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DHT-Based OFDM System for Passband Transmission Over Frequency-Selective Channel

Chin-Kuo Jao, Syu-Siang Long, and Muh-Tian Shiue, Member, IEEE
AbstractIn this letter, a multicarrier modulation transceiver based on discrete Hartley transform (DHT) is investigated. The diagonalization of channel matrix is an important feature for the DFT-OFDM system. However, the conventional DHT-OFDM system cannot directly diagonalize the multipath fading channel so that the intercarrier coupling (ICC) effects will occur. To deal with this problem, we devise a new DHT-based OFDM architecture that can perfectly diagonalize the channel matrix by using the complementary property of DHT matrix. In addition, two-dimensional complex signaling, such as quadrature amplitude modulations (QAM), can also be applied to the proposed structure for bandwidth efcient transmission. The compatibility of DFT-OFDM and DHT-OFDM systems is also considered. Finally, numerical simulations shows the validity of the proposed DHT-based OFDM system. Index TermsCirculant matrix, discrete Hartley transform (DHT), intercarrier coupling (ICC), orthogonal frequency-division multiplexing (OFDM), trigonometric transform.

authors in [6] extended it to wireless UWB system. However, there are two limitations for DHT-based OFDM applied in the wireless transmission. First, only one-dimensional (1D) modulation such as pulse-amplitude modulation (PAM) and BPSK are considered since DHT is a real-valued transformation. Second, unlike the DFT-OFDM system, the DHT-based OFDM cannot directly diagonalize the multipath channel matrix. Then, the signals on the mirror-symmetric subcarriers will couple with each other, and we refer to it as intercarrier coupling (ICC) effects. In this letter, we propose a generalized DHT-OFDM structure that can not only apply 2-D modulation format but also diagonalize the equivalent passband channel perfectly. In other words, the ICC effects are eliminated and one-tap equalizer can be employed. We apply the complementary property of DHT [7] to devise the DHT-OFDM system, and goal of channel matrix diagonalization is veried by mathematical matrix framework. II. DHT MATRIX PROPERTIES AND PROBLEM FORMULATION The size- IDFT and DHT matrices can be respectively expressed by and , where the entry of matrices and are as follows:

I. INTRODUCTION RTHOGONAL frequency-division multiplexing (OFDM) based on the discrete Fourier transform (DFT) has been widely adopted as the multicarrier modulation/demodulation technique in many wired or wireless communication standards. The DFT-based OFDM has the ability to deal with severe multipath channel fading because a cyclic prex (CP) is inserted in front of each OFDM symbol. As the CP is longer than the delay spread of channel, the DFT-OFDM can perfectly diagonalize the equivalent circulant channel matrix into decoupled and memoryless subchannels that can be easily equalized by an one-tap frequency domain equalizer (FEQ). However, DFT is not the only orthogonal transformation for OFDM systems to perform multicarrier modulation. Several trigonometric functions, such as sinusoidal and cosinusoidal functions, have been proposed to be an alternative orthogonal transformation for OFDM systems [1], [2]. In this letter, we investigate the OFDM systems based on the discrete Hartley transform (DHT) [3] for passband transmission. By taking advantage of real-valued computation, a DHT-based OFDM system was developed initially to substitute for DFT-OFDM in the wired discrete multitone (DMT) systems [4], [5]. Then the
Manuscript received March 18, 2010; revised May 10, 2010; accepted May 11, 2010. Date of current version June 18, 2010. This work was supported in part by the National Science Council of Taiwan, under Grants NSC 97-2220-E008-002 and 98-2220-E-008-002. The associate coordinating the review of this manuscript and approving it for publication was Dr. Kai-Kit Wong. The authors are with the Biomedical and Communication SIC Laboratory, Department of Electrical Engineering, National Central University, Chungli 32001, Taiwan (e-mail: 945401006@cc.ncu.edu.tw; jaochinkuo@gmail.com; 945401026@cc.ncu.edu.tw; mtshiue@ee.ncu.edu.tw). Color versions of one or more of the gures in this paper are available online at http://ieeexplore.ieee.org. Digital Object Identier 10.1109/LSP.2010.2051618

The inverse DHT (IDHT) is identical to DHT , i.e., , where is an identity matrix. Let be a real-valued circulant matrix. According to the property of circulant matrices [8], can be diagonalized by the DFT matrix, i.e.,

(1) , and is an 1 vector to select the rst column of . Since diagonalization of circulant matrix is an important feature for DFT-OFDM system, we intend to know whether the DHT matrix can also diagonalize the circulant matrix like (1). Substituting DHT matrix for in (1), we can rewrite the equation as follows: (2) From the symmetric properties of trigonometric functions, we have that and , where is an ip matrix dened as where

. . .

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Fig. 1. Block diagram of the conventional DHT-OFDM system.

Applying the trigonometric properties to (2), we obtain . Therefore, (2) can be rewritten as

Fig. 2. Block diagram of the proposed DHT-OFDM system. The block J allocates the signal vector with retrograde indexing.

. . . . . .

..

is referred to as the complemenwhere tary Hartely transform [7]. The in-phase and quadrature (I/Q) sequences after IDHT multicarrier modulator are given by . .. . (6) where and denote the frequency and time domain data sequences respectively. For the clarity of notation, the superscripts and denote the real and imaginary parts. Hence, two IDHTs are used to process the 2-D data format . Fig. 2 shows the block diagram of the proposed DHT-OFDM transceiver. The CP is inserted to prevent intersymbol interference (ISI). 2) Receiver: At the receiver as shown in Fig. 2, the real and imaginary parts of the received signal vector are fed into DHT to demodulate multicarrier signal, then the DHT output is given by (3)

where and denote the real and imaginary parts. Equaexist on the tion (3) clearly shows the entries . Therefore, the circuanti-diagonal direction of matrix lant matrix cannot be diagonalized by the DHT operation. This result will cause the so-called ICC problems in the DHT-based OFDM system. Fig. 1 shows the block diagram of the conventional DHTOFDM system [6]. Since DHT is a real-valued transformation, only 1D data vector is used in the transmitter. The received signal on each subcarrier after DHT can be written as

(4) where is the 1 PAM data vector, both and are realis complex white Gaussian valued circulant matrices, and noise with variance . Equation (3) and (4) reveal the data on the mirror-symmetric subcarriers will couple with would couple to where each other, i.e., the symbol . Hence, in Fig. 1, the same symbols should be allocated on the mirror-symmetric subcarriers to avoid the ICC problems. Regrettably, this technique loses half of the data throughput rate. In order to improve these drawbacks, our goal is to design a DHT-OFDM structure that can employ a 2D modulation and diagonalize the circulant channel matrix. (7) where , and is complex white Gaussian noise with variance . From the relation in (3), it can be seen that is not a diagonal matrix. Therefore, our goal is to develop a DHT-OFDM transceiver that diagonalizes the frequency-selective channel into decoupled subcarriers. Literature [9] provided diagonalization requirements of DHT matrix. We will use the following two facts in [9] to design the receiver architecture. symmetric circulant matrices can be Fact 1: All diagonalized by DHT matrix. Fact 2: All skew-symmetric circulant matrices multiplied by ip matrix can be diagonalized by DHT matrix. Let be a real-valued circulant matrix and it can be readily . In addition, symmetric and skewchecked symmetric circulant matrices can be expressed respectively as and . To investigate the diagonalization properties of DHT, we derive the Facts 1 and 2 as the following relations:

III. PROPOSED DHT-BASED OFDM SYSTEM A. System Architecture 1) Transmitter: To modulate 2-D QAM symbols into orthogonal subcarriers by IDHT, we represent the DHT-based multicarrier passband modulator in a pre-enveloped format , where is the Hilbert transform of given by

(8) (5) (9)

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was dened the same as (1). In (8), and can be seen as a complementary pair. The sum of complementary pair makes the circulant matrix fulll symmetric condition and diagonalizable by DHT. Similarly, and are an another complementary pair. Let us now focus on , the complementary pair of the real or imaginary part of can respectively be obtained by multiplying itself and a ip matrix . Accordingly, we can accomplish the complementary pair of by interacting the real and imaginary parts of with the following expression:

where

the data without additional signal processing. Therefore, the proposed DHT-OFDM does not limit to the DHT-type system and it can work with DFT-OFDM as well. IV. PERFORMANCE ANALYSIS The theoretical bit error rate (BER) for 16-QAM is given . Since the overall by [10] OFDM system BER is the average of all used subcarriers [11], of the proposed DHT-OFDM with 16-QAM is the BER (16)

(10) where is AWGN with variance satisfy the conditions in (8) and (9), i.e., , and ,

(11) (12) Both and are diagonal matrices. Fig. 2 shows the I/Q cross interacting architecture in , it is obvious the DHT-OFDM receiver. Let that becomes a diagonal matrix. Due to only the cross operations between I/Q components, symbol affects a constant phase and amplitude distortion . Therefore, the complex data symbol can be detected individually with an one-tap complex FEQ at the receiver. B. Compatibility Consideration Another important issue for the proposed DHT-OFDM is the compatibility with the conventional DFT-OFDM system. The of the mixed DFT-OFDM transmitter and received signal DHT-OFDM receiver can be written as (13) In order to determine whether the DHT-OFDM receiver is compatible with DFT-OFDM transmitter, we should evaluate the diagonalization characteristics of the mixed system for the frequency-selective channel. Now, let . Replacing Fourier matrix with Hartley matrix expression and applying the DHT diagonalization relations, we get

is the used subcarrier number, and is the equalwhere ized SNR at th subcarrier. To evaluate the equalized SNR, we should derive the error between the equalized and desired symbols. From (10), the received symbol suffering liner distortion and AWGN is , where is the th diagonal element of . When one-tap FEQ coefcient is used, . Then the difference bethe equalized symbol is tween and is given by (17) is a zero mean random variable, and its variance can be derived as (18) where and forcing (ZF) coefcient carrier SNR can be written as . If the zero is used, the equalized sub-

(19) can be seen as the SNR degradation factor, which depends . Comparing on the magnitude of diagonalized channel gain with the conventional DFT-OFDM, the channel gain of DFTis half of the proposed DHT-OFDM. OFDM Therefore, the BER performance of the proposed DHT-OFDM is 3 dB better than DFT-OFDM system because the cross I/Q cross interacting architecture enhances the channel gain. If the equivalent channel gain was normalized, then the performance of the DHT-OFDM would be identical to DFT-OFDM. V. SIMULATION RESULTS

(14) is also a complex diagonal matrix, hence an It is obvious one-tap FEQ can be employed to equalize complex attenuation on each subcarrier. Comparing this mixed OFDM system with the DHT-OFDM, the relation between channel attenuation factor and is only a constant gain and phase shift, i.e., (15) Although the transmitter is DFT-OFDM, the above analysis shows the proposed DHT-OFDM receiver can still demodulate

In this section, the IEEE 802.11a system is considered to demonstrate the proposed DHT-OFDM architecture. We can verify the diagonalized channel characteristic for both DFTOFDM and DHT-OFDM systems by observing the channel estimation results. In 802.11a standard, the number of used subcarrier ( ), and 20 MHz bandwidth is occupied. The OFDM symbol duration is 4 including 0.8 for CP extension. Two tested channel models with an exponentially power decay prole [12] are considered. The root mean square (RMS) delay spread of channel A (ChA) and channel B (ChB) are 38 and 174 ns, respectively. Figs. 3 and 4 show the estimated ChA magnitude and phase on each subcarrier at SNR 30 dB. These two gures show that

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Fig. 3. Estimated Channel A magnitude response for DFT-OFDM, DHT-OFDM and mixed DFT/DHT-OFDM systems.

Fig. 5. The 16-QAM bit error probability for DFT-OFDM and DHT-OFDM systems.

system may have the potential to be another choice to implement the multicarrier OFDM systems. VI. CONCLUSION A new OFDM system based on DHT has been presented. In order to eliminate ICC effects for conventional DHT-based OFDM system, the proposed DHT-OFDM system can optimally diagonalize the frequency-selective channel by using the DHT diagonalization properties. The new architecture employs two real-valued DHT to modulate 2-D data format, which can improve the bandwidth efciency. In addition, we have veried that the proposed DHT-OFDM system was compatible with the conventional DFT-OFDM. Thus, the DHT-OFDM system can exibly communicate with DFT-OFDM system without any additional signal processing. Finally, the performance analysis and validity of the proposed DHT-OFDM have been conrmed by the simulation results. REFERENCES
[1] N. Al-Dhahir, H. Minn, and S. Satish, Optimum DCT-based multicarrier transceivers for frequency-selective channels, IEEE Trans. Commun., vol. 54, pp. 911921, May 2006. [2] G. D. Mandyam, Sinusoidal transforms in OFDM systems, IEEE Trans. Broadcast., vol. 50, pp. 172184, Jun. 2004. [3] R. N. Bracewell, The discrete Hartley transform, J. Opt. Soc. Amer., vol. 73, no. 12, pp. 18321835, Dec. 1983. [4] C. L. Wang, C. H. Chang, and J. M. Ciof, Discrete Hartley transform based multicarrier modulation, in Proc. ICASSP, Jun. 2000, vol. 5, pp. 25132516. [5] C. F. Wu, M. T. Shiue, and C. K. Wang, DHT-based frequency-domain equalizer for DMT systems, in Proc. EUSIPCO, Turkey, Sep. 2005. [6] D. Wang, D. Liu, F. Liu, and G. Yue, A novel DHT-based ultra-wideband system, in Proc. ISCIT, Oct. 2005, vol. 1, pp. 672675. [7] R. N. Bracewell, Aspects of Hartley transform, Proc. IEEE, vol. 82, pp. 381387, Mar. 1994. [8] P. J. Davis, Circulant Matrices. New York: Wiley, 1979. [9] G. Heinig and K. Rost, Representation of Toeplitz-plus-Hankel matrices using trigonometric transformations with application to fast matrix-vector multiplication, Lin. Alg. Appl., vol. 275276, pp. 225248, 1998. [10] J. Proakis, Digital Communications. New York: McGraw-Hill, 1995. [11] L. Hanzo, M. Mnster, B. J. Choi, and T. Keller, OFDM and MC-CDMA for Broadband Multi-User Communications, WLAN and Broadcasting. Piscataway, NJ: IEEE Press/Wiley, 2003. [12] B. OHara and A. Petrick, IEEE 802.11 Handbook: A Designers Companion. New York: IEEE, 2004. [13] P. C. Chen, C. K. Jao, and M. T. Shiue, A low complexity real-valued kernel DHT-based OFDM modulator/demodulator design, in Proc. IEEE Int. Symp. Circuits and Systems (ISCAS), May 2009, pp. 15291532.

Fig. 4. Estimated Channel A phase response for DFT-OFDM, DHT-OFDM and mixed DFT/DHT-OFDM systems.

the estimated channel magnitude of DFT-OFDM is half of the DHT-OFDM system, and the channel phase of DHT-OFDM coincides with that of DFT-OFDM system. Considering the mixed DFT/DHT-OFDM system (i.e., DFT-OFDM transmitter gain and and DHT-OFDM receiver), there are constant phase differences from the other two systems. These numerical results are in agreement with (12) and (15). Fig. 5 shows the 16-QAM BER performances of DFT-OFDM, DHT-OFDM and mixed DFT/DHT-OFDM systems over ChA and ChB channels. It was assumed the ZF coefcients were perfect. The lines (solid and dotted) represent the simulation results, and the markers (circle and square) denote the BER analysis described in Section IV. As shown in Fig. 5, the performance of the DHT-OFDM is 3-dB better than the DFT-OFDM system for both ChA and ChB conditions since the equivalent channel gain of the DHT-OFDM is the double of DFT-OFDM. These simulation results completely agree with the BER analysis in (16). We have shown that the channel effects of the DHT-OFDM differs from DFT-OFDM system only in the constant gain and phase differences. However, from practical implementation aspects, the two systems are quite different. In [13], we have presented that the proposed 64-point DHT-OFDM (de)modulator could save about 59% multiplications and 28% additions compared with the radix-2 FFT. Thus, the proposed DHT-OFDM