Vous êtes sur la page 1sur 8

ALUMINIUM AND THE SEA

alcan aerospace, transportation and industry

CONTENTS
I ALCAN MARINE
1. 2. .....................................................4 Alcan Marine: an entity dedicated to the maritime market . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5 Presentation of the brochure "Aluminium and the Sea" . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5 ..................................9

I 1. ALUMINIUM, THE MARINE METAL


1. 2. 3. 4.

Historical review . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10 The development of aluminium-magnesium alloys of the 5000 family . . . . . . . . . . 14 Marine applications of aluminium . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15 Innovation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21

I 2. ALUMINIUMS ADVANTAGES
1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7.

A lightweight material . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23 Diversity of semi-finished products . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26 Ease of processing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30 Resistance to corrosion in marine environments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30 Impact on the environment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30 Recycling . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31 Innovation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31

I 3. ALUMINIUM ALLOYS IN MARINE APPLICATIONS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33


1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. The series of wrought alloys . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36 Designation of wrought aluminium alloys . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36 Strain hardening alloys . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37 Age hardening alloys . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39 The principal alloys for marine applications . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43 A new alloy, "Sealium" . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45 The series of casting alloys . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 48 Properties of casting alloys . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49 . . 53

I 4. DESIGN, CALCULATION OF STRUCTURES AND FATIGUE BEHAVIOUR


1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9.

Properties of aluminium . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55 Determining the maximum static stress . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55 Transposing from steel to aluminium . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .57 Fatigue behaviour of aluminium alloy structures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 59 Service conditions of high speed ships . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 60 General comments on the fatigue of metals . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 60 Specifics of the fatigue behaviour of aluminium . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 61 Classification of aluminium alloys . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 63 Fatigue life of weldments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 64

10. Influence of design and fabrication arrangements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 68 11. Reference standards and regulations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 71

I 5. FORMING
1. 2. 3.

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 73

Receiving and storage of semis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 74 Cutting to shape . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 76 Forming . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 79

I 6. WELDING . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 83
1.
Alcan Marine

Historical review . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 84 Specifics of welding aluminium. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 85 Implications for the design and execution of welds . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 89 Arc welding processes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 93 Storage of semi-finished products and filler wire . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 97 Surface preparation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 98 Joint preparation and setup . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 98

2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7.

8. 9.

Filler metal . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 98 Finishing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 100

10. Inspection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 103 11. Weld imperfections . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 103 12. Repairs and fittings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 106 13. Laser welding . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 106 14. Friction Stir Welding (FSW) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 108 15. Standards . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 112

I 7. ALUMINIUM BONDING AND SPECIAL ASSEMBLIES


1. 2. 3. 4.

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 115

Screw and bolt fastenings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 116 Machine rivets . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 118 Bonding . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 122 Transition joints . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 126 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 129

I 8. ELECTRICAL SYSTEMS
1. 2. 3.

General rules . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 131 Direct current installation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 133 Alternating current installation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 133

I 9. FIRE RESISTANCE OF ALUMINIUM . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 135


1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. The Falklands conflict . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 137 Reaction to fire of aluminium . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 137 Classification of aluminium . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 139 Passive protection of aluminium . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 139 Thermal properties of aluminium . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 140 Change in the physical properties of aluminium as a function of temperature . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 140

I 10. CORROSION BEHAVIOUR


1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9.

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 145

Characteristics of marine environments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 147 Corrosion behaviour of aluminium under control of the natural film of oxide . 148 Influence of the pH . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 148 Influence of alloying elements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 148 Forms of aluminium corrosion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 149 Bimetallic corrosion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 152 Aluminium tarnishing and blackening . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 157 Role and prevention of marine fouling . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 157 Effects of welding and design arrangements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 159 in marine applications . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 159

10. Sensitivity to corrosion of aluminium alloys 11. Corrosion tests . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 162

I 11. PROTECTION OF ALUMINIUM


1. 2. 3.

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 165

Anodising . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 167 Painting . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 168 Cathodic protection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 172 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 175

I 12. APPENDIX
1. 2. 3. 4. 5.

Standards of mechanical properties . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 176 Index . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 186 English/ French/German/Spanish glossary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 188 Key and photo credits . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 194 Useful addresses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 199

ALCAN
T
of aluminium in shipbuilding, especially in the construction of highspeed ships, prompted the Pechiney Group in 2001 to create PECHINEY MARINE, an entity endowed with significant resources and capable of handling all aspects of the "maritime markets" in aluminium.
HE GROWTH IN THE USE

maritime circles, including naval architects, shipyards and shipowners. The brochure answered the needs of users wishing to use aluminium in marine applications and wanting to know more about it. Given the scale of the growth in aluminium usage in larger vessels 100 metres and more in length this second brochure explores certain major aspects of shipbuilding in aluminium such as arc welding and fatigue strength in more depth.

Experience acquired in shipbuilding over many decades, especially with high-speed ships, illustrates the benefits which aluminium can offer to naval architects, yards and shipowners and more generally to users of aluminium for marine applications. After the Pechiney integration into the Alcan Group in 2004, ALCAN MARINE succeds PECHINEY MARINE.

Pechineys first brochure entitled "Aluminium and the Sea" was published in 1992 and received an excellent world-wide response in

THE PRINCESS

Alcan Marine
4

MARINE
1.
ALCAN MARINE: AN ENTITY DEDICATED TO THE MARITIME MARKET
The evolution that we have seen in the maritime uses of aluminium in high-speed ships, in shipbuilding (yachts, service vessels, superstructures) and in offshore applications calls for a fuller consideration and investigation of the technical aspects of the use of aluminium in markets that have a high engineering content. In order to better respond to the needs and concerns of users of aluminium semi-finished products, Alcan Marine brings together engineering skills that are found throughout the Alcan Group:
I in production, with our production plants making aluminium sheets, plates and shapes, I in research and development, with specialists in the calculation of structures and fatigue and metallurgists developing new alloys as well as optimising the properties of existing alloys, I in the global commercial network of the Alcan Group.

2.
PRESENTATION OF THE BROCHURE ALUMINIUM AND THE SEA
This brochure is published as part of our desire to provide aluminium users with a sound information base on the applications of aluminium. It addresses all the players in the industry - naval architects, designers and research consultancies, shipyards, ship owners and operators - who use aluminium in marine applications: ships, offshore equipment and coastal installations.

Alcan Marine has three main objectives: I to develop the marine applications of aluminium, I to promote innovation in aluminium shipbuilding, I to offer its clients the benefit of Alcan Groups many years of experience and expertise in the marine applications of aluminium.

THE LYNX

Alcan Marine
5

A number of important aspects have been developed, among them arc welding, now the most widespread method of fabrication in shipbuilding, and fatigue strength. The increase in the size of aluminium vessels is a recent phenomenon and brings with it its own particular problems. It goes without saying that the sole aim of this brochure is to inform the reader about the properties of aluminium alloys intended for marine uses and about methods of application. It cannot be a substitute for specialist literature that deals with the technologies used in aluminium shipbuilding. Nor can it take precedence over the regulations of classification societies, standards and codes of engineering practice with which designers are bound to comply, including the selection of aluminium alloys.

This brochure is the work of Christian VARGEL, a former Chief Engineer in the Pechiney Group and author of the book Corrosion de l'Aluminium, 528 pages, published by DUNOD in February 1999 and published in English by ELSEVIER in October 2004 under the title Corrosion of Aluminium, with the assistance of: Myriam Bouet Griffon Nathalie Ferrer Evelyne Hank Christine Hnon Jacques Chanteclair Alexandre Duran Jean-Christophe Erhstrm Henri Grard Christian Hantrais Jean-Franois Hardouin Benot Lancrenon Jrme Lucaes Franck Planquais of the Alcan group (ATI, Engineered Product Business Group), Henri Mignot Philippe Ricou of Bureau Veritas, Marc Puech of Avdel Textron, Antoine Nobili of DMC Nobelclad, Jean-Marie Garnier of Unifrax France, Jean-Claude Szwarc of Air Liquide Welding.

Notes: For the sake of simplicity, the term "ALUMINIUM" as used in this brochure means aluminium alloys and not the unalloyed metal. All the figures given in this brochure are in the units of the International System (IS).

Alcan Marine

This publication is not a contract document and shall in no way incur the liability of Alcan on account of the information contained herein. This information is given purely as a guide and it is for the reader to verify its accuracy and to consult the Alcan Group and other experts before use.

THE GLOBAL CHALLENGE

Alcan Marine
7

THE VESUVIO JET

Alcan Marine
8

Vous aimerez peut-être aussi