TUGAS BAHASA INGGRIS 2 #

NAMA : THERESIA WD (18211061)

KELAS : 1EA26

JURUSAN : MANAJEMEN

UNIVERSITAS GUNADARMA 2011-2012

I. Tense and Classification

A. Tenses TENSE : The Grammatical form of the verb denoting the time of the action or event and the degree of completion. B. Classification According to time and in different forms, in English we recognize 16 different tenses are outlined below : 1. THE SIMPLE PRESENT TENSE. 2. THE SIMPLE PAST TENSE. 3. THE SIMPLE FUTURE TENSE. 4. THE PRESENT CONTINUOUS TENSE. 5. THE PAST CONTINUOUS TENSE. 6. THE FUTURE CONTINUOUS TENSE. 7. THE PRESENT PERFECT TENSE. 8. THE PAST PERFECT TENSE. 9. THE FUTURE PERFECT TENSE. 10. THE PRESENT PERFECT CONTINUOUS TENSE. 11. THE PAST PERFECT CONTINUOUS TENSE . 12. THE FUTURE PERFECT CONTINUOUS TENSE. 13. THE FUTURE IN THE PAST INDEFINITE TENSES. 14. THE FUTURE IN THE PAST CONTINUOUS TENSE. 15. THE FUTURE IN THE PAST PERFECT TENSE. 16. THE FUTURE IN THE PAST PERFECT CONTINUOUS TENSE. We take the verb "work" with 16 different forms of tenses as an example: Form Simple Continuous Present Tense I Work I am Working Past Tense I Worked I was Working Future Tense I shall Work I shall be Working I shall have Worked I shall have been Working Future In The Past I should Work I should be Working I should have Worked I should have been Working

Perfect

I have Worked

I had Worked

Perfect Continuous

I have been Working

I had been Working

II.

THE SIMPLE PRESENT TENSE

The Simple Present Tense represents an action as taking place state as existing in present time. The Funcition : 1. To say something that is true in the past, present and future (general truth). 2. To mention something than often or always happens (habitual activity). Example : - I see the book. - He is here. - Today is Tuesday. A. The Formulas Verb (+) Subject + Verb1 / Verb (+s/es) + object + adverb (-) Subject + do/does + not + Verb 1 + object + adverb (?) Do/does + subject + Verb 1 + object + adverb ? S + V1+O I You + V1 + O We They He She + V1 (s/es) It

To Be (+) Subject + to be + adjective / adverb / noun (-) Subject + to be + not + adjective / adverb / noun (?) To be + subject + adjective / adverb / noun ? The Time Signals Every, always, often, usually,sometimes,seldom, and never.

Verb to be Affirmative I am You are He She is It Negative I am not You are not He She is not It Interrogative Am I ? Are you ? He Is She It

Verb to have Affirmative I have You have He She has It Negative I have not You have not He She has not It Interrogative Have I ? Have you ? He Has She It

Verb to do Affirmative I do You do He She does It Negative I do not You do not He She does not It Interrogative Do I ? Do you ? He Does She do ? It

Infinitive verb to go Affirmative I go You go He She goes It Negative I do not go You do not go He She does not go It Interrogative Do I ? Do you ? He Does She go ? It

Infinitive verb to work Affirmative I work You work He She works It Negative I do not work You do not work He She does not work It Interrogative Do I ? Do you ? He Does She work ? It

B. The Example 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. 17. 18. 19. 20. 21. 22. He comes to my office every Monday. We get up at six every morning. He has two sisters. She is my english teacher. That girl smokes too much. The earth goes round the sun. The capital of Indonesia is Jakarta. Actoins speak louder than words. He always sleeps with his window open. Birds dont build nests in the autumn. He works hard. She sings beatufully. They write badly. What does that notice say ? What does the book say ? When the curtain rises, Juliet sitting at her desk. The phone rings. She picks it pick up and listen quietly. Meanwhile the window opens and masked man enters the room. The train starts at ten oclock in the morning If the weather is fine tomorrow, we shall have a picnic. Unless he sends the money before Friday, I shall consult my lawyer. In case I forget, please remind me of my promise. Lets wait until he comes (not: until he will come) Dont write until I tell you (Not : until I shall tell you)

III.

THE SIMPLE PAST TENSE

A. PENGERTIAN The simple past tense represents an action or state as beloging to time wholly past. The Funcition : The simple past indicates that an activity or situation began and ended at a particular time in the past. B. The Formulas S + V2 + O Verb (+) Subject + Verb2 + object + adverb (-) Subject + did + not + Verb 1 + object + adverb (?) Did + subject + Verb 1 + object + adverb ? To Be (+) Subject + was/ were + adjective/noun/adverb (-) Subject + was/were + not + adjective/noun/adverb (?) Was/were + subject + adjective/noun/adverb ? The time Signal Yesterday, Last..., Ago this morning Affirmative Verb To be I was You were He She was It Interrogative Verb To be Were you ? Was he ? Was she ? Was it ? Negative I was not You were not He She was not It Short Answers Yes, i was / No, i was not Yes, he was / No, he was not Yes, she was / No, she was not Yes, it was / No, it was not

Affirmative Verb To have I You He She It

Negative I You He She It

had

had not

Interrogative Verb To have Had you ? Had he ? Had she ? Had it ?

Short Answers Yes, i had / No, i had not Yes, he had / No, he had not Yes, she had / No, she had not Yes, it had / No, it had not

C. The Example 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. 17. 18. Tom visited jakarta in july last years. He arrived at our house yesterday. The train was ten minutes late. I bought this car in jakarta. He glanced at the clock, knocked out the ashes of his pipe, got up from hisa chair went to bed She always carriedan umbrella . Id rather you told me the truth. She lived with us for a year some years ago. He worked in that bank for three years (but he does not work there now) She left the room as I entered it. I sneezed while the President was speaking. If I dropped this it would explode. If I knew his address Id give it to you. He behaves as if he owned the place. I wish I knew how to do it. If only they could be here. it is time I went. They never drank wine

and

IV. THE SIMPLE FUTURE TENSE A. PENGERTIAN The simple future tense represents an action or state to take place or exist in time yet to come. Ex: I shall go to New York B. The Formulas THE SIMPLE FUTURE TENSE Shall / will + kata kerja asal (infinitive) Affirmative I shall be You will be He She will be It Negative I shall not be You will not be He She will not be It

Verb to be

Verb to be

Interrogative Will you be ? Will he be ?

Short answers Yes, I will / no, I will not Yes, he will / no, he will not

Verb to have

Affirmative I shall have You will have He She will have It

Negative I shall not have You will not have He She will not have It

Verb to have

Interrogative Will you have ? Will he have ?

Short answers Yes, I will / no, I will not Yes, he will / no, he will not

C. The Example 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. I shall be twenty-one on Sunday. He will come if you ask him I hope that I shall succeed. I shall come every year. I shall call on you on Sunday. we shall never have dealings with that company again. I am sorry to disappoint you, but I will not go there again Im sure he will let us go early today. Shall I fetch your coat for you? Will you please close the window for me. If you pass your examinations, you shall have the bicycle you want.(promise). If you do that you shall be hanged. He took the sleeping pills an hour ago. He will be a sleep now. You shall obey your father.

D. GOING TO (THE GOING TO FORM) The going to form is used to express future intention. am, is, are (not) going to + stem (kata kerja asal) He is going to jump into the river. That boy is going to be sick; he looks green. My mothers going to have a baby.

V. THE PRESENT CONTINUOUS TENSE A. PENGERTIAN The present continuous tense represents an action or state is still continuing and is not yet complete. The Funcition: 1. To mention an action happening at the time of speaking. 2. To show that an action is still happening even after it has been mentioned and the adverb still it usually used. B. The Formulas S + is/am/are + V-ing + O

am, (is, are) + the present participle (the infinitive + ing )

Verb (+) Subject + to be + Verb ing+ object + adverb (-) Subject + to be + not + Verb ing + object + adverb (?) To be + subject + Verb ing + object + adverb ? To Be Is = He, She, It Am = I Are = They, We, You

The Time Signals Now, at present, at moment, right now, and still. Negative I am not going You are not going He She is not going It Short answers Yes, I am / no, I am not Yes, he is / no, he is not

Affirmative I am going You are going He She is going It Interrogative Are you going ? Is he going ?

C. The Example 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. It is raining (now). I am not wearing a coat as it isnt cold. Why are you sitting at my desk ? We are working on a book report. He is teaching french and learning greek. He is coming to see you tomorrow. Are you doing anything tonight ? You are always grumbling . He is forever picking holes in me. He is constantly complaining.

VI. THE PAST CONTINUOUS TENSE A. PENGERTIAN The past continuous tense represents an action or state is still continuing and is not yet completed at the past time The Funcition : Express an activity that was, in progress (was occuring was happening) at a point of the time in the past or at the time of another action.

B. The Formulas was (were) + the present participle (the infinitive + ing )

Verb (+) Subject + was/were + Verb ing + object + adverb (-) Subject + was were + not + Verb ing + object + adverb (?) Was/were + subject + Verb ing + object + adverb ? To Be Was = I, He, She, It Were = They, We, You

Adverb of Time - yesterday, last...., ago - when + S + V2 - while + S + was/were + Ving

Affirmative I was going You were going He She was going It Interrogative were you going ? were they going ?

Negative I was not going You were not going He She was not going It Short answers Yes, I was / no, I was not Yes, they were / no, they were not

C. The Example 1. it was raining all night . 2. It was getting darker. 3. Her health was improving. 4. the wind was rising. 5. I was reading the newspaper when he came in. 6. a wood fire was burning on the hearth and a cat was sleeping in front of it. 7. Nobody knew whether he was going with us. 8. He said that he was working all day on Saturday. 9. he was always ringing me up. 10.it was a dark night. The wind was blowing hard and the rain was falling heavily. A young woman suddenly appeared on the bank of river. 11.I was coming, but I missed the last car.

VII. THE FUTURE CONTINUOUS TENSE A. PENGERTIAN The future continuous tense represents an action or an event is still continuing, and isd not yet completed in the future time. B. BENTUK THE FUTURE CONTINUOUS TENSE S + will/shall + be + V ing shall be (will be) + present participle (the infinitive + ing)

Affirmative I shall be going You He will be She going It Interrogative Shall I be going ? Will you be going ?

Negative I shall not be going You He will not She be going It Negative Interrogative Shant I be going ? Wont you be going ?

C. The Example 1. What will you be doing at ten tonight. 2. I shall be waiting for you in my room. 3. Tom will be visiting us soon. 4. I shall be seeing him tomorrow. 5. I believe he will be coming this way. 6. The sun will be shining in aminute. 7. Will you be paying your debt? 8. Will you be coming tomorrow ?

VIII. THE PRESENT PERFECT TENSE A. PENGERTIAN The present perfect tense represents an action or an event is in a completed or perfect state in the present time. B. BENTUK THE PRESENT PERFECT TENSE S + have/has + V3 + O Have (has) + past participle Affirmative I You He She It have seen it has seen it I You He She It Negative have not seen it has not seen it

Interrogative Have you seen it ? Has he seen it ?

Short answers Yes, I have/ no, I have not Yes, he has / no, he has not

C. The Example 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. He has moved into a new house. We have bought our yearly stock of coal. The post has just come. He has just gone out. The sun has just risen. I have smoked since I left school. I have never seen an armadillo. I havent seen you for ages. We have not met before. I received your letter two days ago.

IX. THE PAST PERFECT TENSE A. PENGERTIAN The past perfect tense represents an action or an event is ini completed or perfect state in the past time. B. The Formulas

S + had + V3

Had + past participle

s + past perfect + before + s + simple past

jono had gone to the store before he went home

before + s + simple past + s + simple perfect

befor vina went to campus, she had had her breakfast

after + s + past perfect + s + simple past

after aldi had had her breakfast, he went to campus

s + simple past + after + s + past pefect

julian went to campus after she had had her lunch

Affirmative I had seen it You had seen it

Negative I had not seen it You had not seen it

He had seen it Interrogative Had you seen it ? Had he seen it ?

He had not seen it Short answers Yes, I had/ no, I had not Yes, he had / no, he had not

C. The Example 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. By two oclock we had lunch. I had studied English before I left Germany. He had been here once since six oclock. He said, Ive bought a new car He said that he had bought a new car. If I had know that you wanted the book, I would have sent it. I wish we had gone with them. He came round to our house before I had finished my breakfast.

X. THE FUTURE PERFECT TENSE A. PENGERTIAN The future perfect tense respresents an action or an event is in a completed or perfect state in the future time. B. The Formulas S + will/shall + have + V3

Shall have (will have) + a past participle

affirmative I shall have seen it You will have seen it C. The Example 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7.

Negative I shall not have seen it You will not have seen it

I shall have finished this by dinner time. By the end of this term we shall have studied ten lessons. The show will have started by the time we get there. When you come tonight, i shall have done my homework. By next Monday, he will have lived in Athens for exactly two years. it is after three oclock. They will have gone to bed. You will have heard, i expect, that elizabeth is going to be married.

XI. THE PRESENT PERFECT CONTINUOUS TENSE A. PENGERTIAN The present perfect continuous tense respresents an action or an event which began in the past and still continuing, or has only just completed in te present. B. The Formulas Had been (has been) + a present participle

S + will/shall + have + been + V ing + Affirmative Negative I have been working I have not been working He has been working He has not been working Interrogative Negative Interrogative Have you been working? Havent you been working? Has he been working? Hasnt he been working ?

C. The Example 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. I have been teaching this clas for two years. We have been waiting for you for some times. Ive been waiting for an hour and he still hasnt turned up. She has been writing articles for our magazine for the last four years. I have not seen you for ages. she has died.

XII. THE PAST PERFECT CONTINUOUS TENSE A. PENGERTIAN The past perfect continuous tense respresents an action or an event which began before the given moment of past time, and continued up to the time, or stopped just before it. B. The Formulas Had been + a present participle Affirmative I had been working He had been working Interrogative Had you been working? Had he been working? Negative I had not been working He had not been working Negative Interrogative Hadnt you been working? Hadnt he been working ?

C. The Example 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. They had been waiting for you a long time. I had been sitting there for an hour when he finally appeared. She told me that she had been studying English literature. I asked her what she had been doing since she arrived in england. We hadnt seen each other for a long time. At last they saw the man they had long wished to see.

XIII. THE FUTURE PERFECT CONTINUOUS TENSE A. PENGERTIAN The future perfect continuous tense respresents an action or an event which begins before the given moments of future time, and continuous up that time. B. The Formulas shall (will) have been + a present participle affirmative negative interrogative negative interrogative : i shall have been working. : i shall not have been working. : shall i have been working ? : shall i not have been working ?

C. The Example 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. by next summer she will have been teaching here for ten years. by next week he will have been working on the project for a whole year. on april 2nd. 1981, we shall have been living in this house exactly thirty years. by 9 p.m. the prime minister will have been speaking for two hours. by 1982, Tati will have been learning english for three years. by next month, Henry will have been working in the weavewell woollen companys office for five years.

XIV. THE FUTURE IN THE PAST INDEFINITE TENSE A. PENGERTIAN The future in the past indefinite tense is the past form of the simple future tense that represents an action or an event which is going to take place in the past time. B. The Formulas I : should (would) + infinitive II & III : would + infinitive Affirmative I should work You would work Interrogative Should i work ? Would you work ? C. The Example 1. They wanted to know when you would go to thr park. 2. i thought you wouldnt have any objection to it. 3. Every Sunday, he would go for a long walk. 4. He would fit for hours without saying a word. 5. Would you close the window, please. 6. They would not help us. 7. He was speaking slowly so that everybody should understand him. 8. I wish he would stop the noise. 9. I should like to sit down for a few moments. 10.You should go to see your parents soon. 11.I should know that voice. 12.What should i do ? 13.If i dropped this it would explode. Negative I should not work You would not work Negative Interrogative Should i not work ? Would you not work ?

XV. THE FUTURE IN THE PAST CONTINUOUS TENSE A. Form THE FUTURE IN THE PAST CONTINUOUS TENSE Affirmative I should be going You would be going Negative I should not be going You would not be going

B. The Example 1. i said he would be reading in the library between two and four that afternoon. 2. i thought that he would be reading if i come to see him at six. 3. he asked me what i should be doing tomorrow evening. 4. She knew her friends would be coming that way. 5. i knew he would be taking her exams that week.

XVI. THE FUTURE IN THE PAST PERFECT TENSE A. Form THE FUTURE IN THE PAST PERFECT TENSE Affirmative I should have seen it You would have seen it Negative I should not have seen it You would not have seen it

B. The Example 1. i hoped that he would have finished before we got back. 2. she was afraid her comraders would have left before she got there. 3. if i had known of your arrival i should have met you. 4. if he had fallen through the ice he would have drowned. 5. you should have stopped at the red lights. 6. you should have gone to see your parents yesterday. 7. i should have liked to go if only i had known about it at the time. 8. if she should have heard of that, there will have been terrible trouble.

XVII. THE FUTURE IN THE PAST PERFECT CONTINUOUS TENSE A. Form THE FUTURE IN THE PAST PERFECT CONTINUOUS TENSE Affirmative negative I should have been working I should not have been working You would have been working You would not have been working B. The Example 1. They told me that bybthe end of the year they would have been working together for twelve years. 2. She decided to retire that winter. By that time she would have been teaching in the university for 3 years.

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