridges vary in design according to vessel portal heights and longitudinal positions, tide and vessel load line variation. Passengers may arrive at a port by automobile or for-hire transportation service (e.g., taxi) and then depart from the port on a ship, or conversely.

Marinas
Marinas provide harboring and supply and repair

services for pleasure boats. Recently, marine tourism and other recreational activities, such as amateur fishing and sailing, have increased rapidly worldwide. These services include water and bunker supply, availability of a repair unit, vessel lifting and launching arrangements, a supplies and provisions outlet and vessel dry berthing. An example of a fully developed small craft harbor is illustrated below.

Port Operation/Service Providers

Stevedore Company: A stevedore is a company whose functions are to load, stow and unload vessels. In many ports, the stevedore is an independent contractor that is hired by shipping lines to work their ships while in port, i.e., load and unload cargo. At unionized ports, the stevedore hires local union dockworkers to work ships.

Port Operation/Service Providers

A ships agent: Is a company that looks after the interest of a ship and her master and crew while in port on behalf of the ship owner, e.g., making all necessary arrangements with the port and a stevedore while a ship is in port. The ships agent may arrange for the pilotage, towage, and a berth for a ship, pay for charges incurred by the ship and handle relations with shippers, consignees, and government officials.

Port Operation/Service Providers

Ship chandlers: A company that supplies ships with

stores and provisions, may also provide ships with bunkers (ship fuel) while in port. Pilotage is the assistance given by a pilot to a ships master in navigating his ship when entering and leaving a port or in confined waters. The pilot is usually licensed and an experienced mariner familiar with the given port or place. Towage is the towing or pushing of ships in port, e.g., in the berthing and unberthing of ships, by a tug (a small power-driven vessel) and is provided by towage companies. Ships may also receive ship repair and maintenance services from ship repair and maintenance companies while in port.

Different Types of Marine Terminals

TH A N K S YO UR A TTEN DA N C E TUN C A L TA N