ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT OF PAKISTAN

(ECO 2022)

ASSIGNMENT

Topic:

HEALTH
Submitted By:

MARIAM NAWAZ (29) BS.Commerce. 2010.

Course Supervisor:

MISS FAIZA

DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE
JINNAH UNIVERSITY FOR WOMEN 5-C NAZIMABAD, KARACHI 74600

JINNAH UNIVERSITY FOR WOMEN

DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE

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Acknowledgement:
First of all, I thank to Allah, just because of Him, I am able to complete this project just in time. Even I faced with a lot of difficulties along to complete this project, but I still manage to complete it and so glad about it. Then thanks to my ECONOMICS teacher, MISS FAIZA, for being such a good supervisor for me while doing this project. She had given me a huge knowledge in order to make understand more about this Project. She also makes sure I understand everything she told and explain before I begin to work on this project. I also thank other groups which willing to share all their information about the project. They give me a lot of new ideas about the project. Also a great thanks to my family who did their best to give their support for me either by giving me a lot of encouragement for keep up with this project or by supporting financially to pay all the cost required to complete this project.

ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT OF PAKISTAN

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[MISS FAIZA]

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DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE

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Contents:
HEALTH ................................................................................................. 4 Definition: ........................................................................................ 4 Health In The Economic Development Of Pakistan: ........ 4
Public Health institution in Pakistan: ................................... 5 Private Health institution in Pakistan: ............................... 5 Infectious diseases in Pakistan: ............................................... 6 1. Priority diseases: ................................................................... 6 2. Controllable Diseases: ....................................................... 7 3. Sexually transmitted diseases: ...................................... 7 Health facilities in 2009: ............................................................ 8 Personnel ........................................................................................... 8 Total expenditure on health as % of GDP: ........................... 9 Expenditure, private % of GDP: .................................................. 9 Expenditure, public % of GDP: ..................................................... 9

Bibliography: ................................................................................. 10

ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT OF PAKISTAN

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[MISS FAIZA]

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DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE

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HEALTH
Definition:
The World Health Organization (WHO) defined health in its broader sense in 1946 as "a state of complete physical, mental, and social well-being and not merely the absence of disease or infirmity."

Health In The Economic Development Of Pakistan:

Health plays the key role in determining the human capital. Better health improves the efficiency and the productivity of the labor; ultimately contributes to the economic growth and leads to human welfare. A positive relationship exists between the public sector expenditures and the economic growth. To attain better, more skillful, efficient and productive human capital resources, governments subsidize the health care facilities for its people. Public sector pays whole or some part of the cost of utilizing health care facilities. Healthy people are better able to learn. In developing countries, where one of the major causes of low enrolment rates is child morbidity, better health can result in higher enrolment rates in schools. Low enrolment rates, especially those of females, associated with poor health reduce the gains from schooling and ability to learn. Better health and nutrition may increase labor productivity. Further, economic gains of improved health status are greater for poor people who can benefit from the use of resources otherwise inaccessible because of disease. For the economy as whole, improved health can produce savings in treatment costs by reducing the incidence of disease. In developing countries, many illnesses can be prevented through strengthening the primary health care system, and resources can be saved that otherwise have to be spent on treatment costs. For the individual household as well, improved health results in better use of resources.

ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT OF PAKISTAN

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DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE

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Public Health institution in Pakistan:

The public sector, sometimes referred to as the state sector, is a part of the state that deals with either the production, delivery and allocation of goods and services by and for the government or its citizens, whether national, regional or local/municipal. Some of the health institutes of Sindh that are working as the public sectors are mentioned below:

Public Institutions:

Abbasi Shaheed Hospital. Civil Hospital. Habib Medical Centre. Jinnah Postgraduate Medical Centre Karachi. Karachi Institute of Heart Diseases. Leprosy Hospital. Liaquat University of Medical & Health Sciences. Lyari General Hospital. National Institute of Cardiovascular Diseases. National Institute of Child Health. PNS Shifa. Sindh Government Qatar Hospital. Sindh Government Hospital New Karachi. Sindh Institute of Skin Diseases. Sindh Institute of Urology and Transplantation (SIUT). Sindh Institute of Skin Diseases. Spencer ENT Hospital.

Private Health institution in Pakistan:

In economics, the private sector is that part of the economy, sometimes referred to as the citizen sector, which is run by private individuals or groups, usually as a means of enterprise for profit, and is not controlled by the state. Some of the health institutes of Sindh that are working as the private sectors are mentioned below:

ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT OF PAKISTAN

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[MISS FAIZA]

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DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE

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Private Institutions:

Aga Khan University Hospital. Baqai Hospital. Burhani Hospital. Children Cancer Hospital. CityCare Hospital. Dar-ul-Sehat Hospital, (Liaquat Medical & Dental College). Hamdard University Hospital. Health Care Hospital. Al-Ibrahim Eye Hospital. Ibne-Sina Hospital. Imam Clinic and General Hospital. Indus Hospital. Isra University Hospital. Jinnah Medical College Hospital. Karachi Adventist Hospital. Kharadar General Hospital. Kidney Centre Post Graduate Training Institute. Liaquat National Hospital. Al-Mehrab Tibbi Imdad. National Medical Centre. Saifee Hospital (Karachi). Usman Memorial Hospital. Wapda Hospital. Dr Ziauddin Hospital.

Infectious diseases in Pakistan:

1. Priority diseases:
Most common and lethal diseases in Pakistan include:

Acute respiratory infection (51%): Among the victims of ARI, most vulnerable
are children whose immune systems have been weakened by malnutrition

Viral Hepatitis (7.5%): Viral Hepatitis, particularly that caused by types B and C are
major epidemics in Pakistan with nearly 12 million individuals infected with either of the

ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT OF PAKISTAN

[COURSE CODE ECO 2022]

[MISS FAIZA]

JINNAH UNIVERSITY FOR WOMEN

DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE

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virus. The main cause remains massive overuse of therapeutic injections and reuse of syringes during these injections in the private sector healthcare.

Malaria (16%):

It is a problem faced by the lower class people in Pakistan. The unsanitary conditions and stagnant water bodies in the rural areas and city slums provide excellent breeding grounds for mosquitoes. Use of nets and mosquito repellents is becoming more common. A programme initiated by the government aims to bring down malarial incidence below 0.01% by the year 2011. In Pakistan, malarial incidence reaches its peak in September.[4] In 2006, there were around 4,390,000 new reported cases of fever.[3]

Diarrhea (15%): There were around 4,500,000 reported cases in 2006, 14% of which
were children under the age of five.[3]

Dysentery (8%) Scabies (7%)

2. Controllable Diseases:

Cholera: As of 2006, there were a total of 4,610 cases of suspected cholera. However,
the floods of 2010 suggested that cholera transmission may be more prevalent than previously understood.

Dengue fever:

An outbreak of dengue fever occurred in October 2006 in Pakistan. Several deaths occurred due to misdiagnosis, late treatment and lack of awareness in the local population. But overall, steps were taken to kill vectors for the fever and the disease was controlled later, with minimal casualties.

Measles: As of 2008, there were a total of 441 reported cases of measles in Pakistan.[5] Meningococcal meningitis: As of 2006, there were a total of 724 suspected cases
of Meningococcal meningitis.

Polio: Pakistan is one of the few countries in which polio has not been eradicated. As of
2008, there were a total of 89 reported cases of polio in Pakistan.Polio cases may be on an increase. The year 2010 saw an increase in the number of cases as well identification of polio from new locations.

3. Sexually transmitted diseases:

It is difficult to show a reliable breakup of STDs in Pakistan. The exact incidence of STDs is difficult to calculate, especially in Pakistan, because of lack of adequate health infrastructure.

ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT OF PAKISTAN

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DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE

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AIDS:

HIV/AIDS epidemic is well established and may even be expanding Pakistan. Risk factors are high rates of commercial sex and non-marital sex, high levels of therapeutic injections (often with non-sterile equipment), and low use of condoms. The former National AIDS Control Program (it was devolved with the Health Ministry) and the UNAIDS state that there are an estimated 97,000 HIV positive individuals in Pakistan.

Health facilities in 2009:

Hospitals Dispensaries Rural health centers Tuberculosis clinic Basic health units M.C.H. centers Total Health Facilities 968 4,813 572 293 5,345 906 13,937 84,257 beds 2,845 beds 9,612 beds 184 beds 6,555 beds 256 beds 103,708 beds

Personnel
Doctors (2009) Dentists (2009) Nurses (2009) Midwives (2009) Health visitors (2009) Registered vets (2009) 139,555 9,822 69,313 26,225 10,731 4,800

ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT OF PAKISTAN

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DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE

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Total expenditure on health as % of GDP:

The total expenditure on health as percentage of GDP of Pakistan is 2.2 %

Expenditure, private % of GDP:

Private health expenditure includes direct household (out-of-pocket) spending, private insurance, charitable donations, and direct service payments by private corporations. Expenditure private %of GDP on health of Pakistan is 1.77%

Expenditure, public % of GDP:

Public health expenditure consists of recurrent and capital spending from government (central and local) budgets, external borrowings and grants (including donations from international agencies and nongovernmental organizations), and social (or compulsory) health insurance funds Expenditure public %of GDP on health of Pakistan is 0.43%

ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT OF PAKISTAN

[COURSE CODE ECO 2022]

[MISS FAIZA]

JINNAH UNIVERSITY FOR WOMEN

DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE

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Bibliography:
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Health_care_in_Pakistan http://www.who.int/countries/pak/en/ http://www.nationmaster.com/graph/hea_tot_exp_on_he a_as_of_gdp-health-total-expenditure-gdp http://www.tradingeconomics.com/pakistan/healthexpenditure-private-percent-of-gdp-wb-data.html

ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT OF PAKISTAN

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