Adjective Clause Kategori: Grammar - Dibaca: 19709 kali

Adjective Clause dinamakan juga RELATIVE CLAUSE yaitu Clause (anak kalimat) yang digunakan/berfungsi sebagai adjective yang menerangkan keadaan noun atau pronoun. Untuk lebih jelasnya penjelasan mengenai Adjective Clause, perhatikan penjelasan di bawah ini: Contoh:

I have read the book (that) you just mentioned. Main Clause: I have read the book. Subordinate Clause: (that) you just mentioned.

Anak kalimat menerangkan kata benda the book, disebut dengan Adjective Clause

The lesson (that) she is learning is very difficult. Main Clause: The lesson is very difficult. Subordinate Clause: (that) she is learning.

Berdasarkan pada the Antecedent yang ditunjuk oleh introductory words (kata-kata pendahulunya), Adjective Clause dapat diklasifikasikan menjadi 2 macam, yaitu: 1. Relative Pronoun

Kata Ganti Orang Kata Penghubung yang digunakan adalah : Who, Whom, Whose, That Fungsi : a. Subjek: - He paid the money to the man who / that had done the work b. Objek Kata Kerja: - He paid the man whom/that he had hired. c. Objek Kata Depan: - He paid the man from whom he had borrowed the money. d. Kata Ganti Kepunyaan: - This is the girl whose picture you saw.

Benda, Binatang Kata Penghubung yang digunakan adalah: Which, that Fungsi: a. Subjek: - Here is a book which/that describes animals. b. Objek Kata Kerja: - The chair which/that he broke is being repaired. c. Objek Kata Depan: - She was wearing the coat for which she had paid $2,00.

Adjective clause

Page 1

2. Relative Adverbs

Waktu Kata Penghubung yang digunakan: when - This is the year when the Olympic Games are held.

Tempat Kata Penghubung yang digunakan: where - Here is the house where I live.

Alasan Kata Penghubung yang digunakan: when - Give me one good reason why you did that. _________________________

1. Relative Pronoun Yaitu Adjective Clause dengan memakai kata penghubung Relative Pronoun.

The boy is called Bob. He gave me a present. o The boy who gave me a present is called Bob. atau o The boy who is called Bob gave me a present.

Beberapa contoh Adjective Clause lainnya:

The boy whose radio was stolen is a student. The girl whom I gave a special reward is a bright student. The bike which I borrowed last week was sold.

2. Relative Adverb Pelajaran tentang ini dibahas lebih lengkap pada Relative Clause. Hal-hal yang perlu ditambahkan di sini, yaitu:

Kata Why (yang menunjukkan alasan) yang menjadi Adverb penghubung, mungkin (kadang-kadang) dapat digantikan dengan that atau kadang-kadang dapat dihilangkan dalam kalimat. - The reason (that) I came should be obvious to you. - The reason (why) I came should be obvious to you. - The reason I came should be obvious to you.

When atau Where Bering dapat Baling ditukarkan dengan Preposition yang menunjukkan tempat (a preposition of Place) ditambah dengan Which. - The small town in which (= where) I was born has grown to a large metropolis. - The day on which (= when) they were to leave finally arrived.

Kadang-kadang that dapat menggantikan where atau when.

The day that (or when, on which) the trial was to take place was a stormy one. Please suggest a good place that (or where) we can meet

Beberapa Hal Penting yang Berkaitan dengan Adjective Clause

Perubahan dari Adjective Clause menjadi Adjective Phrase.

o o

Adjective Clause dapat dirubah menjadi Adjective Phrase yang menjelaskan noun tanpa ada perubahan arti kalimat. Hanya Adjective Clause yang mempunyai subjek pronoun: who, which atau that yang dapat dirubah menjadi Adjective Phrase. Page 2

Adjective clause

Adjective Clause dengan subjek: whom tidak dapat dirubah menjadi Adjective Phrase. Perhatikan Contoh berikut: a. Adjective Clause * The girl who is sitting next to me is Lisa. ==> The boy is playing the piano is Bent. b. Adjective Phrase * The girl sitting next to me is Lisa. ==> The boy playing the piano is Bent.

Cara mengubah Adjective Clause menjadi Adjective Phrase. (1) Subjek pronoun dan verb be dihilangkan. * Adjective Clause: The man who is talking to Taylor is from Japan. * Adjective Phrase: The man talking to Taylor is from Japan. * Adjective Clause: The ideas which are presented in that book are interesting. * Adjective Phrase: The ideas presented in that book are interesting. * Adjective Clause: Ali is the man who is responsible for preparing the budget. * Adjective Phrase: Ali is the man responsible for preparing the budget. * Adjective Clause: The books that are on the shelf are mine. * Adjective Phrase: The books on the shelf are mine. (2) Jika tidak ada verb be dalam Adjective Clause, seringkali subjek pronoun dapat dihilangkan dan mengubah kata kerja dalam Clause itu menjadi bentuk -ing. * Adjective Clause: English has an alphabet that consists of 26 letters. * Adjective Phrase: English has an alphabet consisting of 26 letters. * Adjective Clause: Anyone who wants to come with us is welcome. * Adjective Phrase: Anyone wanting to come with us is welcome.

Seringkali Adjective Clause digunakan dalam pola: noun + of which. Pola ini terutama digunakan untuk tulisan bahasa Inggris resmi (formal written English). Dalam pola ini biasanya Adjective Clause menerangkan "sesuatu". * We have an antique table. The top of it has jade inlay. o We have an antique table, the top of which has jade inlay. o We toured a 300-year-old house. The exterior of the house consisted of logs cemented with clay. o We toured a 300-year-old house, the exterior of which consisted of logs cemented with lay.

Adjective Clause sering digunakan untuk mengungkapkan kuantitas dengan of. Ungkapan kuantitas mendahului pronoun, dan hanya whom, which, dan whose yang digunakan dalam pola ini. Ungkapan kuantitas dengan "of" antara lain: some of, none of, both of, one of, many of, two of, all of, each of, most of, dll. * There are 20 students in my class. Most of them are from the Outside Java. --> There are 20 students in my class, most of whom are from the Outside Java. * He gave several reasons. Only a few of them were valid. --> He gave several reasons, only a few of which were valid.

Tanda Baca pada Adjective Clauses Pedoman umum dalam Tanda Baca pada Adjective Clauses yaitu:
o o

Jangan menggunakan tanda koma bila Adjective Clause diperlukan untuk mengidentifikasi noun yang dijelaskan olehnya. Gunakanlah tanda koma bila Adjective Clause hanya berfungsi untuk memberi informasi tambahan dan tidak dimaksudkan untuk mengidentifikasi noun yang dijelaskan olehnya. Page 3

Adjective clause

Henry whose wife works at a bank came to my house yesterday. Alex, whose wife works at a bank, came to my house yesterday.

Keterangan: Contoh pertama menggambarkan bahwa Henry memiliki lebih dari 1 istri. Pada kalimat tersebut pembicara ingin mengindentifikasikan istrinya yang bekerja di Bank, bukan yang lainnya. Sedangkan pada kalimat kedua, kita sudah jelas, kalau Alex memiliki hanya 1 orang istri. Frase yang berada di antara koma hanya memberikan keterangan tambahan saja. Tanpa frase tersebut pun orang lain sudah mengetahuinya kalau istrinya Alex memang bekerja di sebuah Bank karena memang istrinya cuma 1 itu. Perhatikan contoh berikut ini untuk lebih jelasnya dalam penggunaan tanda koma dalam Adjective Clause.
o

Soekarno, who is the first President of Republic of Indonesia, could deliver speech well.

Perbedaan antara Adjective Clause dan Noun Clause Karena adanya kesamaan dalam beberapa kata pendahulunya, maka kadang-kadang antara Noun Clause dan Adjective Clause sering membingungkan. Ada 2 macam perbedaan yang penting antara dua jenis Clause tersebut: perhatikan contoh berikut ini:

Adjective Clause biasanya didahului oleh noun atau pronoun yang diterangkan. Adjective Clause
o

I know the house where he lives.

(where he lives mempunyai antecedent the house, yang merupakan objek dari kata know) Noun Clause
o

I know where he lives.

(where he lives adalah objek dari kata know) Preposisi yang mendahului introductory word adalah milik Adjective Clause dan bukan milik Noun Clause. Adjective Clause

The woman to whom he has been giving money is a poor relative of his.

(Adjective Clause dimulai dengan to yang merupakan bentuk a prepositional phrase dengan whom dalam Adjective Clause itu. Dan To dapat diletakkan di bagian belakang Adjective Clause. The woman, whom he has been giving money to, is a poor relative of his). Noun Clause

He gives money to whoever needs it.

(The Noun Clause dimulai dengan whoever, seluruh Noun Clause itu adalah objek dari to, yang tidak dapat dipindah letaknya. Dan juga -ever- merupakan bentuk yang hanya bergandeng (mengikuti) dengan Noun Clause. http://ismailmidi.com/berita-87-adjective-clause.html

clause
By Richard Nordquist, About.com Guide Definition: A group of words that contains a subject and a predicate. A clause may be either a sentence (an independent clause) or a sentence-like construction within another sentence (a dependent clause).

Adjective clause

Page 4

Etymology: From the Latin, "the close of a sentence" Examples: "Life moves pretty fast. If you don't stop and look around once in a while, you could miss it." (Ferris Bueller's Day Off) (Note: "Life moves pretty fast" and "you could miss it" are independent clauses. "If you don't stop and look around once in a while" is an adverb clause.) "All animals are equal, but some animals are more equal than others." (George Orwell, Animal Farm) (Note: Orwell's sentence contains two independent clauses joined by the conjunction "and." This combination is called a compound sentence.)

adjective clause
By Richard Nordquist, About.com Guide Definition: A dependent clause used as an adjective within a sentence. An adjective (or adjectival) clause usually begins with a relative pronoun (which, that, who, whom, whose), a relative adverb (where, when, why), or a zero relative. Also known as a relative clause. Examples: "He who can no longer pause to wonder and stand rapt in awe is as good as dead." (Albert Einstein) "Creatures whose mainspring is curiosity enjoy the accumulating of facts far more than the pausing at times to reflect on those facts." (Clarence Day) "Among those whom I like or admire, I can find no common denominator, but among those whom I love, I can: all of them make me laugh." (W. H. Auden) "Love, which was once believed to contain the Answer, we now know to be nothing more than an inherited behavior pattern." (James Thurber) "The means by which we live have outdistanced the ends for which we live. Our scientific power has outrun our spiritual power. We have guided missiles and misguided men." (Martin Luther King, Jr.) "The IRS spends God knows how much of your tax money on these toll-free information hot lines staffed by IRS employees, whose idea of a dynamite tax tip is that you should print neatly." (Dave Barry) "On I trudged, past the carefully roped-off breeding grounds of terns, which chirruped a warning overhead." (Will Self, "A Real Cliff Hanger," 2008) The man that hit my motorcycle gave me false insurance information. "The man who first abused his fellows with swear words, instead of bashing their brains out with a club, should be counted among those who laid the foundations of civilization." (John Cohen, 1965)

Also Known As: relative clause, adjectival clause

Relative Pronouns and Adjective Clauses

By Richard Nordquist, About.com Guide As we've seen (in Subordination with Adjective Clauses), an adjective clause is a group of words that works like an adjective to modify a noun. Here we'll focus on the five relative pronouns that are used in adjective clauses.

Adjective clause

Page 5

An adjective clause usually begins with a relative pronoun: a word that relates the information in the adjective clause to a word or a phrase in the main clause. The most common adjective clauses begin with one of these relative pronouns: who, which, and that. All three pronouns refer to a noun, but who refers only to people and which refers only to things. That may refer to either people or things. Two other relative pronouns used to introduce adjective clauses are whose (the possessive form of who) and whom (the object form of who). Whose begins an adjective clause that describes something that belongs to or is a part of someone or something mentioned in the main clause: The ostrich, whose wings are useless for flight, can run faster than the swiftest horse. Whom stands for the noun that receives the action of the verb in the adjective clause: Anne Sullivan was the teacher whom Helen Keller met in 1887. Notice that in this sentence Helen Keller is the subject of the adjective clause, and whom is the object. Put another way, who is equivalent to the subject pronouns he, she, or they in a main clause; whom is equivalent to the object pronouns him, her, or them in a main clause. PRACTICE: Adding Pronouns to Adjective Clauses Complete each of these sentences by adding an appropriate relative pronoun: who, which, that, whose, whom. Then compare your responses with the answers at the end of the exercise. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. The creek beds, ---- in May are usually overflowing, are no more now than a trickle. Sundown is an unincorporated town of about 20,000 people, almost all of ---- are over the age of 60. Kathryn DiNitto is the lawyer ---- handled my case. A lawyer, ---- first responsibility is to her client, should still have respect for the law. Howard is majoring in badminton, ---- is not yet an Olympic sport. Lori Alexander, ---- we elected as state senator two years ago, has left government to start her own business. The blue liquid ---- you gave me is not cough syrup. My first car was a ten-year-old Pacer, ---- once was considered "the car of the future." Professor Legree, ---- dissertation has just been published by Vanity Press, has agreed to be the keynote speaker. John Wayne, ---- appeared in over 200 movies, was the biggest box-office attraction of his time.

ANSWERS: 1. which; 2. whom; 3. who; 4. whose; 5. which; 6. whom; 7. that; 8. which; 9. whose; 10. who

Restrictive and Nonrestrictive Adjective Clauses

By Richard Nordquist, About.com Guide In Subordination with Adjective Clauses, we learned how an adjective clause functions like an adjective to modify a noun. In Relative Pronouns and Adjective Clauses, we focused on the role played by the relative pronoun. Here we'll learn to distinguish between the two main types of adjective clauses: restrictive and nonrestrictive. Nonrestrictive Adjective Clauses An adjective clause set off from the main clause by commas is said to be nonrestrictive. Here's an example: Old Professor Legree, who dresses like a teenager, is going through his second childhood. This who clause is nonrestrictive because the information in the clause doesn't restrict or limit the noun it modifies (Old Professor Legree). The commas signify that the adjective clause provides added, not essential, information. This practice is consistent with Comma Guideline #4: "Use a pair of commas to set off interruptions." Restrictive Adjective Clauses On the other hand, an adjective clause that is restrictive should not be set off by commas. An older person who dresses like a teenager is often an object of ridicule or pity.

Adjective clause

Page 6

Here, the adjective clause restricts or limits the meaning of the noun it modifies (An older person). A restrictive adjective clause is not set off by commas. So let's keep in mind two basic rules: Nonrestrictive: An adjective clause that can be omitted from a sentence without affecting the basic meaning of the sentence should be set off by commas. Restrictive: An adjective clause that cannot be omitted from a sentence without affecting the basic meaning of the sentence should not be set off by commas.

Practice: Restrictive and Nonrestrictive Clauses For each sentence below, decide if the adjective clause (in bold) is restrictive or nonrestrictive. When you're done, compare your answers with those at the end of the exercise. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. Students who have young children are invited to use the free daycare center. I left my son at the campus daycare center, which is free to all full-time students. John Wayne, who appeared in over 200 movies, was the biggest box-office attraction of his time. I refuse to live in any house that Jack built. Merdine, who was born in a boxcar somewhere in Arkansas, grows homesick every time she hears the wail of a train whistle. 6. Every journalist has a novel in him, which is an excellent place for it. 7. I like to keep a bottle of stimulant handy in case I see a snake, which I also keep handy. 8. The thing that impresses me the most about America is the way parents obey their children. 9. A physician who smokes and overeats has no right to criticize the personal habits of his patients. 10. The beer that made Milwaukee famous has made a loser out of me. Answers: 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. restrictive nonrestrictive nonrestrictive restrictive nonrestrictive nonrestrictive nonrestrictive restrictive restrictive restrictive

Sentence Building with Adjective Clauses

Exercises in Building and Combining Sentences
By Richard Nordquist, About.com Guide So far in our study of adjective clauses, we've learned the following: 1. 2. 3. The adjective clause--a word group that modifies a noun--is a common form of subordination. An adjective clause usually begins with a relative pronoun. The two main types of adjective clauses are restrictive and nonrestrictive.

Now we're ready to practice building and combining sentences with adjective clauses. Tip: To view this exercise without ads, click on the printer icon near the top of the page. Consider how these two sentences can be combined: My mp3 player fell apart after a few weeks. My mp3 player cost over $200. By substituting the relative pronoun which for the subject of the second sentence, we can create a single sentence containing an adjective clause: My mp3 player, which cost over $200, fell apart after a few weeks. Or we may choose to substitute which for the subject of the first sentence: My mp3 player, which fell apart after a few weeks, cost over $200.

Adjective clause

Page 7

Put what you think is the main idea in the main clause, the secondary (or subordinate) idea in the adjective clause. And keep in mind that an adjective clause usually appears after the noun it modifies. PRACTICE: Building Sentences with Adjective Clauses Combine the sentences in each set into a single, clear sentence with at least one adjective clause. Subordinate the information that you think is of secondary importance. When you are done, compare your new sentences with the sample combinations on page two. Keep in mind that many combinations are possible, and in some cases you may prefer your own sentences to the original versions. 1. The first alarm clock woke the sleeper by gently rubbing his feet. The first alarm clock was invented by Leonardo da Vinci. 2. Some children have not received flu shots. These children must visit the school doctor. 3. Success encourages the repetition of old behavior. Success is not nearly as good a teacher as failure. 4. I showed the arrowhead to Rachel. Rachel's mother is an archaeologist. 5. Merdine was born in a boxcar. Merdine was born somewhere in Arkansas. Merdine gets homesick every time she hears the cry of a train whistle. 6. The space shuttle is a rocket. The rocket is manned. This rocket can be flown back to earth. This rocket can be reused. 7. Henry Aaron played baseball. Henry Aaron played with the Braves. Henry Aaron played for 20 years. Henry Aaron was voted into the Hall of Fame. The vote was taken in 1982. 8. Oxygen is colorless. Oxygen is tasteless. Oxygen is odorless. Oxygen is the chief life-supporting element of all plant life. Oxygen is the chief life-supporting element of all animal life. 9. Bushido is the traditional code of honor of the samurai. Bushido is based on the principle of simplicity. Bushido is based on the principle of honesty. Bushido is based on the principle of courage. Bushido is based on the principle of justice. 10. Merdine danced on the roof. It was the roof of her trailer. Merdine danced during the thunderstorm. The thunderstorm flooded the county. The thunderstorm was last night. When you have completed all ten sets, compare your new sentences with the sample combinations on page two. Here are sample combinations for the 10 sets of sentence-building exercises on page one. Keep in mind that in most cases more than one effective combination is possible. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. The first alarm clock, which woke the sleeper by gently rubbing his feet, was invented by Leonardo da Vinci. Children who have not received flu shots must visit the school doctor. Success, which encourages the repetition of old behavior, is not nearly as good a teacher as failure. I showed the arrowhead to Rachel, whose mother is an archaeologist. Merdine, who was born in a boxcar somewhere in Arkansas, gets homesick every time she hears the cry of a train whistle. The space shuttle is a manned rocket that can be flown back to earth and reused. Henry Aaron, who played baseball with the Braves for 20 years, was voted into the Hall of Fame in 1982. Oxygen--which is colorless, tasteless, and odorless--is the chief life-supporting element of all plant and animal life. Bushido, which is the traditional code of honor of the samurai, is based on the principles of simplicity, honesty, courage, and justice. 10. Merdine danced on the roof of her trailer during the thunderstorm that flooded the county last night.

About.com

Adjective clause

Page 8

Noun Clauses
A noun clause is an entire clause which takes the place of a noun in another clause or phrase. Like a noun, a noun clause acts as the subject or object of a verb or the object of a preposition, answering the questions "who(m)?" or "what?". Consider the following examples: noun I know Latin. noun clause I know that Latin is no longer spoken as a native language. In the first example, the noun "Latin" acts as the direct object of the verb "know." In the second example, the entire clause "that Latin ..." is the direct object. In fact, many noun clauses are indirect questions: noun Their destination is unknown. noun clause Where they are going is unknown. The question "Where are they going?," with a slight change in word order, becomes a noun clause when used as part of a larger unit -- like the noun "destination," the clause is the subject of the verb "is." Here are some more examples of noun clauses: about what you bought at the mall This noun clause is the object of the preposition "about," and answers the question "about what?" Whoever broke the vase will have to pay for it. This noun clause is the subject of the verb "will have to pay," and answers the question "who will have to pay?" The Toronto fans hope that the Blue Jays will win again. This noun clause is the object of the verb "hope," and answers the question "what do the fans hope?

Adverb Clauses
An adverb clause is a dependent clause which takes the place of an adverb in another clause or phrase. An adverb clause answers questions such as "when?", "where?", "why?", "with what goal/result?", and "under what conditions?". Note how an adverb clause can replace an adverb in the following example:
adverb The premier gave a speech here. adverb clause The premier gave a speech where the workers were striking. Adjective clause Page 9

Usually, a subordinating conjunction like "because," "when(ever)," "where(ever)," "since," "after," and "so that," will introduce an adverb clause. Note that a dependent adverb clause can never stand alone as a complete sentence:
independent clause they left the locker room dependent adverb clause after they left the locker room

The first example can easily stand alone as a sentence, but the second cannot -- the reader will ask what happened "after they left the locker room". Here are some more examples of adverb clauses expressing the relationships of cause, effect, space, time, and condition:
cause Hamlet wanted to kill his uncle because the uncle had murdered Hamlet's father.

The adverb clause answers the question "why?".

effect Hamlet wanted to kill his uncle so that his father's murder would be avenged.

The adverb clause answers the question "with what goal/result?".

time After Hamlet's uncle Claudius married Hamlet's mother, Hamlet wanted to kill him.

The adverb clause answers the question "when?". Note the change in word order -- an adverb clause can often appear either before or after the main part of the sentence.
place Where the whole Danish court was assembled, Hamlet ordered a play in an attempt to prove his uncle's guilt.

The adverb clause answers the question "where?".

condition If the British co-operate, the Europeans may achieve monetary union.

The adverb clause answers the question "under what conditions?"

Written by David Megginson http://www.writingcentre.uottawa.ca/hypergrammar/claustyp.html

Adjective clause

Page 10