Causes of World War 1 Soft Notes Hard Notes

This was known as the Great War or the first mechanized war Who fought the war? a. 31 Nations joined the war Central Powers(Triple Alliance) Germany, Austria-Hungary, Bulgaria, Ottoman Allies(Triple Entente) France, Britain, Russia, and United States

New type of warfare: trench warfare, series of trenches on the western front. Western Front Fighting - Long battles costing thousands of lives that gained almost no ground for either side Eastern Front Fighting - Russia vs. Germany -Machine gun, 8 rounds per second upto 2900 yards, Typically 3 to 4 work in a team job Artillery: large caliber weapons such as cannons and missile launchers, operated by crews. a. Greater power, carried much further b. 24 million shells used in Battle of Verdun - 75 types of poison gas, flame throwers - Airplanes: reconnaissance, dog fight of planes in sky; Tanks, new: weapons in war Causes of WW1: Aggressive Nationalism, Economic Rivalries, Militarism, Arms Race, Tangle of Alliances 1. Aggressive Nationalism a. Issue 1: Previous disputes among Nations 1. Alsace, Lorraine were taken overby Germany after Franco-Prussian War 2. Germany was proud of its military power while France was bitter b. Issue 2: Ethnic Differences 1. Pan Slavism: idea that all Slavic people have common nationality 2. Russia was largest Slav country and vowed to defend Serbia (young Slav country) c. Issue 3: Crisis in Balkans 1. Austria-Hungary worried about rebellion within its empire 2. Ottoman empire felt threatened by new nations such as Serbia, Greece

Balkan War 1912 A. Balkan states attacked Turkey and fought among themselves over spoils of war B. Known as the power keg of Europe where one spark would cause explosion 2. Economic Rivalries a. British were threatened by Germanys rapid economic growth b. Germany had newer, more modern factories which out produces Britain c. Germany wants more respect. 3. Imperial Rivalries a. France, Germany competed for colonial land b. 1905,1911 Germany tried to keep France from taking control of Morocco c. Germany gained territory in Central Africa d. France, Britains rivalries with Germany led to a common bond. 4. Militarism a. Glorification of military b. Young men dreamed of going to war and becoming heroes c. Led to arms race 5. Arms Race a. Naval rivalry between Germany and Britain b. Military leaders very influential 6. Tangle of Alliances a. Alliances were creating powerful combos that no one would dare attack b. Bismarck knew France would want revenge for their loss in Franco-Prussian War c. Hence, Bismarck signed treaties with Austria Hungary. Triple Alliance with Austria Hungary and Italy was
formed.

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Assassination of Archduke Soft Notes Hard Notes

1. Archduke Ferdinand heir to Austrian throne a. Visits Sarajevo on June 28, 1914 2. Serbians were outraged because June 28 th was important to them. a. June 28, 1389 Day Serbia had been conquered by the Ottomans b. June 28, 1912 Day Serbia had freed itself from Ottoman rule 3. Unity or Death (a.k.a. The Black Hand) was a group organized by Bosnian Serbs to organize all South Slav peoples into a single country 4. Gavrilo Princip was a member of Mlada Bosna; committed to independence of Slavs, associated with Black Hand. (received funding from Black Hand) 5. Archduke and wife went to Sarajevo on June 28th. a. Ignoring the threats to his life, the royal motorcade drove through streets of Sarajevo 6. Princip & 7 other assassins waited for motorcade, he assassinated both the archduke and his wife, sent to prison and died of tuberculosis in 1918 Austrian Emperor, Franz Joseph, blamed Serbia for the assassination Ultimatum (final set of demands) was issued Serbia must end all anti-Austrian agitation and punish any Serbian officials involved in the murder plot Austria must be allowed to help in the investigation Serbia agreed to most, but not all, of the terms July 28, 1914 Austria-Hungary declared war on Serbia after receiving support from Germany Serbia asked Russia & Czar Nicholas II for help Czar Nicholas II telegraphed Kaiser William II - soften the ultimatum on Serbia Kaiser William II refused Russia mobilized army for war Germany declare war on Russia Russia turned to France for help & they gave it Germany demanded that France stay neutral; French refused Germany declared war on France Schleiffen Plan: Germany tries to avoid 2-front war, defends Belgium Russia would mobilize slowly Fight France quickly then Russia Germans had to march through Belgium then swing behind French lines Britain promised Belgium they could stay neutral When Germany invaded Belgium to get to France, Britain declared war on Germany GREAT WAR began on JULY 28, 1914

SUMMARY:

A New Kind of Conflict Soft Notes

Great War, first mechanized war French troops: 8.5 million Great Britain: 9 million Russia: 12 million Germany: 11 million

Hard Notes
1. Different strategies 2. Water, air battles 3. Scale of War 1 out of 4 did not survive a. Russia mobilized quickly b. France vs. Germany stalemate Trench warfare: trenches stretched from Swiss Frontier to English channel, body lice, rats, trench foot Battle of Verdun: (North France, Central Power Offensive): 1916 led to stalemate a. They shall not pass b. Over million causalities Allied counter offensive, Somme River:1916 a. 60,000 deaths: British military on first day lasted 5 months b. No side had greater advantage, over 1 million killed 1914: Russia attacked eastern Germany, lost at Tannenberg, forced to retreat a. Russia never gained much land b. Some troops didnt have weapons, peasants forced to fight 1915: Bulgaria joined the central Powers, helped crush Siberia a. Italy joined Allies for eventual Austria Hungary land, not given territory b. War spills outside Europe c. Used colonies: for troops, laborers, support: Canada, Australia, New Zealand Ottoman Empire joined Central Powers in order to close access to Black Sea a. Battle of Gallipoli - the allies retreat, Ottoman empire was hit hard Arab nationalists attacked Turkish outposts in struggle for freedom Japan seized German outposts in China, is land in Pacific

25 million artillery shells used, Germans tried to overwhelm French

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Winning the War with Propaganda Soft Notes Hard Notes

Propaganda a. Deliberate spreading of information to make people believe b. Pledge of allegiance by Germans: unification, hate of British Practice goals: 1. Bomb exploding behind her, look sad, hold up your end by donating money, woman: emotional appeal, male audience, menace of the sea = German U boat Goals : 1) Recruit Soldiers 2) Finance war effort 3) Unify country 4) Conserve Resources 5) Help with home front organizations Commonly Used Tools: 1) Demonization 2) Emotional/Patriotic Appeal 3) Name Calling 3) HalfTruth/Lies 4) Catchy Slogans 6) Humor/Caricatures Propaganda War: a. Controlling public opinion, b. Keep censored, c. Keep casuality figures, discouraging news from public, d. Censored some of the literature, historic writings, motion pictures, e. Stories of atrocities, committed by enemy Practice Describing Posters 1. Goal: save resources, a. Catchy Slogans, b. Patriostism colors 2. Goal: Unify, a. Demonization of Germany, b. Emotional/Patriotic Appeal, c. Name Calling 3. Conserve Resources, a. Patriotic Appeal, b. Emotional Appeal, c. Half lie Economic Impact: 1. Draft, 2. Taxes Raised, 3. Borrowed Money, 4. Food rationed Women were nurses in war: Military Nurses( Vera Brittain) a. Spies: Edith Cavell, taking allied soldiers to Britain b. Gave women new sense of pride, confidence c. Great Britain right to vote d. After Tannenberg, Russia cant recover e. Bread riots/Czar Nicholas II overthrown Lenin comes to power, peace treaty with Germany; treaty of Brest Litovsk (1918) US declares war REASON 1: LUSITANIA 1. Unrestricted submarine warfare: cut off supplies 2. In 1915: The Lusitania is sunk: had 1200 passengers, 128 Americans 3. Germany promises to surface U-boats, warn ships were going to torpedo By February 1917, Germany resumes unrestricted warfare, REASON 2: CULTURAL TIES 1. Americans had cultural ties to Great Britain & France because of language/democracy REASON 3: ZIMMERMAN NOTE 1. In January 1917, German minister sent telegram to Mexican Ambassador 2. Promised to help Mexico, reclaim New Mexico, Texas, and Arizona April 1917: Congress declares war on Germany, urged by Wilson Early 1918, 1st US troops to Europe, motivating Germany tries to avoid war but failed, Helped build morale, financial support WILSON 14 POINTS: January 1918 Wilson wrote 14 Points (list of terms for resolving this and future wars), End to secret treaties, Freedom of the seas, Free trade, Reductions of arms, Selfdetermination (people of Eastern Europe would choose their own form of govt), League of Nations Germanys final offensive(1918): Pushed Allies back 40 miles, Allies pushed Germany back a. German people rose up, Kaiser abdicated and fled into exile in the Netherlands b. Austrian government, falling apart ARMSTICE signed November 11, 1918

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Making the Peace Soft Notes Hard Notes

8.5 million dead, Over 20 million wounded, combined by famine Flu epidemic of 1918 killed 20 million 1. Cost of rebuilding property 2. People were bitter about war loss, Central Powers pay reparations Political Turmoil 1. Government had collapsed in Russia, Germany, Austria-Hungary, Ottoman empire a. Political radicals, wanted to build a new social order from chaos b. European colonial empires saw hope for independence Paris Peace Conference: Jan 1919 1. US, Great Britain, and France (George Clemenseau) Italy wanted their secret agreement honored to get land from Austria and Hungary Russian countries, territories wanted independence Germany forced to sign treaty 1. Germany = full blame 2. Pay reparations (30 million) 3. Limited size of military for Germany of 100K 4. Return Alsace and Lorraine, remove 100s of square miles territory 5. Stripped Germany of colonies Other settlements - Self-Determination in Action Map of Europe was redrawn New countries included Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania, Poland, Czechoslovakia, Austria, Hungary, Yugoslavia, Finland, Turkey Mandate System Self-determination applied only to Europeans German colonies were taken over by Britain and France to be modernized and then they were to be independent Colonized peoples felt betrayed by peacemakers Italy was angry that they didnt get land promised, Japan: angry that the western nations didnt recognize China forced to accept Japanese rule Russia: hated redistribution of land Hopes for Global Peace a. League of Nations: 40 countries joined 1. Agreed to negotiate disputes 2. Promised to take common actions US Senate refuses to join, League is powerless

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Current Events Notes

Israeli Palestine Talks 1. Zionist movement to retake land 2. Revolt Jews vs. Muslims/Arabs( Jews won) 3. Border Securities 4. Palestine Leader blames Israeli leader a. Wars b. Terrorism c. UN global Crisis TIBET crisis 1. Tibets immolations. Demonstrations as people lit themselves in fire, Tibet in Himalayan mountains 2. October 1950: Battle of Chamdo, clerks have been publicly forced, requesting for international intervention

8.3 NOTES
Nationalism: a force for unity or disunity a. Fueled efforts to build nation states With the use of historic nationalism, the Austrian empire was united to form the Austria Hungary empire - Russification broke up and reunited the Russian empire - Ottoman empire response to Turks causing break apart into Turkey - Giribaldi bring Italy unification Bismarck unites Germany 1. Prussia leads German unification a. Prussians speak German b. Style of leadership through real politic c. In 7 weeks war, Austria was humiliated Unification of Germany & World War I Review 1.Chancellor of Prussia who unified Germany? Otto von bismarck 2.How did he unify the German speaking people? Used nationalism and war 3.Which country declared war against the other in the Franco-Prussian War? France declared war on Prussia 4. What was the cause of the Franco-Prussian war? Dispute over Spanish throne 5. Which country won the Franco-Prussian War? Prussia 6. What German Kaiser forced Bismarck to resign? Kaiser William II.

Definition of Words 1. Armistice: deal to stop fighting 2.Atrocity: brutal action 3.Mandate: after WW1, a territory administered by Western countries 4.Militarism: glorifying a military power, keeping an army ready for war 5.Mobilize: to prepare military forces of war 6.Neutrality : a policy of supporting neither side 7. Propaganda: the spreading of ideas to promote a cause or to damage to a cause 8. Reparations: payment for damages 9. Total War: entire nations resources go for the war 10. Ultimatum: final set of demands 11. Nationalism: feeling of pride in and devotions to one colony 10.3 Questions 1-5 1. a) Western front: land on west coast b) No mans land: space in between trenches 2) a The war was a stalemate as both sides would just run across the battlefield in no mans land, Only to get bombarded with rifles b The soldiers lived uncomfortable lives in their trenches. They shared food with rats, their beds = lice. 3. The automatic machine gun, a mounted gun that fires continuous bullets, made it possible for a new gunner to mow down waves of soldiers. A tank protected advancing troops as they broke through enemy defenses. The airplanes were used for observation. They caused dog fights. 4. European colonies were drawn into struggle. Colonies provided troops, laborers, and supplies. 5. This had a bad effect on people back home as casualties were large. The recruits would have been less if number of casualties were known. NOTES from Airplane VIDEO: RED BARRON - Albatross D300: Germany tries to invade neutral Belgium. 1. Airplanes used for reconnaissance, to shoot down enemies 2. Need to be careful not to shoot own propelle. 3. Oswald Belke makes his own book and publishes successful techniques to fight the enemy - Germany repels army against Somme front. Belke invites Red Barron (who has drive, determination) - On September 17, confirmed victory: Barron is able to beat best British pilot and has a good ability to judge distance. - He is able to pick up the morale of Germany. Propaganda from both sides gave him fame, his picture was hung in every home. - On April 19, 1917 Albatross was at best, last time it dominated sky. - Red Barron shot down because of callous attitude and flew too low to the ground. - Buried in full military way.

ALL QUIET on the WESTERN FRONT 1. Kat is the leader of the group and is known for his nose. 2. Paul Baumer is 18 years old. 3. Trench warfare is really depressing where people have to hide in the trenches doing nothing. A few details include the rats that live in the trenches. The terrible food and conditions along with the frequent bombs thrown at the trenches seen later in the story makes it dangerous. 4. The teacher says that preparing for the war is hard but all the students should feel patriotic about preparation. 5. The teacher tells the students they have a duty or obligation to protect Germany or the fatherland and prove its power to the rest of the world. 6. Kimmerich loses a leg. Because the conditions are terrible, the boots are important because it provides much better protection to the feet of the soldiers. 7. Himmelstoss is an arrogant, sadistic man who is a drill master to Paul. He is extremely cruel at the boot camp. Further in the story, we see how cowardly he behaves when he is actually asked to fight in the war. 8. The troops see dead and injured soldiers coming out of the train. It would be demoralizing to see the dead soldiers. 9. Detering wants to shoot the horses because the sound they make is extremely hard to listen. 10. Mustard gas is used to choke soldiers and damage their lungs. 11. Paul hurts the soldier with a knife. He has mixed feelings as he wants to send letters to the family of the Frenchman. Further, he feels that war is extremely brutal because after all the Frenchman is human too. 12. The Kaisers visit to the soldiers is extremely patriotic as he gives medals to some soldiers and he tries to motivate the troops to work hard. 13. The hospital was a scary place for Albert and Paul as every day there are dead men who are taken away and replaced. The nuns act religious but are actually sadistic and take people away to the Death room. Some of the patients go insane. 14. Albert never wants to talk to Paul again because he is so angry at Paul. He feels humiliated at having his leg amputated. Further, Albert wants a gun to kill himself. 15. Paul finds it hard to go home as he has to go back to the war. HE feels that he is out of place at home as he is unable to relate to his mom. He also lies to his moma as to how bad the conditions are so she wont worry. He feels angry when he goes and speaks to the teacher as he explains to the teacher what has happened to each student in the class and how the teacher painted a false picture of the war. 16. The main message is that his home is with his soldier buddies and not with his mother. He cant fit in to the environment at home as he believes and relies on his soldier friends everyday. 17. Kat dies from blood loss. 18. We didnt finish the movie. 19. The movie showed the horror and tragedy of the soldiers going to war. Opposite of the sense of nationalism, soldiers had to undergo extremely tough times to fight in the war. Review Questions 1. Nationalism, Arms Race, Militarism, Economic Rivalries, Tangle of Alliances, Imperialism. 2. Powder Keg of Europe 3. Gavrilo Princip. (June 28, 1914) 4. Black Hand 5. Serbia 6. Responded with notions of wanting to go to war or a final ultimatum. 7. Poison gas, tanks, machine guns 8. Trench warfare 9. Machine guns created stalemates 10. Bulgaria crushed Serbia upon entrance in the war. 11. Zimmerman Note, unrestricted submarine warfare, cultural ties 12. Battle of Verdun, Somme River 1916 13. Treaty of Brezt Litovysk 14. November 11, 1918. Two major battles where Allies lost include Gallipoli and Tannenberg.

Wilson 14 Points Summary 1. Only public agreements are allowed 2. Everyone can freely sail the sea 3. Equal trade conditions 4. Reduce weapons to protect public safety 5. Dont take over native people 6. Peace in Russia 7. Belgium should have self rule 8. France should regain Alsace and Lorraine 9. Readjust land territories by respecting nationality 10. Let Austria-Hungary develop its own accord. 11. Romania, Serbia, Montenegro should have freedom. Let Serbia use seas and give independence to Balkan states 12. Let the Turkish people have self-rule and other countries owned by them have the same. 13. Free Poland 14. League of Nations protect these rules Reflection: I think that these points will not work well because no one thinks in the same mindset as Wilson.