Assessment of NTFP - Sagarmatha National Park and Buffer Zone

Resource Assessment of Commercially Important Non
Timber Forest Products (NTFPs) in Sagarmatha

National Park and Buffer Zone (SNPBZ)
A report
Submitted to
Sagarmatha National Park and Buffer Zone Support Project
(SNPBZSP)
Namche Bazaar, Solukhumbu
Submitted by
Khilendra Gurung
April, 2007
Resource Assessment of NTFPs in SNPBZ 1

Acknowledgement
I am deeply indebted to WWF Nepal Program/Sagarmatha National Park and Buffer

Zone Support Project for the financial and technical support to conduct this study. I
would like to express special thanks to a number of individuals for their assistance and
kind cooperation, without whose support the study would not have been possible.
At first, I would like to express my sincere thanks to Mr. Haris Chandra Rai, Project
Manager, Mr. Hira Gurung; Account and Administration Officer and other staffs of
SNPBZSP, Namche for their encouragement, support, cooperation and suggestions
during the entire study period.
I am grateful to Ms. Rudriksha Parajuli; Senior Program Officer- Mountain and Ms.
Santoshi Thapa; Program Officer- WWF Nepal for their kind cooperation and
coordination during the study period.
My special thanks go to Mr. Birendra Kanel; Ranger, Mr. Uma Basnet, Mr. Akkal Baniya
and Mr. Gajendra Shrestha; Sagarmatha National Park, Namche for their painstaking
assistance in the field work and sharing their valuable ideas and experiences.
My heartfelt thanks go to Mr. Kazi Sherpa (Sherpa BZCFUG), Mr. Aang Chhiring
Sherpa (Muse BZCFUG), Mr. Phurba Sherpa and Mr. Shera Tenzi Sherpa (Red Panda
BZCFUG), Mr. Lakpa Galjen Sherpa and Mr. Pasang Dawa Sherpa (Tongong
BZCFUG), Pemba Nuru Sherpa (Dudh Kunda BZCFUG), Mr. Ngima Dorji Sherpa
(Pema Chholing BZCFUG), Mr. Kumbe Biswokarma (Kongde BZCFUG) and Mr.
Pemba Tamang (Himalaya BZCFUG) for their assistance and support in the field trip in
Chaurikharka VDC.
At last but not least, I would like to thank local communities of Tate, Syangma, Teka,
Chhuserma, Sano Gumela, Thulo Gumela, Ngonbotek, Thambo and Jambote and hotel
and restaurant owners of the trekking route of Chaurikharka, Namche and Khumjung
VDCs for their warm hospitality, assistance in accommodation and for their participation
in group discussions.
Khilendra Gurung

Table of contents
CHAPTER ONE
1.1 Introduction 1
1.2 Objectives 2
1.3 Limitations of the study 2
1.4 Study area 3
CHAPTER TWO
2.1 Methodology 4
2.1.1 Primary data collection 4
2.1.1.1 Key informant survey and resource mapping 4
2.1.1.2 Identification of NTFPs 4
2.1.1.3 Inventory of NTFPs 4
2.1.1.3a Habitat identification 4
2.1.1.3b Sampling 4
2.2.1 Secondary data collection 5
2.3.1 Data processing and analysis 5
2.3.1.1 Frequency and relative frequency 5
2.3.1.2 Density and relative density 6
2.3.1.3 Population distribution parameters 6
2.3.1.4 Determination of forest types 6
2.3.1.5 Prioritization of NTFPs 6
2.3.1.6 Rapid vulnerability assessment (RVA) 7
2.4.1 Focus group discussion 7
CHAPTER THREE
3. Results 8
3.1 Assessment of NTFPs in SNPBZ 8
3.1.1 Assessment of NTFPs in Chaurikharka 8
3.1.1a Sherpa BZCFUG 8
3.1.1b Muse BZCFUG 8
3.1.1c Red Panda BZCFUG 9
3.1.1d Tongong BZCFUG 9
3.1.1e Dudh Kunda BZCFUG 10
3.1.1f Pema Chholing BZCFUG 10
3.1.1g Kongde BZCFUG 11
3.1.1h Himalaya BZCFUG 11
3.2 Assessment of NTFP in Namche VDC 11
3.3 Assessment of NTFPs in Khumjung VDC 12
3.4 Population distribution parameters of commercially important NTFPs 13
3.4.1 Chaurikharka VDC 13
3.4.2 Namche and Khumjung VDCs 16
3.5 Forest and vegetation types in SNPBZ 17
3.5.1. Chaurikharka VDC 17
3.5.2. Namche and Khumjung VDCs 19
3.6.1 Prioritization of NTFPs in Chaurikharka VDC 20

3.6.2 Prioritization of NTFPs in Namche VDC 26
3.6.3 Prioritization of NTFPs in Khumjung VDC 27
3.7 Threat analysis 27
3.7.1 RVA in Chaurikharka VDC 27
3.7.2 RVA of NTFPs in Namche VDC 33
3.7.3 RVA of NTFPs in Khumjung VDC 34
CHAPTER FOUR
4.1 Overview of enterprise modalities to be set up in SNPBZ 35
4.2 Comparative analysis of enterprise modalities in SNPBZ 35
4.3 Identification of enterprise modalities to be set up in SNPBZ 37
4.4 Potential markets of the value added NTFP products 42
4.5 Requirements for enterprise success 42
4.6 Challenges for forest based enterprises 43
4.7 Trade of NTFPs and trading pattern 44
4.8 Value addition of NTFPs 44
4.8.1 Processing technology 45
CHAPTER FIVE
5.1 Biological sustainable harvesting 46
5.1.1 Checklist to assess harvesting sustainability of forest products 46
5.2 Harvesting impact on population dynamics 46
5.3 Establishing sampling areas 47
5.4 Developing a raw material sourcing plan 48
5.4.1 Check list for raw materials sourcing plan 48
5.5 Need based assessment for enterprise set up in SNPBZ 49
CHAPTER SIX
6.1 Conclusion 51
6.2 Recommendations 51
References 53
Annexes

List of map
Map 1: Location of the study area in Sagarmatha National Park and Buffer Zone 3
List of figure
Figure 1: Sample plot for inventory 5
List of tables
Table 1: Class distribution of NTFPs in different sites 6
Table 2: Matrix Preference Ranking 7
Table 3: Criteria for RVA 7
Table 4: Assessment of NTFPs in Sherpa BZCFUG 8
Table 5: Assessment of NTFPs in Muse BZCFUG 8
Table 6: Assessment of NTFPs in Red Panda BZCFUG 9
Table 7: Assessment of NTFPs in Tongong BZCFUG 9
Table 8: Assessment of NTFPs in Dudh Kunda BZCFUG 10
Table 9: Assessment of NTFPs in Pema Chholing BZCFUG 10
Table 10: Assessment of NTFPs in Kongde BZCFUG 11
Table 11: Assessment of NTFPs in Himalaya BZCFUG 11
Table 12: Assessment of NTFPs in Namche VDC 12
Table 13: Assessment of NTFPs in Khumjung VDC 12
Table 14: Class distribution of Titepati (Artemisia dubia) in different BZCFUGs 13
Table 15: Class distribution of Nigalo/malingo (Arundinaria maling) in
different BZCFUGs 13
Table 16: Class distribution of Lokta (Daphne bholua) in different BZCFUGs 13
Table 17: Class distribution of Furmang (Elsholtzia fruticosa) in
Table 18: Class distribution of Fayang (Gaultheria fragrantissima) in
Table 19: Class distribution of Jhyau (Parmelia sp) in different BZCFUGs 14
Table 20: Class distribution of Kharsu (Quercus semecarpifolia) in
Table 21: Class distribution of Lali gurans (Rhododendron arboreum)
in different BZCFUGs 15
Table 22: Class distribution of Kukurpati (Rhododendron lepidotum) in different
BZCFUGs 15
Table 23: Class distribution of Timur (Zanthoxylum armatum) in
Table 24: Class distribution of Chutro (Berberis wallichiana) in different sites 16
Table 25: Class distribution of Aak sello (Hippophae tibetana) in different sites 16
Table 26: Class distribution of Dhupi (Juniperus indica) in different sites 16
Table 27: Class distribution of Dhupi (Juniperus recurva) in different sites 16
Table 28: Class distribution of Gentiana urnula in different sites 16
Table 29: Class distribution of Bajradanti (Potentilla fruticosa) in different sites 16
Table 30: Class distribution of Sunpati (Rhododendron anthopogon) in
different sites 17

Table 31: Class distribution of Bhale sunpati (Rhododendron setosum) in
different sites 17
Table 32: Class distribution of Jangali gulab (Rosa macrophylla) in
different sites 17
Table 33: Class distribution of Jangali gulab (Rosa sericea) in different sites 17
Table 34: Matrix preference ranking of NTFPs in Sherpa BZCFUG 20
Table 35: Matrix preference ranking of NTFPs in Muse BZCFUG 21
Table 36: Matrix preference ranking of NTFPs in Red Panda BZCFUG 22
Table 37: Matrix preference ranking of NTFPs in Tongong BZCFUG 22
Table 38: Matrix preference ranking of NTFPs in Dudh Kunda BZCFUG 23
Table 39: Matrix preference ranking of NTFPs in Pema Chholing BZCFUG 24
Table 40: Matrix preference ranking of NTFPs in Kongde BZCFUG 25
Table 41: Matrix preference ranking of NTFPs in Himalaya BZCFUG 25
Table 42: Matrix preference ranking of NTFPs in Namche VDC 26
Table 43: Matrix preference ranking of NTFPs in Khumjung VDC 27
Table 44: RVA analysis of NTFPs in Sherpa BZCFUG 28
Table 45: RVA analysis of NTFPs in Muse BZCFUG 28
Table 46: RVA analysis of NTFPs in Red Panda BZCFUG 29
Table 47: RVA analysis of NTFPs in Tongong BZCFUG 30
Table 48: RVA analysis of NTFPs in Dudh Kunda BZCFUG 30
Table 49: RVA analysis of NTFPs in Pema Chholing BZCFUG 31
Table 50: RVA analysis of NTFPs in Kongde BZCFUG 32
Table 51: RVA analysis of NTFPs in Himalaya BZCFUG 33
Table 52: RVA analysis of NTFPs in Namche VDC 33
Table 53: RVA analysis of NTFPs in Khumjung VDC 34
Table 54: Comparative analysis of enterprise modalities on market,
social, technology and conservation criteria in SNPBZ 36
Table 55: Sole and BZCFUG/WAG enterprises in Chaurikharka VDC 37
Table 56: Other enterprise modalities in Chaurikharka VDC 41
Table 57: Identification of different models of enterprises in Namche VDC 41
Table 58: Identification of different models of enterprises in Khumjung VDC 41
Table 59: Potential markets for NTFPs products 42
Table 60: Marketed NTFPs in Chaurikharka VDC 44
Table 61: Value addition techniques 44
Table 62: Processing technology and application 45
Table 63: Rapid assessment of harvesting effects on population dynamics 47
Table 64: Recommended optimal harvesting practices for sustainable
NTFPs product use 47

Abbreviations and Acronyms
ANSAB: Asia Network for Sustainable Agriculture and Bio-resources
BDS-MaPS: Business Development Services-Marketing Production and Services
BZCFUGs: Buffer Zone Community Forest User Groups
BZUCs: Buffer Zone User Committees
BZUGs: Buffer Zone User Groups
Co.: Company
DPR: Department of Plant Resources
FAO: Food and Agriculture Organization
GDP: Gross Domestic Production
ha: Hectare
IUCN: International Union for Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources
Ltd.: Limited
m.: Meter
MAPs: Medicinal and Aromatic Plants
MPR: Matrix Preference Ranking
NARMSAP: Natural Resource management Sector Assistance Program
NSCFP: Nepal Swiss Community Forestry Project
NTFPs: Non Timber Forest Products
OP: Operational Plan
Pc: Piece
pl: Plant
Rel.: Relative
Rs.: Rupees
RVA: Rapid Vulnerability Assessment
SNP: Sagarmatha National Park
SNPBZ: Sagarmatha National Park and Buffer Zone
SNPBZSP: Sagarmatha National Park and Buffer Zone Support Project
SNV: The Netherlands Development Organization
TISC: Tree Improvement and Silviculture Component
VDCs: Village Development Committees
WAGs: Women Awareness Groups
WWF: World Wildlife Fund

CHAPTER ONE
1.1 Introduction
Non Timber Forest Products (NTFPs) consists of goods of biological origin other than
timber or fuelwood derived from forests, other wooded land and trees outside forests
(FAO, 1999). NTFPs have been welfare, subsistence or livelihood commodity since long;
these are traditional source of food, fiber, medicine, etc. In some rural mountainous areas,
it contributes up to 50 % of total annual family income. NTFPs sub-sector in Nepal
contributes about 5 % of national GDP out of total estimation of about 15 % from the
whole forestry sector (almost 1/3). More than 100 types of plant species are harvested
from wild and traded to international market mostly to India; 95 % of the NTFPs are
collected from the wild and 90 % are exported to India in raw form.
The importance of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants (MAPs) has increased progressively
over the last two decades. Herbal remedies are increasingly becoming mainstream
consumer products manufactured by multinational companies amongst other, and sold in
super market chains and in a variety of other outlets, globally. Food supplements,
cosmetics, fragrances, traditional cuisine, dyeing and coloring agents are just a few of the
application where medicinal, aromatic and dye plants are finding increasing use by the
day. As a result there is growing demand of Nepalese MAPs and other NTFPs for these
purposes.
The diverse geography and climate of Nepal has rendered it a unique land of NTFPs
along with other natural resources. However, the commercial exploitation without any
conservation measures has threatened many species. The high mountain NTFPs are
highly praised for high potency and organic nature, hence they fetch higher prices. In
spite of all advantages, the government is still not able to harness the full potential of
NTFPs for the welfare of rural communities. The major constraints for such situation are
considered to be low capital investments both by the government and private sectors for
the overall promotion of NTFPs including enterprise development and the perpetual
marketing of quality products; government’s unclear investment policy, lack of proper
documentation on species availability (or bio-prospecting) and uses and poor awareness
among public on its values.
Sagarmatha National Park and Buffer Zone (SNPBZ) harbors a rich source of NTFPs.
Although tourism is the main source of local economy in the SNPBZ, there are very
limited options of livelihood support in the off trail routes.
Conservation initiatives through sustainable use of these NTFPs could uplift the income
of off trail communities. Collection, cultivation and harvesting of NTFPs are mainly
confined to buffer zone as a result of community ownership inside the National Park. In
particular, Chaurikharka Village Development Committee (VDC) possesses a high
potential of NTFPs promotion.
According to the resource assessment survey conducted by SNPBZSP during the second
quarter of fiscal year 2006/07, the local users have tremendous drive to promote NTFPs

based products through community based enterprise establishment and marketing
endeavors.
Conservation and sustainable use of these NTFPs would uplift local livelihood in the
SNPBZ if: a) communities take on increased responsibility for management of forest
resources; b) ecological monitoring and sustainable harvesting practices are developed; c)
communities have greater access to and understanding of the market system; d)
sustainable enterprises bring local benefits especially to households in off trail
communities; and e) local and scientific knowledge underpins appropriate management
systems.
To address the current needs, one way would be the establishment of community based
forest enterprise adopting both the resource based and market based policy. It is essential
that the women, underprivileged groups and buffer zone community forest user groups
(BZCFUGs), women awareness groups (WAGs) and buffer zone user groups (BZUGs)
should be included in such a model. WAGs and underprivileged groups should be
transformed to skillful entrepreneur and BZCFUGs and BZUGs are a commercial entity,
taking into account the conservation issues. The semi processed and processed NTFPs
products produced from such enterprises should be promoted to the market after the value
addition in the local level thereby benefiting the local communities.
In this scenario, the present study is justifiable in terms of linking local livelihood with
resource management, initiating community based forest enterprises and its linkage to
market through product promotion. It would certainly assist in conserving the
biodiversity of the Sagarmatha National Park and its Buffer Zone, which is the ultimate
goal set up by WWF Nepal-SNPBZSP.
1.2 Objectives
The overall objective is to explore the prospects of NTFPs available in SNPBZ having
potentiality for enterprise development and seek possibility of market linkage, in
consultation with the local community.
The specific objectives are as follows:

1. To conduct the resource assessment of NTFPs in SNPBZ
2. To prioritize NTFPs on the basis of trade value and threat
3. To identify various models of community based forest enterprises to be set up in
SNPBZ
4. To assess the current market status of NTFPs locally and trading pattern of NTFPs
5. To visualize the NTFPs products that can be value added locally
6. To recommend steps to be followed by community for sustainable harvesting of
identified important NTFPs
1.3 Limitations of the study

The field work was conducted in February-March and thus majority of the ground
vegetation was yet to be regenerated due to the dry season. Also it was difficult to
identify deciduous species as they were defoliated. Furthermore, the unfavorable weather

(snow fall) conditions hindered the study. Apparently the area harbors much more
species than what is listed in the report.
Due to this fact, several high valued NTFPs like Nirmasi (Delphinium himalayi), Kutki
(Neopicrorhiza scrophulariiflora), Satuwa (Paris polyphylla), Padam Chaal (Rheum
australe), Ban Lasun (Fritillaria cirrhosa), Yarsa Gumba (Cordyceps sinensis) etc. were
not visible and therefore not documented in the report. Furthermore, regeneration study
was not carried out due to the dry season. Field study during May-July will be more
comprehensive in terms of species richness.
1.4 Study area

Sagarmatha National Park (SNP) and Buffer Zone in upper part of Solukhumbu district
was the area for the study. The study area comprises three VDCs viz. Chaurikharka,
Namche and Khumjung. Altogether 8 buffer zone community forest user groups (Sherpa,
Muse, Red Panda, Tongong, Dudh Kunda, Pema Chholing, Kongde and Himalaya
BZCFUGs) were studied in Chaurikharka VDC. While the forests and scrublands within
the buffer zone user committees of Phurte, Sam Singh, Theso, Thamo, Mende, Samde,
Thame, Pahare, Thamboche and Hilajung were studied in Namche VDC. Whereas,
forests and scrublands of Kyangjuma, Mongla, Tasinga, Phungi Thanga, Tengboche,
Deubuche, Pangboche, Dingboche, Phortse, Phortse Thanga, Neute, Dole, Lafarma,
Luza, Machhermo, Fanga and Gokyo were studied within Khumjung VDC.
Map 1: Location of the study area in Sagarmatha National Park and Buffer Zone

CHAPTER TWO
2.1 Methodology
Current work was completed in four phases viz. primary data collection, secondary data
collection, data analysis and report writing. Primary data was collected from the field
while secondary data was compiled from various other related documents.
2.1.1 Primary data collection

Primary data collection was done by following methods:
2.1.1.1 Key informant survey and resource mapping

Information about the availability, current status and use of NTFPs and MAPs was
collected from BZCFUGS and BZUGs members. Group discussions were done for listing
of available NTFPs and their identification, priority ranking of NTFPs for the inventory
and suitable site selection.
2.1.1.2 Identification of NTFPs

NTFPs were identified visually on the basis of researcher's knowledge. Unidentified
species were identified consulting with the reference literatures (Stainton & Polunin,
1984; Stainton, 1988; Yoshida, 1994; Lama et al. 2001; IUCN, 2004; Bista and Bista,
2005). Documentation of all available NTFPs were carried out according to Shrestha,
1998 & Press et al., 2000.
2.1.1.3 Inventory of NTFPs

Inventory methods include two different steps; habitat identification and sampling.
2.1.1.3a Habitat identification

The sampling was conducted in defined habitats. The identification of NTFPs habitats
was done systematically by observing at each of the following characteristics.
• Altitude
• Forest type
• Aspect
• Slope
• Plant abundance
2.1.1.3b Sampling
Following procedures were applied for the inventory of NTFPs resources by sampling
techniques:
• At least one vertical elevation line was taken from top to bottom of the habitat. The
number of elevation line depends on the habitat width, plant density, aspect and
topography. At some instances, steep and rugged terrain caused the transect line to
deviate from the original direction.
• For every elevation line, horizontal sampling lines were set up at 100 m elevation
intervals.
• The sampling plots were set up along the horizontal line.

• The plots were determined as 1m ×1m for herbs, 5m×5m for shrubs and 10m×10m
for trees (Raunkiaer, 1934).
10 m x 10 m
5mx5m
1m x1 m
Figure 1: Sample plot for inventory
• An inventory form was filled for every sampling plot.

2.2.1 Secondary data collection
Secondary data were collected from all the possible documents, reports, articles, maps,
official records, and other published and unpublished materials from ANSAB, DPR,
WWF Nepal etc.
2.3.1 Data processing and analysis
Data obtained from the field was processed and analyzed to find out frequency, relative
frequency, density, relative density, population distribution parameters, matrix preference
ranking (MPR), rapid vulnerability assessment (RVA), enterprises development criteria,
potential for value addition and market linkage, etc.
2.3.1.1 Frequency and relative frequency
Frequency is the number of sampling units in which the particular species occur, thus
express the dispersion of various species in a community. It refers to the degree of
dispersion in terms of percentage occurrence (Raunkiaer, 1934; Zobel et al. 1987).
No. of quadrats in which species occured
Frequency = × 100
Total Number of quadrats studied
Relative frequency is frequency of a species in relation to other species.
Frequency of a species
Relative Frequency % = × 100
Total frequency of all species

2.3.1.2 Density and relative density
Density expresses the numerical strength of the presence of species in a community. It is
the number of individuals per unit area and is expressed as number per hectare
(Raunkiaer, 1934; Zobel et al. 1987).
Total number of plant of any spcies

Density Pl/ha = × 10000
Total number of quadrat studied × area of quadrat
Relative density is the density of a species with respect to the total density of all species.
Density of individual species

Relative Density % = × 100
Total density of all species
2.3.1.3 Population distribution parameters
Distribution of NTFP parameters are categorized in following ways.
Frequency Relative Frequency
High Medium Low High Medium Low
>75 31-74 <30 >15 5-15 <5
Population density / ha Relative density
>800 300-800 <300 >15 5-15 <5
Table 1: Class distribution of NTFPs in different sites

2.3.1.4 Determination of forest types
Forest types of respective BZCFUGs and VDCs under the study area were determined by
visual observation and consulting with Stainton (1972) and document published by TISC,
(2002).
2.3.1.5 Prioritization of NTFPs
Matrix Preference Ranking (MPR) was used to find out most preferred NTFPs. By using
this tool, the most preferred NTFP species was identified from each BZCFUG and VDC
for the detail study. The criteria of preference were made by the users, availability of the
resources and potential for value addition.
Moreover, the prioritization criteria of other development organizations like NSCFP,
SNV, ANSAB, BDS-MaPS and Matrix Ranking Criteria have been thoroughly examined
to attain the set objectives with proper justification.
S.N. Criteria Scale and value
1 Market demand High (3), Moderate (2), Low (1)
2 Margin / Profit High (3), Moderate (2), Low (1)
3 Availability ( in time ) Almost always(3), Occasionally(2), Seasonal rare (1)
4 Geographical distribution Widespread (3), Moderate (2) ,Low(1)
5 Conservation status Minimum (3), Moderate (2) , Low (1)
6 Potential for cultivation High (3), Moderate (2), Low (1)

7 Regenerative potential High (3), Moderate (2), Low (1)
8 Contribution to income High (3), Moderate (2), Low (1)
9 Gender impact Only women (3), Both men and women (2) , only men (1)
10 Potential for value addition High (3), Moderate (2), Low (1)
11 Processing technology Manual/ local technology (3), Mechanical/ expertise
required (2), Sophisticated / foreign technology (1)
12 Ethnobotanical value Diverse use (3), medium uses (2) , single use (1)
Table 2: Matrix Preference Ranking
2.3.1.6 Rapid vulnerability assessment (RVA)

RVA method collects information to identify species, resources or sites that may be at
risk of over exploitation. It was developed as a quick way of collecting both scientific and
indigenous information about species and has been used to recommend whether or not
that resource species is suitable for harvest.
Potential for sustainable use
Criteria
Low High
Low abundance (1) High abundance (2)
Slow growth (1) Fast growth (2)
Slow reproduction (1) Fast reproduction (2)
Ecology Sexual reproduction only (1) Both sexual & vegetative reproduction (2)
Habitat – specific (1) Habitat- non specific (2)
High habitat diversity (1) Low habitat diversity (2)
High life form diversity (1) Low life form diversity (2)
Life form Tree and shrub (1) and grasses (2)
Parts used roots , rhizomes and bulbs ( 1) and leaf, flower, bark , fruit (2)
Harvesting Size/age classes not selected for harvesting (2), Particular size/age classes selected
method for harvesting (1)
Table 3: Criteria for RVA
Source: Wong & Jenifer, 2001; Cunningham, 1994, 1996 a, 2001; Watts et al., 1996
2.4.1 Focus group discussion

Discussion/ interaction programs were held at Chaurikharka VDC with BZCFUGs,
WAGs, BZUGs and other stakeholders about the possibility of establishing different
model of community based forest enterprises in Chaurikharka VDC and the need based
assessment for value addition, focusing the ecological, social and economical
sustainability.

CHAPTER THREE
3. Results
3.1 Assessment of NTFPs in SNPBZ
Frequency, Relative Frequency, Density and Relative Density of each NTFP species were
calculated and analyzed in respective BZCFUGs of Chaurikharka VDC and Namche and
Khumjung VDCs.
3.1.1 Assessment of NTFPs in Chaurikharka

3.1.1a Sherpa BZCFUG
Altogether 79 NTFP species were recorded from Sherpa BZCFUG. Among them 15
NTFP species were sorted on the basis of their potentiality for value addition, their
abundance and quantification. The details are presented in table below:
Table 4: Assessment of NTFPs in Sherpa BZCFUG
SN Botanical name Frequency Rel. Frequency Density Rel. Density
1 Artemisia dubia 60 1.863 19924 5.894
2 Arundinaria maling 20 0.621 12978 3.839
3 Berberis asiatica 80 2.484 2892.8 0.856
4 Borinda emeryi 20 0.621 9104 2.693
5 Edgeworthia gardneri 40 1.242 4723.2 1.397
6 Elsholtzia fruticosa 40 1.242 3789.2 1.121
7 Eupatorium adenophorum 40 1.242 24200.4 7.159
8 Gaultheria fragrantissima 80 2.484 20355 6.021
9 Himalayacalamus hookerianus 40 1.242 7414 2.193
10 Lindera neesiana 40 1.242 1360 0.402
11 Quercus semecarpifolia 80 2.484 3823 1.131
12 Rhododendron arboreum 80 2.484 4812.4 1.424
13 Urtica dioica 40 1.242 8846.4 2.617
14 Yushania maling 20 0.621 6260 1.852
15 Zanthoxylum armatum 40 1.242 1036.4 0.307
3.1.1b Muse BZCFUG

Altogether 84 NTFP species were recorded from Muse BZCFUG. Among them 15 NTFP
species were sorted on the basis of their potentiality for value addition, their abundance
and quantification. The details are presented below:
Table 5: Assessment of NTFPs in Muse BZCFUG
1 Artemisia dubia 66.67 1.633 6832.667 4.166
2 Arundinaria maling 16.67 0.408 30 0.018
4 Daphne bholua 66.67 1.633 3655.333 2.229
5 Edgeworthia gardneri 50 1.225 1043.333 0.636
7 Eupatorium adenophorum 50 1.225 4013.333 2.447
8 Gaultheria fragrantissima 83.33 2.041 13107.333 7.993
9 Himalayacalamus hookerianus 33.33 0.816 118 0.072

10 Lindera neesiana 16.67 0.408 48 0.029
11 Rhododendron arboreum 100 2.449 6312 3.849
12 Taxus wallichiana 50 1.225 693.333 0.423
13 Urtica dioica 16.67 0.408 469.333 0.286
14 Yushania maling 33.33 0.816 247 0.151
15 Zanthoxylum armatum 33.33 0.816 48 0.029
3.1.1c Red Panda BZCFUG

Altogether 56 NTFPs were enlisted from Red Panda BZCFUG. Among them 15 NTFP
and quantification. The details are given below:
Table 6: Assessment of NTFPs in Red Panda BZCFUG
1 Artemisia dubia 75 2.521 15981 5.255
3 Berberis aristata 50 1.681 2294 0.754
4 Borinda emeryi 25 0.840 6225 2.047
5 Daphne bholua 50 1.681 1581 0.520
6 Dipsacus inermis 75 2.521 3039 0.999
7 Edgeworthia gardneri 25 0.840 210 0.069
8 Elsholtzia fruticosa 50 1.681 1866 0.614
10 Parmelia sp 100 3.361 18911 6.218
13 Rhododendron lepidotum 100 3.361 45336 14.908
14 Usnea orientalis 100 3.361 2789 0.917
15 Zanthoxylum armatum 50 1.681 782 0.257
3.1.1d Tongong BZCFUG

Altogether 82 NTFPs were enlisted from Tongong BZCFUG. Among them 15 NTFP
Table 7: Assessment of NTFPs in Tongong BZCFUG
SN Botanical name Frequency Rel. Frequency Density R.Density
1 Artemisia dubia 100 2.239 37452.667 10.178
2 Berberis asiatica 83.33 1.866 3086.000 0.839
3 Daphne bholua 66.67 1.492 6350.667 1.726
4 Dipsacus inermis 83.33 1.866 4067.333 1.105
5 Elsholtzia fruticosa 66.67 1.492 6006.000 1.632
6 Gaultheria fragrantissima 100 2.239 17356.333 4.717
7 Parmelia sp 100 2.239 14985.333 4.073
8 Potentilla fruticosa 83.33 1.866 25670.000 6.976
9 Quercus semecarpifolia 100 2.239 4589.333 1.247
11 Rhododendron lepidotum 83.33 1.866 19207.333 5.220
12 Swertia chirayita 16.67 0.373 416.000 0.113
13 Taxus wallichiana 50 1.119 143.333 0.039

14 Yushania maling 83.33 1.866 15229.333 4.139
3.1.1e Dudh Kunda BZCFUG

Altogether 63 NTFPs were enlisted from Dudh Kunda BZCFUG. Among them 15 NTFP
Table 8: Assessment of NTFPs in Dudh Kunda BZCFUG
1 Artemisia dubia 75 2.174 17028.000 8.749
2 Arundinaria maling 25 0.725 2445.000 1.256
4 Borinda emeryi 25 0.725 9372.000 4.815
5 Daphne bholua 25 0.725 150.000 0.077
6 Dipsacus inermis 75 2.174 2589.000 1.330
8 Gaultheria fragrantissima 75 2.174 1525.500 0.784
9 Parmelia sp 100 2.899 9153.000 4.703
10 Potentilla fruticosa 75 2.174 12817.500 6.586
11 Quercus semecarpifolia 100 2.899 2362.500 1.214
13 Rhododendron lepidotum 100 2.899 16218.000 8.333
14 Swertia nervosa 50 1.449 3117.000 1.602
3.1.1f Pema Chholing BZCFUG

Altogether 64 NTFPs were recorded from Pema Chholing BZCFUG. Among them 15
NTFP species were sorted on the basis of their potentiality for value addition, their
abundance and quantification. The details are presented below:
Table 9: Assessment of NTFPs in Pema Chholing BZCFUG
1 Artemisia dubia 100 2.581 29841 11.397
3 Berberis asiatica 75 1.935 2645 1.010
4 Borinda emeryi 25 0.645 7914 3.022
5 Daphne bholua 75 1.935 2112 0.807
6 Dipsacus inermis 75 1.935 6420 2.452
9 Parmelia sp 100 2.581 15668 5.984
10 Potentilla fruticosa 50 1.290 15630 5.969
13 Taxus wallichiana 100 2.581 1765 0.674
14 Yushania maling 50 1.290 4282 1.635

3.1.1g Kongde BZCFUG
Altogether 65 NTFPs were recorded from Kongde BZCFUG. Among them 15 NTFP
Table 10: Assessment of NTFPs in Kongde BZCFUG
1 Artemisia dubia 75 2.290 22648.00 7.139
2 Arundinaria maling 62.5 1.908 20086.50 6.331
3 Berberis insignis 87.5 2.672 6178.00 1.947
4 Cotoneaster frigidus 37.5 1.145 1092.50 0.344
5 Daphne bholua 75 2.290 11302.50 3.562
6 Dipsacus inermis 87.5 2.672 4108.50 1.295
8 Gaultheria fragrantissima 37.5 1.145 580.50 0.183
9 Parmelia sp 100 3.053 15902.00 5.012
11 Quercus semecarpifolia 87.5 2.672 2835.50 0.894
13 Rhododendron lepidotum 100 3.053 27463.50 8.656
14 Rosa macrophylla 100 3.053 9785.50 3.084
15 Zanthoxylum armatum 87.5 2.672 10463.50 3.298
3.1.1h Himalaya BZCFUG

Altogether 49 NTFPs were enlisted from Himalaya BZCFUG. Among them 15 NTFP
Table 11: Assessment of NTFPs in Himalaya BZCFUG
1 Artemisia dubia 100 2.899 18505 6.142
3 Berberis asiatica 75 2.174 1994 0.662
4 Berberis insignis 75 2.174 3470 1.152
5 Borinda emeryi 25 0.725 6300 2.091
6 Daphne bholua 100 2.899 15515 5.150
7 Elsholtzia fruticosa 100 2.899 7245 2.405
8 Parmelia sp 100 2.899 17855 5.926
9 Potentilla fruticosa 75 2.174 15410 5.115
12 Rhododendron lepidotum 100 2.899 22465 7.457
13 Rosa macrophylla 100 2.899 3440 1.142
14 Usnea orientalis 100 2.899 10198 3.385
3.2 Assessment of NTFP in Namche VDC

Altogether 55 NTFPs were recorded from Namche VDC. Among them 15 NTFP species
were sorted on the basis of their potentiality for value addition, their abundance and
quantification. The details are presented in the table below:

Table 12: Assessment of NTFPs in Namche VDC
1 Berberis wallichiana 72.727 3.846 33925.455 9.854
2 Cotoneaster microphyllus 90.909 4.808 4798.182 1.394
3 Gentiana urnula 72.727 3.846 26990.909 7.84
4 Hippophae tibetana 9.091 0.481 4181.818 1.215
5 Juniperus indica 90.909 4.808 21778.182 6.326
6 Juniperus recurva 100 5.288 31667.273 9.198
7 Nardostachys grandiflora 18.182 0.962 2609.091 0.758
9 Rhododendron anthopogon 45.455 2.404 2223.636 0.646
Rhododendron
10 cinnabarinum 72.727 3.846 4041.818 1.174
11 Rhododendron setosum 81.818 4.327 52221.818 15.168
12 Rosa macrophylla 90.909 4.808 25234.545 7.33
13 Rosa sericea 36.364 1.923 3285.455 0.954
14 Selinum tenuifolium 27.273 1.442 978.182 0.284
15 Swertia racemosa 90.909 4.808 12690.909 3.686
3.3 Assessment of NTFPs in Khumjung VDC

Altogether 49 NTFPs were recorded from Khumjung VDC. Among them 15 NTFP
and quantification. The details are presented in the table below:
Table 13: Assessment of NTFPs in Khumjung VDC
SN Botanical name Frequency Rel. Frequency Density Rel .Density
1 Berberis erythroclada 50.000 2.579 6287.778 2.148
2 Berberis wallichiana 94.444 4.871 21755.556 7.431
3 Cotoneaster microphyllus 100.000 5.158 39424.444 13.466
4 Ephedra gerardiana 38.889 2.006 4945.556 1.689
5 Gentiana urnula 77.778 4.011 36172.222 12.355
6 Hippophae tibetana 38.889 2.006 3938.889 1.345
7 Juniperus indica 88.889 4.585 9462.222 3.232
8 Juniperus recurva 66.667 3.438 5140.000 1.756
10 Rhododendron anthopogon 33.333 1.719 4070.000 1.390
Rhododendron
11 cinnabarinum 55.556 2.865 3127.778 1.068
12 Rhododendron setosum 100.000 5.158 51161.667 17.475
13 Rosa macrophylla 61.111 3.152 11868.889 4.054
14 Rosa sericea 44.444 2.292 5583.333 1.907
15 Usnea longissima 55.556 2.865 9433.333 3.222

3.4 Population distribution parameters of commercially important NTFPs
3.4.1 Chaurikharka VDC
Table 14: Class distribution of Titepati (Artemisia dubia) in different BZCFUGs
BZCFUGs Frequency Rel. Frequency Density Rel. Density
Sherpa Medium Low High Medium
Muse Medium Low High Low
Red Panda High Low High Medium
Tongong High Low High Medium
Dudh Kunda High Low High Medium
Pema Chholing High Low High Medium
Kongde High Low High Medium
Himalaya High Low High Medium
Table 15: Class distribution of Nigalo/malingo (Arundinaria maling) in different

BZCFUGs
Sherpa Low Low High Low
Muse Low Low Low Low
Tongong - - - -
Dudh Kunda Low Low High Low
Pema Chholing Low Low High Low
Kongde Medium Low High Medium
Table 16: Class distribution of Lokta (Daphne bholua) in different BZCFUGs

Sherpa - - - -
Muse Medium Low High Low
Red Panda Medium Low High Low
Tongong Medium Low High Low
Dudh Kunda Low Low Low Low
Pema Chholing High Low High Low
Kongde High Low High Low

Table 17: Class distribution of Furmang (Elsholtzia fruticosa) in different BZCFUGs
Sherpa Medium Low High Low
Muse Medium Low Medium Low
Red Panda Medium Low High Low
Tongong Medium Low High Low
Dudh Kunda High Low High Low
Himalaya High Low High Low
Table 18: Class distribution of Fayang (Gaultheria fragrantissima) in different

BZCFUGs
Sherpa High Low High Medium
Muse High Low High Medium
Tongong High Low High Low
Kongde Medium Low Medium Low
Himalaya Low Low Low Low
Table 19: Class distribution of Jhyau (Parmelia sp) in different BZCFUGs

Sherpa High Low High Low
Muse High Low High Medium
Table 20: Class distribution of Kharsu (Quercus semecarpifolia) in different BZCFUGs


Muse High Low High Low
Red Panda High Low High Low
Table 21: Class distribution of Lali gurans (Rhododendron arboreum) in different

BZCFUGs
Muse High Low High Low
Red Panda High Low High Low
Table 22: Class distribution of Kukurpati (Rhododendron lepidotum) in different

BZCFUGs
Sherpa Medium Low High Medium
Muse Medium Low High Medium
Tongong High Low High Medium
Dudh Kunda High Low High Medium
Table 23: Class distribution of Timur (Zanthoxylum armatum) in different BZCFUGs

Sherpa Medium Low High Low
Muse Medium Low Low Low
Red Panda Medium Low Medium Low

Dudh Kunda High Low Medium Low
Pema Chholing High Low Medium Low
3.4.2 Namche and Khumjung VDCs

Table 24: Class distribution of Chutro (Berberis wallichiana) in different sites
VDCs Frequency Rel. Frequency Density Rel. Density
Namche Medium Low High Medium
Khumjung High Low High Medium
Table 25: Class distribution of Aak sello (Hippophae tibetana) in different sites
Namche Low Low High Low
Khumjung Medium Low High Low
Table 26: Class distribution of Dhupi (Juniperus indica) in different sites

Namche High Low High Medium
Khumjung High Low High Low
Table 27: Class distribution of Dhupi (Juniperus recurva) in different sites

Namche High Medium High Medium
Table 28: Class distribution of Gentiana urnula in different sites

Khumjung High Low High Medium
Table 29: Class distribution of Bajradanti (Potentilla fruticosa) in different sites

Namche Medium Low High Low

Table 30: Class distribution of Sunpati (Rhododendron anthopogon) in different sites
Table 31: Class distribution of Bhale sunpati (Rhododendron setosum) in different sites
Namche High Low High High
Khumjung High Medium High High
Table 32: Class distribution of Jangali gulab (Rosa macrophylla) in different sites
Table 33: Class distribution of Jangali gulab (Rosa sericea) in different sites
3.5 Forest and vegetation types in SNPBZ

3.5.1. Chaurikharka VDC
The ecological zones of the study areas of Chaurikharka VDC encompass the following
forest and vegetation types:
a. Himalayan Oak-Laurel forest
This forest type occurs between 2000-2500m on the south of the main Himalayan range.
This forest is characterized by the occurrence of oak (Quercus lanata) and a number of
evergreen lauraceous trees as Litsea sp, Dodecadenia sp, Neolitsea sp, Lindera
pulcherrima, Symplocos sp and Lyonia ovalifolia.
b. Mixed Rhododendron-Maple forest

This forest is also known as mixed broadleaved forest lying between elevations of 2600-
3000m. Rhododendron arboreum and species of maple (Acer campbelli and A.
pectinatum) remain prominent in this forest type. A number of laurels and other
evergreen shrubs as Symplocos spp. and Ilex spp. form the second storey; in some areas,
Taxus wallichiana and Tsuga dumosa are found in this forest type.

c. Temperate Mountain Oak forest
The oak forest (Quercus semecarpifolia) occupies montane level at altitude of 2500-
3000m. On humid slopes, oak is associated with hemlock (Tsuga dumosa),
rhododendrons and maples. Some understorey layers of laurels (Neolitsea sp, Lindera
pulcherrima and Dodecadenia grandiflora) occur in this forest.
d. Upper Temperate Blue Pine forest

It occurs abundantly between elevations of 2200-2600m in the humid valley. In the
northern slopes it is associated with hemlock and oaks.
e. Fir-Hemlock-Oak forest
It occurs in lower sub-alpine and upper temperate zones at 2800-3400m, characterized by
the dominance of silver fir (Abies spectabilis) mixed with hemlock (Tsuga dumosa) on
the northern aspects and with oak (Quercus semecarpifolia) on southern aspects.
Himalayan yew (Taxus wallichiana) forms the second layer of the forest.
f. Silver Fir forest

Pure fir forests are generally found at 3000-3600m. Fir forest is associated with a number
of rhododendrons as Rhododendron arboreum, R. barbatum, R. hodgsonii, R.
campanulatum as the second layer of the canopy. A small stature bamboos Arundinaria
spp. Occur at the forest destruction sites. Herbs such as Meconopsis sp, Rosa sp, Primula
sp, Anemone sp, Androsace sp cover the grassy floor.
g. Birch-Rhododendron forest
Birch-rhododendron association is regarded as the tree line vegetation in Nepal
Himalaya. Massive stands of birch (Betula utilis) are formed on north facing, shady
slopes and ravines with an understorey of rhododendrons, Sorbus sp and maples (Acer
sp). Birch forest is often mixed with fir trees rising above the birch canopy.
The associated rhododendron species include, Rhododendron campanulatum, R.
cinnabarinum, R. hodgsonii. Small stature bamboos as Arundinaria maling form an
important component of ground cover with herbs as Primula sp, Rheum sp, Aconitum sp
and Swertia sp.
h. Silver Fir-Blue Pine forest

Silver Fir (Abies spectabilis)-blue pine (Pinus wallichiana) forests occupy side valleys
sheltered from wind occurring at an altitude ranging from 3000-3600m. The colonization
of pine trees are vigorous at slightly lower elevations, while at higher altitudes blue pine
associates is not common.

3.5.2. Namche and Khumjung VDCs
The ecological zones of the study areas of Namche and Khumjung VDCs encompass the
following forest and vegetation types:
a. Silver Fir-Blue Pine forest
Silver Fir (Abies spectabilis)-blue pine (Pinus wallichiana) forests occupy side valleys
sheltered from wind occurring at an altitude ranging from 3000-3600m. The colonization
of pine trees are vigorous at slightly lower elevations, while at higher altitudes blue pine
associates is not common.
b. Silver Fir forest

Pure fir forests are generally found at 3000-3600m. Fir forest is associated with a number
of rhododendrons as Rhododendron arboreum, R. barbatum, R. hodgsonii, R.
campanulatum as the second layer of the canopy. A small stature bamboos Arundinaria
spp. Occur at the forest destruction sites. Herbs such as Meconopsis sp, Rosa sp, Primula
sp, Anemone sp, Androsace sp cover the grassy floor.
c. Birch-Rhododendron forest
Birch-rhododendron association is regarded as the tree line vegetation in Nepal
Himalaya. Massive stands of birch (Betula utilis) are formed on north facing, shady
slopes and ravines with an understorey of rhododendrons, Sorbus sp and maples (Acer
sp). Birch forest is often mixed with fir trees rising above the birch canopy.
The associated rhododendron species include, Rhododendron campanulatum, R.
cinnabarinum, R. hodgsonii. Small stature bamboos as Arundinaria maling form an
important component of ground cover with herbs as Primula sp, Rheum sp, Aconitum sp
and Swertia sp.
d. Dry alpine scrub

This forest type occurs from elevations 4000-4500m. The forest is dominated by dwarf
and prostrate junipers (Juniperus recurva and Juniperus indica) along with other
xerophyllous plants as Ephedra gerardiana, Cassiope fastigiata, Potentilla fruticosa and
Berberis spp (Berberis erythroclada, B. wallichiana).
e. Moist alpine scrub

The vegetation is dominated by dwarf rhododendrons (Rhododendron anthopogon, R.
setosum) at higher altitude and by shrubby rhododendrons (Rhododendron
campanulatum, R. cinnabarinum) at slightly lower elevations.
Alpine meadows are rich in species of Primula and Meconopsis. Drier sites are occupied
by sedges, grasses and Ephedra sp. While moist sites are occupied by some commercially
important medicinal herbs as Nardostachys grandiflora, Neopicrorhiza scrophulariiflora,
Aconitum sp, Selinum tenuifolium, Swertia sp etc.

f. Upper alpine meadows
Alpine meadows are occupied by herbaceous vegetation, basically with sedges and
grasses at an altitude between 4500-5000m. This region is dominated by grass species as
Carex sp, Agrotis sp and Festuca sp along with Primula sp, Ranunculus sp, Cotoneaster
sp, Potentilla sp, Gentiana sp, Bistorta sp, Saxifraga sp, Arenaria sp and so on. Some
high value medicinal plants as Aconitum sp, Nardostachys grandiflora, Neopicrorhiza
scrophulariiflora, Sedum sp occur in this region.
3.6 Prioritization of NTFPs

The species were prioritized based on 8 principal criteria viz. (i) highly demanded
commercial species (ii) species having high market price (iii) having potential for
domestic value addition (iv) species available over wide geographical range (v) species
harvestable in short rotation period (vi) land fertility requirement for species (vii) species
importance in ethnobotany and (viii) species conservation status.
3.6.1 Prioritization of NTFPs in Chaurikharka VDC

Prioritized NTFP species of Sherpa BZCFUG for value addition and marketing linkage
and further assessment are Timur (Zanthoxylum armatum), Argeli (Edgeworthia
gardneri), Fayang (Gaultheria fragrantissima), Titepati (Artemisia dubia), Sisnu (Urtica
dioica) and Nigalo (Arundinaria maling). The details are given in table below:
Table 34: Matrix preference ranking of NTFPs in Sherpa BZCFUG
S Criteria⇒ Potential for cultivation
Contribution to income
Regenerative potential
N
Processing technology
Availability ( in time )
Ethnobotanical value
Conservation status
Potential for value

Market demand
Margin \ Profit
Gender impact
Geographical
distribution
addition
Total
NTFP species
⇓
1 Artemisia dubia 1 3 3 3 3 3 3 2 3 3 1 2 30
2 Arundinaria maling 2 2 3 3 3 2 2 3 1 2 3 3 29
3 Berberis asiatica 1 1 3 3 3 1 2 1 3 2 2 2 24
4 Borinda emeryi 1 2 3 3 3 2 2 2 1 2 3 2 26
5 Edgeworthia gardneri 2 3 3 3 3 3 3 2 3 2 2 2 31
6 Elsholtzia fruticosa 1 1 2 3 3 3 2 2 3 2 3 1 26
7 Eupatorium adenophorum 1 2 2 3 3 3 3 2 3 3 2 1 28
8 Gaultheria fragrantissima 3 2 3 3 3 1 2 3 3 3 1 3 30
9 Himalayacalamus hookerianus 2 2 3 3 3 2 2 2 1 2 3 2 27
10 Lindera neesiana 1 3 1 2 2 3 2 2 3 2 3 3 27
11 Quercus semecarpifolia 1 2 1 2 3 1 1 2 3 3 3 3 25
12 Rhododendron arboreum 1 1 1 3 3 1 2 1 3 3 2 2 23
13 Urtica dioica 1 1 3 3 3 3 3 1 3 3 3 3 30

14 Yushania maling 1 2 3 3 3 2 2 1 2 2 3 2 26
15 Zanthoxylum armatum 3 3 2 2 3 3 2 3 3 3 3 3 33
3.6.1b Muse BZCFUG

Prioritized NTFP species of Muse BZCFUG for value addition, marketing linkage and further
study are Timur (Zanthoxylum armatum), Argeli (Edgeworthia gardneri), Fayang (Gaultheria
fragrantissima), Sisnu (Urtica dioica) and Titepati (Artemisia dubia). The details are given in
table below:
Table 35: Matrix preference ranking of NTFPs in Muse BZCFUG
S Criteria⇒
Potential for cultivation
N
Conservation status
Potential for value

Market demand
Margin \ Profit
Gender impact
Geographical
distribution
addition
Total
NTFP species
⇓
1 Artemisia dubia 1 3 3 3 3 3 3 2 3 3 1 2 30
4 Daphne bholua 3 3 2 1 3 1 1 3 1 2 3 1 24
7 Eupatorium adenophorum 1 2 2 3 3 3 3 2 3 3 2 1 28
9 Himalayacalamus hookerianus 2 2 3 3 3 2 2 2 1 2 3 2 27
10 Lindera neesiana 1 3 1 2 2 3 2 2 3 2 3 3 27
12 Taxus wallichiana 3 2 1 1 3 1 2 2 1 1 1 1 19
13 Urtica dioica 1 1 3 3 3 3 3 1 3 3 3 3 30
14 Yushania maling 1 2 3 3 3 2 2 1 2 2 3 2 26

Prioritized NTFP species of Red Panda BZCFUG for value addition, marketing linkage and
further study are Timur (Zanthoxylum armatum), Fayang (Gaultheria fragrantissima), Argeli
(Edgeworthia gardneri), Titepati (Artemisia dubia), Furmang (Elsholtzia fruticosa) and Lali
gurans (Rhododendron arboreum). The details are given in table below:

Table 36: Matrix preference ranking of NTFPs in Red Panda BZCFUG
S Criteria⇒
N
Conservation status
Potential for value

Market demand
Margin \ Profit
Gender impact
Geographical
distribution
addition
Total
NTFP species
⇓
1 Artemisia dubia 1 3 3 3 3 3 3 2 3 3 1 2 30
3 Berberis aristata 1 1 3 3 3 1 2 1 3 2 2 2 24
4 Borinda emeryi 1 2 2 2 3 2 2 1 1 2 3 2 23
5 Daphne bholua 3 3 1 1 3 1 1 3 1 2 3 1 23
6 Dipsacus inermis 1 1 2 2 3 3 3 1 2 2 2 1 23
10 Parmelia sp 1 2 3 3 3 1 1 1 2 2 1 1 21
13 Rhododendron lepidotum 1 1 3 3 3 1 3 1 2 1 2 1 22
14 Usnea orientalis 1 1 3 3 3 1 1 1 2 1 2 1 20

Prioritized NTFP species of Tongong BZCFUG for value addition, marketing linkage and
further study are Timur (Zanthoxylum armatum), Titepati (Artemisia dubia), Fayang
(Gaultheria fragrantissima),Lali gurans (Rhododendron arboreum), Furmang (Elsholtzia
fruticosa), Nigalo (Yushania maling) and Chirayito ( Swertia chirayita). The details are given
in table below:
Table 37: Matrix preference ranking of NTFPs in Tongong BZCFUG
S Criteria⇒
N
Conservation status
Potential for value

Market demand
Margin \ Profit
Gender impact
Geographical
distribution
addition
Total
NTFP species
⇓
1 Artemisia dubia 1 3 3 3 3 3 3 2 3 3 1 2 30

3 Daphne bholua 3 3 1 1 3 1 1 3 1 2 3 1 23
7 Parmelia sp 1 2 3 3 3 1 1 1 2 2 1 1 21
8 Potentilla fruticosa 1 1 3 3 3 3 3 1 2 1 2 1 24
12 Swertia chirayita 2 2 2 1 1 3 3 2 3 2 2 3 26
14 Yushania maling 1 2 3 3 3 2 2 1 2 2 3 2 26

Prioritized NTFP species of Dudh Kunda BZCFUG for value addition, marketing linkage and
further study are Timur (Zanthoxylum armatum), Fayang (Gaultheria fragrantissima), Titepati
(Artemisia dubia), Nigalo (Arundinaria maling), Nigalo (Borinda emeryi) and Furmang
(Elsholtzia fruticosa). The details are given in table below:
Table 38: Matrix preference ranking of NTFPs in Dudh Kunda BZCFUG
S Criteria⇒ Potential for cultivation
N
Conservation status
Potential for value

Market demand
Margin \ Profit
Gender impact
Geographical
distribution
addition
Total
NTFP species
⇓
1 Artemisia dubia 1 3 3 3 3 3 3 2 3 3 1 2 30
4 Borinda emeryi 2 2 2 3 3 2 2 2 1 2 3 3 27
5 Daphne bholua 3 3 1 1 3 1 1 3 1 2 3 1 23
9 Parmelia sp 1 2 3 3 3 1 1 1 2 2 1 1 21

14 Swertia nervosa 1 1 2 3 3 3 3 1 2 1 3 1 24

Prioritized NTFP species of Pema Chholing BZCFUG for value addition, marketing linkage and
further study are Timur (Zanthoxylum armatum), Titepati (Artemisia dubia), Fayang (Gaultheria
fragrantissima), Nigalo (Yushania maling), Nigalo (Arundinaria maling), Lali gurans (Rhododendron
arboreum), Nigalo ( Borinda emeryi) and Furmang ( Elsholtzia fruticosa). The details are given in table
below:
Table 39: Matrix preference ranking of NTFPs in Pema Chholing BZCFUG
SN Criteria⇒
Conservation status
Potential for value

Market demand
Margin \ Profit
Gender impact
Geographical
distribution
addition
NTFP species
Total
⇓
1 Artemisia dubia 1 3 3 3 3 3 3 2 3 3 1 2 30
4 Borinda emeryi 2 2 2 3 3 2 2 2 1 2 3 3 27
5 Daphne bholua 3 3 1 1 3 1 1 3 1 2 3 1 23
9 Parmelia sp 1 2 3 3 3 1 1 1 2 2 1 1 21
14 Yushania maling 3 2 2 3 3 2 2 2 1 3 3 3 29

Prioritized NTFP species of Kongde BZCFUG for value addition, marketing linkage and further
study are Timur (Zanthoxylum armatum), Titepati (Artemisia dubia), Nigalo (Arundinaria
maling), Lokta (Daphne bholua), Furmang (Elsholtzia fruticosa) and Lali gurans (Rhododendron
arboreum). The details are given in table below:

Table 40: Matrix preference ranking of NTFPs in Kongde BZCFUG
S Criteria⇒
N
Conservation status
Potential for value

Market demand
Margin \ Profit
Gender impact
Geographical
distribution
addition
Total
NTFP species
⇓
1 Artemisia dubia 1 3 3 3 3 3 3 2 3 3 1 2 30
3 Berberis insignis 1 1 3 3 3 1 2 1 3 2 2 2 24
4 Cotoneaster frigidus 2 2 2 1 3 1 1 1 1 3 3 2 22
5 Daphne bholua 3 3 3 3 3 1 1 3 2 2 3 1 28
9 Parmelia sp 1 2 3 3 3 1 1 1 2 2 1 1 21
14 Rosa macrophylla 1 1 1 3 3 1 2 1 3 1 3 1 21

Prioritized NTFP species of Himalaya BZCFUG for value addition, marketing linkage and
further study are Timur (Zanthoxylum armatum), Titepati (Artemisia dubia), Nigalo
(Arundinaria maling), Nigalo (Borinda emeryi), Lokta (Daphne bholua), Furmang (Elsholtzia
fruticosa) and Lali gurans (Rhododendron arboreum). The details are given in table below:
Table 41: Matrix preference ranking of NTFPs in Himalaya BZCFUG
S Criteria⇒
N
Conservation status
Potential for value

Market demand
Margin \ Profit
Gender impact
Geographical
distribution
addition
Total
NTFP species
⇓
1 Artemisia dubia 1 3 3 3 3 3 3 2 3 3 1 2 30

4 Berberis insignis 1 1 3 3 3 1 2 1 3 2 2 2 24
5 Borinda emeryi 3 2 2 3 3 2 2 2 1 3 3 3 29
6 Daphne bholua 3 3 3 3 3 1 1 3 2 2 3 1 28
8 Parmelia sp 1 2 3 3 3 1 1 1 2 2 1 1 21
14 Usnea orientalis 1 1 3 3 3 1 2 1 3 1 1 2 22
3.6.2 Prioritization of NTFPs in Namche VDC

Prioritized NTFP species of Namche VDC for value addition, marketing linkage and further
study are Seabuckthorn (Hippophae tibetana), Dhupi (Juniperus indica and Juniperus recurva),
Jatamansi (Nardostachys grandiflora), Sunpati (Rhododendron anthopogon), Jangali gulab
(Rosa macrophylla and Rosa sericea). The details are given in table below:
Table 42: Matrix preference ranking of NTFPs in Namche VDC
S Criteria⇒
N
Conservation status
Potential for value

Market demand
Margin \ Profit
Gender impact
Geographical
distribution
addition
Total
NTFP species
⇓
1 Berberis wallichiana 1 1 3 3 3 1 1 1 2 2 2 2 22
2 Cotoneaster microphyllus 1 1 3 3 3 1 2 1 1 1 1 1 19
3 Gentiana urnula 1 1 2 3 3 2 2 1 3 1 1 1 21
4 Hippophae tibetana 3 3 2 2 3 2 3 3 3 3 3 2 32
5 Juniperus indica 3 3 3 3 3 1 1 3 2 3 3 3 31
6 Juniperus recurva 2 2 3 3 3 1 1 2 2 2 2 3 26
7 Nardostachys grandiflora 3 3 1 2 3 2 3 3 2 3 2 3 30
9 Rhododendron anthopogon 3 3 2 2 3 1 1 3 2 3 2 3 28
10 Rhododendron cinnabarinum 1 1 2 2 3 1 1 1 1 1 3 1 18
11 Rhododendron setosum 1 1 3 3 3 1 1 1 2 1 2 1 20
13 Rosa sericea 1 2 2 3 3 1 2 1 3 3 2 2 25
14 Selinum tenuifolium 1 2 1 2 3 3 3 1 2 2 2 1 23

15 Swertia racemosa 1 1 2 3 3 2 3 1 3 1 1 1 22
3.6.3 Prioritization of NTFPs in Khumjung VDC

Prioritized NTFP species of Khumjung VDC for value addition, marketing linkage and further
study are Seabuckthorn (Hippophae tibetana), Dhupi (Juniperus indica and Juniperus recurva),
Sunpati (Rhododendron anthopogon) and Jangali gulab (Rosa macrophylla and Rosa sericea).
The details are given in table below:
Table 43: Matrix preference ranking of NTFPs in Khumjung VDC
S Criteria⇒
N
Conservation status
Potential for value

Market demand
Margin \ Profit
Gender impact
Geographical
distribution
addition
Total
NTFP species
⇓
1 Berberis erythroclada 1 1 3 3 3 1 1 1 2 2 2 2 22
2 Berberis wallichiana 1 1 3 3 3 1 1 1 2 2 2 2 22
3 Cotoneaster microphyllus 1 1 3 3 3 1 2 1 1 1 1 1 19
4 Ephedra gerardiana 1 1 3 3 3 1 1 1 3 3 3 1 24
5 Gentiana urnula 1 1 2 3 3 2 2 1 3 1 1 1 21
6 Hippophae tibetana 3 3 2 2 3 2 3 3 3 3 3 2 32
7 Juniperus indica 3 3 3 3 3 1 1 3 2 3 3 3 31
8 Juniperus recurva 2 2 3 3 3 1 1 2 2 2 2 3 26
10 Rhododendron anthopogon 3 3 2 2 3 1 1 3 2 3 2 3 28
11 Rhododendron cinnabarinum 1 1 2 2 3 1 1 1 1 1 3 1 18
12 Rhododendron setosum 1 1 3 3 3 1 1 1 2 1 2 1 20
14 Rosa sericea 1 2 2 3 3 1 2 1 3 3 2 2 25
15 Usnea longissima 1 1 2 3 3 1 1 1 2 1 1 1 18
3.7 Threat analysis

Rapid vulnerability assessment (RVA) analysis was carried out for the prioritized NTFP species
of respective BZCFUGs of Chaurikharka VDC and Namche and Khumjung VDCs of SNPBZ.
RVA was conducted on the basis of the following criteria: 1) Ecology, 2) Life form, 3) Parts
used and 4) Harvesting method.
3.7.1 RVA in Chaurikharka VDC

The most vulnerable NTFP species of Sherpa BZCFUG are Siltimur (Lindera neesiana), Kharsu
(Quercus semecarpifolia), Lali gurans (Rhododendron arboreum), Chutro (Berberis asiatica),

Fayang (Gaultheria fragrantissima) and Timur (Zanthoxylum armatum). The details are shown
in table below:
Table 44: RVA analysis of NTFPs in Sherpa BZCFUG
Criteria⇒
Mode of reproduction
Rate of reproduction
Harvesting method
Life form diversity
Habitat diversity
Abundance
SN
Parts used
NTFPs
Growth
Habitat
⇓
Habit
Score
1 Artemisia dubia 2 2 2 1 2 2 2 2 2 1 18
2 Arundinaria maling 2 2 1 2 2 2 1 1 2 1 16
3 Berberis asiatica 2 1 1 1 2 2 2 1 2 1 15
4 Borinda emeryi 2 2 1 2 2 2 1 1 2 1 16
5 Edgeworthia gardneri 2 2 2 2 2 2 1 1 2 1 17
6 Elsholtzia fruticosa 2 2 2 1 2 2 2 2 2 1 18
7 Eupatorium adenophorum 2 2 2 1 2 2 2 2 2 1 18
8 Gaultheria fragrantissima 2 1 1 1 2 2 2 1 2 1 15
9 Himalayacalamus hookerianus 2 2 1 2 2 2 1 1 2 1 16
10 Lindera neesiana 1 1 1 1 2 2 1 1 2 1 13
11 Quercus semecarpifolia 2 1 1 1 2 2 1 1 2 1 14
12 Rhododendron arboreum 2 1 1 1 2 2 1 1 2 1 14
13 Urtica dioica 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 1 19
14 Yushania maling 2 2 1 2 2 2 1 1 2 1 16
15 Zanthoxylum armatum 2 1 1 2 2 2 1 1 2 1 15
3.7.1b Muse BZCFUG

The most vulnerable NTFP species of Muse BZCFUG are Siltimur (Lindera neesiana), Lauth
salla (Taxus wallichiana), Lali gurans (Rhododendron arboreum), Lokta (Daphne bholua),
Chutro (Berberis asiatica), Fayang (Gaultheria fragrantissima) and Timur (Zanthoxylum
armatum). The details are shown in table below:
Table 45: RVA analysis of NTFPs in Muse BZCFUG
Criteria⇒
Harvesting method
Life form diversity
Habitat diversity
SN
Abundance
Parts used
Growth
Habitat
NTFPs
Habit
Score
⇓
1 Artemisia dubia 2 2 2 1 2 2 2 2 2 1 18

4 Daphne bholua 1 1 1 1 2 2 2 1 2 1 14
7 Eupatorium adenophorum 2 2 2 1 2 2 2 2 2 1 18
9 Himalayacalamus hookerianus 2 2 1 2 2 2 1 1 2 1 16
10 Lindera neesiana 1 1 1 1 2 2 1 1 2 1 13
12 Taxus wallichiana 1 1 1 1 2 2 1 1 2 1 13
13 Urtica dioica 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 1 19
14 Yushania maling 2 2 1 2 2 2 1 1 2 1 16

The most vulnerable NTFP species of Red Panda BZCFUG are Lokta (Daphne bholua), Kharsu
(Quercus semecarpifolia), Lali gurans (Rhododendron arboreum), Chutro (Berberis aristata),
Fayang (Gaultheria fragrantissima), Jhyau (Parmelia sp) and Timur (Zanthoxylum armatum).
The details are shown in table below:
Table 46: RVA analysis of NTFPs in Red Panda BZCFUG
Criteria⇒ Mode of reproduction
Harvesting method
Life form diversity
SN Habitat diversity
Abundance
Parts used
Growth
Habitat
NTFPs
Habit
Score
⇓
1 Artemisia dubia 2 2 2 1 2 2 2 2 2 1 18
3 Berberis aristata 2 1 1 1 2 2 2 1 2 1 15
4 Borinda emeryi 2 2 1 2 2 2 1 1 2 1 16
5 Daphne bholua 1 1 1 1 2 2 2 1 2 1 14
6 Dipsacus inermis 2 2 2 1 2 2 2 2 1 1 17
10 Parmelia sp 2 1 1 1 2 1 2 2 1 2 15
13 Rhododendron lepidotum 2 1 2 1 2 2 2 1 2 2 17
14 Usnea orientalis 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 1 19

The most vulnerable NTFP species of Tongong BZCFUG are Lauth salla (Taxus wallichiana),
Lokta (Daphne bholua), Kharsu (Quercus semecarpifolia), Lali gurans (Rhododendron
arboreum), Chutro (Berberis asiatica), Fayang (Gaultheria fragrantissima), Jhyau (Parmelia sp)
and Timur (Zanthoxylum armatum). The details are shown in table below:
Table 47: RVA analysis of NTFPs in Tongong BZCFUG
Criteria⇒
Harvesting method
Life form diversity
Habitat diversity
SN
Abundance
Parts used
Growth
Habitat
NTFPs
Habit
Score
⇓
1 Artemisia dubia 2 2 2 1 2 2 2 2 2 1 18
3 Daphne bholua 1 1 1 1 2 2 2 1 2 1 14
7 Parmelia sp 2 1 1 1 2 1 2 2 1 2 15
8 Potentilla fruticosa 2 2 2 1 2 2 2 2 1 1 17
12 Swertia chirayita 1 2 2 1 2 2 2 2 1 1 16
14 Yushania maling 2 2 1 2 2 2 1 1 2 1 16

The most vulnerable NTFP species of Dudh Kunda BZCFUG are Lokta (Daphne bholua),
Kharsu (Quercus semecarpifolia), Lali gurans (Rhododendron arboreum), Chutro (Berberis
asiatica), Fayang (Gaultheria fragrantissima), Jhyau (Parmelia sp) and Timur (Zanthoxylum
armatum). The details are shown in table below:
Table 48: RVA analysis of NTFPs in Dudh Kunda BZCFUG
Criteria⇒
Harvesting method
Life form diversity
Habitat diversity
SN
Abundance
Parts used
Growth
Habitat
NTFPs
Habit
Score

1 Artemisia dubia 2 2 2 1 2 2 2 2 2 1 18
4 Borinda emeryi 2 2 1 2 2 2 1 1 2 1 16
5 Daphne bholua 1 1 1 1 2 2 2 1 2 1 14
9 Parmelia sp 2 1 1 1 2 1 2 2 1 2 15
14 Swertia nervosa 2 2 2 1 2 2 2 2 1 1 17

The most vulnerable NTFP species of Pema Chholing BZCFUG are Lauth salla (Taxus
wallichiana), Lokta (Daphne bholua), Kharsu (Quercus semecarpifolia), Lali gurans
(Rhododendron arboreum), Chutro (Berberis asiatica), Fayang (Gaultheria
fragrantissima), Jhyau (Parmelia sp) and Timur (Zanthoxylum armatum). The details are
shown in table below:
Table 49: RVA analysis of NTFPs in Pema Chholing BZCFUG
Criteria⇒
Harvesting method
Life form diversity
Habitat diversity
SN
Abundance
Parts used
Growth
Habitat
NTFPs
Habit
Score
⇓
1 Artemisia dubia 2 2 2 1 2 2 2 2 2 1 18
4 Borinda emeryi 2 2 1 2 2 2 1 1 2 1 16
5 Daphne bholua 1 1 1 1 2 2 2 1 2 1 14
9 Parmelia sp 2 1 1 1 2 1 2 2 1 2 15

14 Yushania maling 2 2 1 2 2 2 1 1 2 1 16

The most vulnerable NTFP species of Kongde BZCFUG are Chutro (Berberis insignis),
Fayang (Gaultheria fragrantissima), Jhyau (Parmelia sp), Kharsu (Quercus
semecarpifolia), Lali gurans (Rhododendron arboreum), Jangali gulab (Rosa
macrophylla), Ruis (Cotoneaster frigidus), Lokta (Daphne bholua) and Timur
(Zanthoxylum armatum). The details are shown in table below:
Table 50: RVA analysis of NTFPs in Kongde BZCFUG
Criteria⇒
Harvesting method
Life form diversity
Habitat diversity
SN Abundance
Parts used
Growth
Habitat
NTFPs
Habit
Score
⇓
1 Artemisia dubia 2 2 2 1 2 2 2 2 2 1 18
3 Berberis insignis 2 1 1 1 2 2 1 1 2 1 14
4 Cotoneaster frigidus 2 1 1 1 2 2 1 1 2 2 15
5 Daphne bholua 2 1 1 1 2 2 1 1 2 2 15
9 Parmelia sp 2 1 1 1 2 1 1 2 1 2 14
14 Rosa macrophylla 2 1 1 1 2 2 1 1 2 1 14

The most vulnerable NTFP species of Himalaya BZCFUG are Chutro (Berberis asiatica,
Berberis insignis), Jhyau (Parmelia sp), Kharsu (Quercus semecarpifolia), Lali gurans
(Rhododendron arboreum), Jangali gulab (Rosa macrophylla), Jhyau (Usnea orientalis),
Lokta (Daphne bholua) and Timur (Zanthoxylum armatum). The details are shown in
table below:

Table 51: RVA analysis of NTFPs in Himalaya BZCFUG
Criteria⇒
Harvesting method
Life form diversity
Habitat diversity
SN
Abundance
Parts used
Growth
Habitat
NTFPs
Habit
Score
⇓
1 Artemisia dubia 2 2 2 1 2 2 2 2 2 1 18
4 Berberis insignis 2 1 1 1 2 2 1 1 2 1 14
5 Borinda emeryi 2 2 1 2 2 2 1 1 2 1 16
6 Daphne bholua 2 1 1 1 2 2 1 1 2 2 15
8 Parmelia sp 2 1 1 1 2 1 1 2 1 2 14
14 Usnea orientalis 2 1 1 1 2 1 1 2 1 2 14
3.7.2 RVA of NTFPs in Namche VDC

The most vulnerable NTFP species of Namche VDC are Chimal (Rhododendron
cinnabarinum), Chutro (Berberis wallichiana), Jatamansi (Nardostachys grandiflora),
Sunpati (Rhododendron anthopogon) and Jangali gulab (Rosa macrophylla and Rosa
sericea). The details are shown in table below:
Table 52: RVA analysis of NTFPs in Namche VDC
Criteria⇒
Harvesting method
Life form diversity
Habitat diversity
SN
Abundance
Parts used
Growth
Habitat
NTFPs
Habit
Score
⇓
1 Berberis wallichiana 2 1 1 1 2 2 1 1 2 1 14
2 Cotoneaster microphyllus 2 1 1 2 2 2 2 1 1 2 16
3 Gentiana urnula 2 2 2 1 2 2 2 2 1 1 17
4 Hippophae tibetana 1 2 2 2 2 2 1 1 2 1 16

5 Juniperus indica 2 1 1 1 2 2 1 1 2 2 15
6 Juniperus recurva 2 1 1 1 2 2 1 1 2 2 15
7 Nardostachys grandiflora 1 2 2 1 1 1 2 2 1 1 14
9 Rhododendron anthopogon 1 1 1 1 2 2 2 1 2 1 14
10 Rhododendron cinnabarinum 1 1 1 1 2 2 1 1 1 2 13
11 Rhododendron setosum 2 2 1 1 2 2 1 1 2 2 16
13 Rosa sericea 2 1 1 1 2 2 1 1 2 1 14
14 Selinum tenuifolium 1 2 2 1 2 2 2 2 1 1 16
15 Swertia racemosa 2 2 2 1 2 2 2 2 1 1 17
3.7.3 RVA of NTFPs in Khumjung VDC

The most vulnerable NTFP species of Khumjung VDC are Chimal (Rhododendron
cinnabarinum), Chutro (Berberis erythroclada and Berberis wallichiana), Sunpati
(Rhododendron anthopogon) and Dhupi (Juniperus indica and Juniperus recurva). The
details are shown in table below:
Table 53: RVA analysis of NTFPs in Khumjung VDC
Criteria⇒
Harvesting method
Life form diversity
Habitat diversity
SN
Abundance
Parts used
Growth
Habitat
NTFPs
Habit
Score
⇓
1 Berberis erythroclada 2 1 1 1 2 2 1 1 2 1 14
2 Berberis wallichiana 2 1 1 1 2 2 1 1 2 1 14
3 Cotoneaster microphyllus 2 1 1 2 2 2 2 1 1 2 16
4 Ephedra gerardiana 2 1 1 2 2 2 2 1 2 2 17
5 Gentiana urnula 2 2 2 1 2 2 2 2 1 1 17
6 Hippophae tibetana 1 2 2 2 2 2 1 1 2 1 16
7 Juniperus indica 2 1 1 1 2 2 1 1 2 2 15
8 Juniperus recurva 2 1 1 1 2 2 1 1 2 2 15
10 Rhododendron anthopogon 1 1 1 1 2 2 2 1 2 1 14
11 Rhododendron cinnabarinum 1 1 1 1 2 2 1 1 1 2 13
12 Rhododendron setosum 2 2 1 1 2 2 1 1 2 2 16
14 Rosa sericea 2 1 1 1 2 2 1 1 2 1 14
15 Usnea longissima 2 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 1 2 13

CHAPTER FOUR
4.1 Overview of enterprise modalities to be set up in SNPBZ

Forest based enterprises exist in various modalities, which can be outlined in aspects of
ownership structure, linkages to raw materials, target markets, seasonality of operation,
technological sophistication, management structure, product types and similar
characteristics.
On the ownership dimension, 5 different modalities can be set up in SNPBZ, they are as
follows:
a) Sole enterprise,
b) BZCFUG/WAG enterprise,
c) Consortium of BZCFUGs enterprise,
d) Cooperatives and
e) Private limited company.
In terms of linkages of raw materials, economic and enterprise activities are based on raw
materials drawn from buffer zone community forests and forests within the National
Park.
4.2 Comparative analysis of enterprise modalities in SNPBZ

Using ranking scores at three levels (Good: 3, Fair: 2 and Poor: 1), a comparative
analysis of the proposed five enterprise modalities in SNPBZ was done as developed by
ANSAB (2000) and Subedi et al. (2002). The analysis revealed that sole ownership is not
necessarily the best modality in the forest enterprise sector. Its main weakness lies in the
organization for all kinds of issues and without that there are many risks.
Companies scored the lowest of the other modalities. This is due to the lack of
institutional mechanism, such as with BZCFUGs, to ensure linkages with support
services, environmental management and advocacy with National Park. On the other
hand, companies scored higher than BZCFUG/WAG enterprises in the area of marketing
because they can have better management capacity.
Cooperative enterprises also scored less than BZFUG enterprises because they have no
institutional mechanism for advocacy with the National Park or for guarantying
environmental management. They also scored higher than BZFUG enterprises on
marketing and on participation of woman.
BZCFUGs enterprise scored less on marketing because of the lack of management

capacity for marketing. However, in many other respects, they are at least potentially as
strong as the other enterprise modalities.
In summary, if conservation of resource is the most important factor, and those criteria
are given additional weight, then the BZCFUGs enterprise would score the highest.
On the other hand, if woman’s participation is the most important and if this ranking is
weighted, then the cooperative modality would come out higher than the others.

Table 54: Comparative analysis of enterprise modalities on market, social, technology
and conservation criteria in SNPBZ
Factors Enterprise Modalities
Sole BZCFUG BZCFUG Cooperative Company
Enterprise Enterprise Consortium
Market No bargaining Potential for Potential for Potential for Potential for
a. Price power unless own financing own financing own financing own financing
organized into and therefore forand therefore and therefore and therefore
a trade increased for increased for increased for increased
association bargaining bargaining bargaining bargaining
and even then power, but power, but power, can also power and can
it’s difficult difficult to reach achieve
difficult to reach also easily
to guarantee agreement agreement agreements reach
agreement on amongst all amongst all amongst agreement on
sale price to members on sale members on members on sale price
buyers price to buyers sale price to sale price to amongst
buyers buyers shareholders
(1) (2) (2) (3) (3)
b. Economy Difficult to Can be achieved Can be achieved Can be achieved Can be
of scale achieve achieved
(1) (3) (3) (3) (3)
c. Access to Difficult to Easy to organize Easy to organize Easy to organize Easy to
transport organize (3) organize
(1) (3) (3) (3)
d. Access to Difficult to Management Management Management Better
forward achieve capacity is capacity is capacity is management
linkage and lacking to lacking to lacking to capacity to
services organize organize organize achieve
(1) (2) (2) (2) (3)
Environment No positive Potential for More difficult to Good impact is Good impact
a.Biodiversity impact can be good impact if ensure only achieved if is only
guaranteed participation of participation but increased achieved if
and chances all users is has potential for income results increased
of negative ensured and good impact in increased income results
impact are conflicts are awareness of in increased
high without resolved conservation awareness of
peer pressure conservation
(1) (3) (3) (2) (2)
b. Needs good Can easily be Can easily be Needs good Needs good
Management linkage with organized organized linkage with linkage with
and BZCFUGs BZCFUG in BZCFUG in
Monitoring and can’t be order to be order to be
ensured possible and possible and
can’t be ensured can’t be
ensured
(1) (3) (3) (2) (2)
Social There is no Potential to be Potential to be By law- Equity is only
a. control over equitable if there equitable if guarantee, ensured
Distribution equity is transparency there is equity and through
of income and good transparency transparency distribution of
participation in and good with distribution shares.
decision making participation in of dividends but Influential
on BZCFUG decision making distribution of share holders
funds on BZCFUG work can dominate
funds opportunities decision

may not always making
be equitable
(1) (2) (2) (3) (2)
b. Potential to Potential for it to Potential for it Can be very Potential to be
Participation be very high be high, only if to be high, only high in the case very high in
of women if it’s a there is support if there is of a women’s the case of a
women for participation support for only cooperative women’s only
owned in decision participation in company
enterprise or making in decision making
an ethnic BZCFUG in BZCFUG
group in committee committee
which women
are allowed in
decision
making
(3) (2) (2) (3) (3)
c. Impact of No advocacy Strong advocacy Strong advocacy No advocacy No advocacy
Policy power with power and power and power with power with
DFO/NP potential support potential DFO/NP DFO/NP
from related support from
organizations related
organizations
(1) (3) (3) (1) (1)
Technology Poor access Good access Good access Good access Good access
a. Access to (1) (3) (3) (3) (3)
value
addition
b. Very difficult Can be ensured Can be ensured More difficult to More difficult
Sustainability to ensure with good with good ensure to ensure
management management continuing continuing
linkages linkages
(1) (3) (3) (2) (2)
Total Score (13) (29) (29) (27) (27)
4.3 Identification of enterprise modalities to be set up in SNPBZ

On the basis of the resource availability, processing technology, communities’
willingness and market linkage, the following enterprise modalities are proposed in
SNPBZ.
Table 55: Sole and BZCFUG/WAG enterprises in Chaurikharka VDC
Buffer Zone Enterprise Specific product lines Potential species
CFUGs models
Sherpa a. Sole enterprise 1. Herbal tea Kharsu exudates (Quercus
BZCFUG, semecarpifolia), Sisnu aerial
Chaurikharka-4 parts (Urtica dioica), Aerial
parts of Pudina (Mentha
arvensis), Lali gurans flower
(Rhododendron arboreum)
2. Handicraft and Nigalo (Arundinaria maling,
basketry Borinda emeryi and Yushania
maling )
3. NTFP cultivation/ Timur (Zanthoxylum
plantation armatum), Argeli
(Edgeworthia gardneri),

Chirayito (Swertia chirayita),
Bans
4. Wine making from Ainselu (Rubus ellipticus),
wild edible fruits Chutro (Berberis asiatica),
Bhui ainselu (Fragaria
nubicola), Fruits of Fayang
(Gaultheria fragrantissima),
Thotne (Aconogonum molle)
5. Herbal incense Furmang (Elsholtzia
fruticosa), Titepati (Artemisia
dubia)
b. 1. Bio briquette Banmara (Eupatorium
BZCFUG/WAG adenophorum), Titepati
enterprise (Artemisia dubia)
2. Collective marketing Argeli whiteskin, Timur fruits
centre
3. Himalayan nettle curry Sisnu aerial parts
4. Herbal drink Lali gurans (Rhododendron
arboreum)
Muse BZCFUG, a. Sole enterprise 1. Herbal tea Sisnu aerial parts (Urtica
Chaurikharka-4 dioica), Lali gurans flower
(Rhododendron arboreum),
Mael leaves (Pyrus sp)
2. NTFP cultivation/ Timur (Zanthoxylum
(Edgeworthia gardneri),
Chirayito (Swertia chirayita)
nubicola), Fruits of Fayang
(Gaultheria fragrantissima),
Thotne (Aconogonum molle),
Mael fruits (Pyrus sp)
dubia)
b. BZFUG/WAG 1. Bio briquette Banmara (Eupatorium
enterprises adenophorum), Titepati
(Artemisia dubia)
2. Collective marketing Argeli whiteskin, Timur fruits
centre
3. Herbal drink Lali gurans (Rhododendron
arboreum)
Red Panda a. Sole 1. Herbal tea Lali gurans flower
BZCFUG, enterprises (Rhododendron arboreum)
Chaurikharka- 3 2. NTFP cultivation/ Timur (Zanthoxylum
(Edgeworthia gardneri)
3. Handicraft and Nigalo (Arundinaria maling

basketry and Borinda emeryi)
b. BZFUG/WAG 1. Wine making from Ainselu (Rubus ellipticus),
enterprises wild edible fruits Chutro (Berberis asiatica),
nubicola), Thotne
(Aconogonum molle), Fayang
berry (Gaultheria
fragrantissima)
Tongong a. Sole 1. NTFP cultivation/ Timur (Zanthoxylum
BZCFUG, enterprises plantation armatum), Argeli
Chaurikharka- 2 (Edgeworthia gardneri)
&7 2. Herbal tea Lali gurans (Rhododendron
arboreum), Kukurpati
(Rhododendron lepidotum)
nubicola), Thotne
berry (Gaultheria
fragrantissima)
4. Incense making Furmang (Elsholtzia
dubia), Dhupi (Juniperus
indica), Sunpati
(Rhododendron anthopogon)
b. BZFUG/WAG 1. Collective marketing Timur fruits
enterprises centre
Dudh Kunda a. Sole 1. Cultivation of NTFP Timur, Alu Bakhada (Pyrus
BZCFUG, enterprises sp)
Chaurikharka-6 2. Incense making Titepati (Artemisia dubia),
Furmang (Elsholtzia
fruticosa)
wild edible fruits and Chutro (Berberis asiatica),
Alu Bakhada Bhui ainselu (Fragaria
nubicola), Thotne
berry (Gaultheria
fragrantissima), Alu Bakhada
b. BZFUG/WAG 1. Collective marketing Timur fruits
enterprises centre
2. Household decorative Nigalo (Arundinaria maling,
items/interior decorative Borinda emeryi)
items from Nigalo
3. Organic Timur leaf, Titepati leaves,
insecticide/pesticides Angeri leaves (Lyonia
ovalifolia), Bulu leaves
(Pieris formosa)
Pema Chholing a. Sole 1. Cultivation of NTFP Timur

BZCFUG, enterprises 2. Herbal tea Padamchaal (Rheum
Chaurikharka-9 australe), Lali gurans flower
(Rhododendron arboreum),
Kukurpati (Rhododendron
lepidotum)
indica), Sunpati
(Rhododendron anthopogon);
pine resin as a base
wild edible plants Chutro (Berberis asiatica),
nubicola), Thotne
berry (Gaultheria
fragrantissima)
b. BZFUG/WAG 1. Collecting marketing Timur fruits (Zanthoxylum
enterprises centre armatum), Lokta bark
(Daphne bholua)
2. Nursery management Lauth salla (Taxus
of multipurpose herbs wallichiana), Padamchaal
and NTFPs (Rheum australe), Satuwa
(Paris polyphylla) and others
Kongde a. Sole 1. Herbal tea Kharsu exudates (Quercus
BZCFUG, enterprises semecarpifolia), Lali gurans
Chaurikharka-5 (Rhododendron arboreum)
2. Herbal incense making Furmang (Elsholtzia
indica), Sunpati
Pine resin (Pinus
wallichiana) as a base
b. BZFUG/WAG 1. Collective marketing Timur fruits (Zanthoxylum
enterprises centre armatum) and Lokta bark
(Daphne bholua)
2. Interior decoration of Nigalo (Arundinaria maling)
house/ basketry
Himalaya a. Sole 1. Herbal tea Lali gurans flowers
BZCFUG, enterprises (Rhododendron arboreum)
Chaurikharka-1 2. Herbal incense making Furmang (Elsholtzia
indica), Sunpati
Pine resin (Pinus
wallichiana) as a base
b. 1. Collective marketing Timur fruits (Zanthoxylum

BZCFUG/WAG centre armatum) and Lokta bark
enterprises (Daphne bholua)
2. Interior decoration of Nigalo (Arundinaria maling
house/ basketry and Borinda emeryi)
Table 56: Other enterprise modalities in Chaurikharka VDC

Buffer Zone CFUGs Enterprise models Product lines Raw materials/
Potential species
Sherpa, Muse, Red Consortium of 1. Essential oils Wintergreen oil from
Panda and Tongong BZCFUGs (Wintergreen oil and Fayang leaves
(Dudh Kunda and Artemisia oil) (Gaultheria
Pema Chholing can fragrantissima) and
supply raw materials) Artemisia oil from
Titepati aerial parts
(Artemisia dubia)
Tongong, Pema Cooperative Collective marketing Timur fruits
Chholing, Kongde centre of Timur fruits (Zanthoxylum
and Himalaya and Lokta bark armatum) and Lokta
bark (Daphne bholua)
Table 57: Identification of different models of enterprises in Namche VDC

Villages Enterprise models Product lines Raw materials/ Potential
species
Thamo, Thame a. Sole enterprises 1. Herbal tea Jangali gulab flower (Rosa
Thamboche and macrophylla and Rosa sericea),
Hilajung Bhale sunpati leaves
(Rhododendron setosum)
2. Herbal incense Sunpati leaves (Rhododendron
anthopogon), Dhupi needles
(Juniperus indica) and Pangbo
rhizomes (Nardostachys
grandiflora)
Table 58: Identification of different models of enterprises in Khumjung VDC

Villages Enterprise Product lines Raw materials/ Potential
models species
Phortse, a. Sole 1. Herbal tea Jangali gulab flowers (Rosa
Pangboche enterprise macrophylla and Rosa sericea),
Dingboche Bhale sunpati leaves
and Pheriche (Rhododendron setosum)
2. Herbal incense Sunpati leaves (Rhododendron
anthopogon), Dhupi needles
(Juniperus indica) and Pangbo
rhizomes (Nardostachys
grandiflora)
b. 1. Juice making Aak sello fruits (Hippophae
BZUGs/WAGs tibetana)
enterprises 2. Collective marketing High altitude grasses (Carex sp
of fodder and grasses and Kobresia sp)

4.4 Potential markets of the value added NTFP products
The enterprise models and the NTFPs products to be value added are designed with the
motive of markets linkage assurance focusing basically at the local level consumption.
Table 59: Potential markets for NTFPs products
SN Specific products Potential markets
1 Bio briquette Hotels and restaurants in the trekking route
2 Lokta bark and Timur fruits a. Lokta bark: Handmade paper enterprises at Paiya,
Khari Khola (Jubing VDC) and Nunthala (Taksindu
VDC)
b. Timur fruits: Lukla and Namche market/ Hotels and
restaurants in the trekking route
3 Fodder and grasses Jokpe and Yak owners involved in the trekking during
trekking season
4 Essential oils (Wintergreen oil Various essential oils traders/exporters and health care
and Artemisia oil) herbal products manufacturers at Kathmandu
5 Handicraft and basketry a. Handicraft: Souvenir tourist shops in the trekking
route
b. Basketry: Porters involved in trekking
6 Herbal drink (Lali gurans Sorbet) Lukla and Namche markets/ Hotels and restaurants in
the trekking route
7 Herbal incense Lukla and Namche markets/ Household level
8 Herbal tea Lukla and Namche markets/ Household level
9 Himalayan nettle curry Lukla and Namche markets/ Household level
10 Household decorative Hotels and restaurants in trekking route
items/interior decorative items
from Nigalo
11 Juice (Seabuckthorn Juice) Hotels and restaurants in trekking route
12 Seedlings and saplings of Other BZCFUGs for plantation/ Household level
multipurpose herbs and NTFPs
13 Organic insecticide/pesticides Farmers/ Household level
14 Wine from wild edible fruits Hotels and restaurants in trekking route/ Household
level
4.5 Requirements for enterprise success

The success of the enterprises can be assessed according to the following dimensions:
a. Raw material availability
A long term biologically sustainable supply of the targeted natural product in sufficient
quantities is necessary for the enterprise activity to be financially viable.
b. Legal access to and control over the natural resources

Collectors should be able to manage natural products harvesting and incorporate the
enterprise activity into their overall forest management plans. Enterprise activities must
comply with a range of legal requirements.

c. Equitable distribution of benefits
If community members do not feel the benefits are being distributed fairly there will be
less incentive to protect the natural resources. The overall raw material source could
become threatened as well as the commercial activity and ecosystem’s biodiversity.
d. Appropriate processing technology

Is the technology compatible with the prevailing infrastructure and human resource
conditions at the chosen location?
Conditions to be considered include: transport and storage facilities;
equipment/machinery availability; power or fuel required for the processing activity and
technical skills available.
e. Good management
People with knowledge of, and experience with managing proposed activities should be
available to run the enterprise or they should be closely involved in its operations.
f. Commercial sustainability
Commercial sustainability is a simple concept. Sell the product at a price and volume that
covers all the costs associated with the natural product enterprise with enough money left
over as profit.
g. Access to capital
Start up capital and on going working capital is needed for the enterprise.
h. Available and accessible market for the products

Is there a market for the available quantity and quality of product? Is there adequate
demand at the expected selling price? Who will buy the product?
4.6 Challenges for forest based enterprises

Marketing barrier is the major identified challenges for the NTFP based enterprises. The
specific challenges are as follows:
• Limited number of wholesalers and controlled price information.
• Less developed market for many products and high price fluctuations.
• Many producers with small quantities of products receiving only a small portion of
the total income.
• Role and services of brokers and middlemen.
• Lack of market information; current marketing channels, amount of each products,
price variation as well as future supply and demand of the products, processed
product, development and future price projection etc.
• Most of the traders with an inadequate marketing knowledge and skills.
• Limited access to availability of information and technology for product
development.
• Lack of marketing infrastructure like storage, transportation, quality testing
laboratory facilities, etc.

• Difficulties in matching market requirements by suppliers due to several uncertainties
such as production fluctuation, decreased collection due to unfavorable weather,
inconsistent quality of products, lack of quality checking facilities, etc.
4.7 Trade of NTFPs and trading pattern

The inhabitants of the study areas depend on hotel and restaurants business, trekking and
mountaineering tourism, agriculture and animal husbandry for their livelihood support.
Few villagers of Chaurikharka VDC collect NTFPs as an additional source of income in
the harvesting season. The major traded NTFPs include Timur (Zanthoxylum armatum)
fruits and few baskets (doko) made from Nigalo (Arundinaria maling, Borinda emeryi
and Yushania maling) collected from their respective BZCFUGs.
Timur fruits are traded to market in Lukla and Namche as well as to the hotel and
restaurant owners in the trekking routes. Whereas, baskets (doko) are directly sold to the
porters involved in the trekking.
1. Timur fruits: Collectors Local markets (Lukla and Namche/Hotels and

restaurants owners)
2. Basketry (Doko from Nigalo): Collectors/Manufacturers Porters involve in

trekking
No trading of NTFPs in Namche and Khumjung VDCs.
Table 60: Marketed NTFPs in Chaurikharka VDC

SN Name of user groups NTFPs/Products Market price (Rs)
1 Sherpa BZCFUGs Timur 50-60/Mana
Basket (Doko) 40-50/Pc
2 Muse BZCFUGs Timur 40-50/Mana
3 Red Panda BZCFUGs Timur 40-50/Mana
4 Tongong BZCFUGs Timur 40-60/Mana
5 Dudh Kunda BZCFUGs - -
6 Pema Chholing BZCFUGs Timur 50-60/Mana
7 Kongde BZCFUGs - -
8 Himalaya BZCFUGs Timur 35-50/Mana
4.8 Value addition of NTFPs

Value addition techniques at local level includes; cleaning, drying, grading, packaging
and improved marketing.
Commonly practiced methods of value addition of NTFPs and their techniques are
presented below:
Table 61: Value addition techniques
SN Type of value addition Technique
1 Drying Sun drying and shade drying for aromatic plants
2 Cleaning Cleaning with water for roots/rhizomes, using cloths and
brushes for other parts
3 Grading Grading on the basis of the quality

4 Packaging Packaging in polythene bags ensuring free of moisture
5 Improved trading Adopting collective bargaining
4.8.1 Processing technology

Simple and locally available technologies are more sustainable than the imported and
more sophisticated ones. Through the technological interventions there is a scope to
improve the quality, reduce the loss, increase the efficiency of operation and thereby
reduce the cost. Technological improvements can also be made building on the traditional
and existing technologies to match the current market requirement.
Few processing technology that can be adopted in SNPBZ are as follows:
Table 62: Processing technology and application

SN Technology Examples of application
1 Drying (traditional sun drying, fire All medicinal and aromatic plants
drying, shade drying and improved
solar drier)
2 Steam distillation Essential oils from aromatic plants (Fayang,
Titepati, Sunpati, Dhupi, Timur, Talispatra/
Gobre salla etc.)
3 Extraction of juice Lali gurans, Aak sello, Alu bakhada
4 Grinding and mixing Herbal tea, herbal incense
5 Debarking Lokta bark and Argeli whiteskin
6 Bio briquetting Banmara, Titepati
7 Packaging All raw NTFPs, value added products and
finished products

CHAPTER FIVE
5.1 Biological sustainable harvesting

Biological diversity and sustainability occur at several levels: a) genes b) population c)
community and d) ecosystem
Harvesting can impact all of these levels. Since the effect of harvesting are superimposed
on the natural population dynamics, a comparison between natural and harvested
populations will provide enough information to assess sustainability.
To determine biologically sustainable harvesting levels start by collecting community

knowledge on particular species. It is important to know:
a) The current level of harvesting
b) The area where it is harvested
c) The amount traded
d) The various harvesting methods
e) The season, percentage and parts of plant harvested
If the species is traditionally collected, indigenous knowledge provides information on

sustainable harvesting levels. Less information on sustainability exists for products that
are not traditionally collected.
Establish sampling areas for both traditionally collected and non- traditionally collected
products. Sampling areas provide biological information on the collected natural
products.
5.1.1 Checklist to assess harvesting sustainability of forest products

- knowledge on the natural distribution of the species
- frequency of occurrence or abundance
- population structure (age/size/class distribution)
- dynamics of the species (growth and reproduction rates)
- variation among habitats
- role within the ecosystem
5.2 Harvesting impact on population dynamics

Forest product harvesting can have short and long term effects on the plant, ecosystem
and overall biodiversity. Harvesting impacts on one population can cause ecologically
unsustainable conditions for other species and the ecosystem structure.
Sustainability must be viewed holistically. Immediate short-term effects of harvesting
may be seen in the growth rate or reproduction capacity of the plant, while ecosystem
changes may take longer to materialize.
To distinguish short and long term effects of harvesting on population dynamics,

monitoring is done at two stages:
• rapid assessment of the immediate short term impact of harvesting on current
population structure and
• long term change in population dynamics that can be monitored from sampling areas

Harvesting effects on population dynamics vary by the classification of plants (annual or
perennial), plant parts that are harvested and how it is harvested. For a rapid assessment,
monitoring focuses on the life stage being harvested.
Table 63: Rapid assessment of harvesting effects on population dynamics
Life stage Effect of harvesting Immediate impact
harvested
Annual herb before Destruction of If harvested before fruit/seeds are produced and
fruiting or seeding reproductive adult disseminated then only those plants that escape
harvest will supply seeds for next generation
Herbaceous May result in Reproductive capacity severely affected
perennial (roots or destruction of
rhizomes) reproductive adult or
underground storage
tissue
Woody perennial If too many leaves are Lack of seeds and propagation
(leaves) juvenile constantly removed, it
may not reach
reproductive maturity
Woody perennial Increased mortality due Size distribution, growth, health and
(leaves) to disease as a result of reproductive activity may be altered
reproductive adults damage
5.3 Establishing sampling areas

Sampling areas provide information on the distribution and abundance of forest products
and the impact of harvesting on the plant’s population dynamics. Sampling areas are also
an important part of biological monitoring.
To determine the long term impact of harvesting on population dynamics, permanent

plots must be established. Trials that measure the effect of different harvesting levels and
methods are also helpful.
Sampling areas must be monitored for years twice at a minimum, to learn how harvesting
effects overall biodiversity.
Sampling areas help to:
- establish rotational harvesting schedules
- identify optimal harvesting times and methods
- get community members involved in hands on biological monitoring
- devise more accurate community resource management plans
Table 64: Recommended optimal harvesting practices for sustainable NTFPs product use
Species/ Optimal Optimal Optimal % of Optimal harvesting
Parts harvest rotational plants not methods
harvested season interval harvested
Rhizomes with July-October 3-5 years At least 20% plants Whole plants pulled from
roots undisturbed bushy areas and dug out
carefully with the tool,
kuto, from open grasslands
Fruits July- 1-2 years At least 20% fruits Fruits/fruits with stalks are

September undisturbed detached from stem using
sickles or bare hands
Leaves/needles July-October 1 year At least 30% of Leaves hand picked or cut
leaves left on plant with scissors
Flowers May-August 1-2 years At least 30% of Flowers hand picked or cut
flowers left with scissors
undisturbed
Barks May-August 3 years At least 75% bark Bark pulled from plants
left undisturbed/For with the help of sickles or
debarking Lokta knife/khukuri
bark and Argeli
whiteskin the stem
should be cut at
least 15-18 cm
above the ground
Aerial parts July- 2-3 years At least 40% plant Aerial parts cut with
October left undisturbed scissor or khukuri
5.4 Developing a raw material sourcing plan

After identifying the raw material sources, prepare a sourcing plan to estimate the raw
material flow in relation to the enterprise. The sourcing plan should ensure a reliable
supply of raw materials.
Categories the area in terms of:

• ecosystem (forest, pasture)
• raw material
• legal control (private, community or government owned)
• quality
• distance from the enterprise
• accessibility
Prepare a map illustrating the origins of raw materials. Assess potential risks associated
with each location. The final estimate should be able to account for potential risks.
Consider that labor may not always be available for collection and transportation
activities. Assess the seasonal migration situation to minimize any problems resulting
from a labor shortage. Likewise, consider the seasonal conditions of the raw material
base.
It is important to have good relations and communication with respective suppliers.
5.4.1 Check list for raw materials sourcing plan

9 resource supply areas
9 raw material type and quality
9 quantity by season
9 storage facility
9 legal obligations/ permits
9 transportation arrangements
9 labor supply management

9 agreements with suppliers
9 risk and strategies
9 working capital requirements
5.5 Need based assessment for enterprise set up in SNPBZ?

The chain of steps for the establishment of community based forest enterprises SNPBZ,
these include:
Categorization of community forests according to resources availability

↓
Yield estimation of the prioritized NTFPs
↓
Selection of local motivators
↓
Designation and preparation of worksheet for orientation to motivators
↓
Orientation to local motivators
↓
Identification of NTFPs collectors, local traders, and processors
↓
Ranking of local collectors
↓
Formation of collectors group
↓
Group discussion/interaction/motivation among motivators, collectors, traders,
processors, members of BZCFUGs, WAGs and BZUCs
↓
Networking among BZCFUGs/individual persons
↓
Capacity building/strengthening the concerned BZCFUGs / WAGs / BZUCs on
institutional development, governance/equity, fund mobilization, financial management,
record keeping, benefit sharing mechanism etc.
↓
Training package on NTFPs promotion – time and technique of collection, local
processing technology, storage, quality control, packaging, labeling, cultivation of major
NTFPs
↓
Revisions in operational plan (OP) of concerned BZCFUGs-for the inclusion of
enterprise development activities in OP
↓
Coordination with concerned government agencies and I/NGOs
↓
Site selection (accessible site) for the modalities of enterprise other than sole
↓
Assessment of the enterprise modalities – Sole/ BZCFUG owned/ Consortium of
BZCFUGs/ Cooperatives/ Private Ltd. Co.

↓
Threat/challenges/risk factor analysis
↓
Visualization of output/expectations
↓
Development of biological sustainable harvesting system – block rotation system
preferable for harvesting/ participatory monitoring system, cultivation of major traded
NTFPs
↓
Feasibility study on market, technology, equipments and availability of skill manpower
↓
Identification of the enterprise modalities to be set up
↓
Discussion among network members in different stages/steps (about objective, structure,
regulatory mechanisms, business plan, marketing strategy etc.)
↓
Final meeting to discuss on common consensus and minuting of decisions
↓
Preparation of work plan/division of work
↓
Preparation of enterprise development plan/ business plan
↓
Registration of enterprise in concerned government office
↓
Management and conduction of pilot model enterprise

CHAPTER SIX
6.1 Conclusion
The local communities of the study areas are unaware about the use and benefits of
NTFPs available in the nearby forests except for fuelwood, fodder and incense.
Resource assessment of NTFPs in SNPBZ using the inventory parameters revealed that
there are tremendous potentialities for the processing of prioritized NTFPs. The tourism
in the region can create the local markets of the value added NTFPs based products. The
local communities basically members of WAGs of the off trail routes are more curios for
the promotion of NTFPs which would support their livelihood.
Enterprises modalities assessment in SNPBZ revealed that, sole enterprises can be set up
for the product lines as herbal tea, herbal incense, bio briquette, wine making;
BZCFUG/WAG enterprises can be set up for the product lines as herbal drink/juice
making, interior decoration/basketry, organic insecticide/pesticide, collective marketing
centre of fodder and grasses; consortium of BZCFUG enterprises can be set up for
processing essential oils (Artemisia oil and Wintergreen oil) and cooperatives for the
collective marketing centre of Timur fruits and Lokta bark.
For genesis, operation and growth of forest based enterprise a biologically sustainable
harvesting mechanism should be prepared for each buffer zone community forest and
forests within National Park. Moreover, some factors that contribute to or hinder the
genesis, operation and growth of enterprises should be taken into account. These include:
awareness raising, technical assistance, financial support, marketing support, marketing
outlets, community characteristics, natural resource base, technology, policy factors,
enterprise consequences and natural resource conservation.
In conclusion, the communities’ motivation towards entrepreneurship, institutionalization

of user groups (BZCFUGs, WAGs, BZUCs) and regulatory mechanisms for sustainable
harvesting of NTFPs would definitely create the income generating opportunities and
would assist in the conservation of biodiversity in SNPBZ.
6.2 Recommendations
The local communities play a crucial role for the conservation and sustainable utilization
of NTFP resources in SNP and Buffer Zone.
Conservation and sustainable management are the ever raised issues, but why and how to
conserve and manage are the big questions challenging ever. Therefore, the following
steps are recommended for addressing conservation and livelihood issues of local
communities:
1. Awareness programs (workshops, exhibitions, exposure visits, demonstration of the

products) on the importance of NTFPs; conservation and sustainable utilization,
harvesting at local level need to be conducted.

2. Capacity building/strengthening the concerned BZCFUGs / WAGs / BZUCs on
institutional development, governance/equity, fund mobilization, financial management,
record keeping, benefit sharing mechanism etc. should be initiated.
3. Training package on NTFPs promotion; time and technique of collection, local

processing technology, storage, quality control, packaging, labeling, and cultivation of
major NTFPs should be conducted.
4. Development of biological sustainable harvesting system; block rotation system

preferable for harvesting/ participatory monitoring system should be prepared for each
user groups.
5. Detailed assessment of enterprise modalities to be set up in SNPBZ should be

conducted in collaboration with various user groups.
6. Feasibility study on market linkage, technology transfer, equipments and availability of

skill manpower should be conducted for each product line.
7. Micro-credit facilities should be provided for the initiation of small scale

sole/BZCFUG or/ WAG enterprise and financial and operational support should be
provided for the medium scale consortium of BZCFUGs enterprise/ cooperative.
8. Initiation for the management and conduction of pilot model enterprise preferably,
herbal tea and herbal incense (sole); juice making from Seabuckthorn fruits and
Rhododendron flowers (BZCFUG/WAG model); essential oil production from Fayang
and Titepati leaves (consortium of BZCFUGs model) and collective marketing of Timur
fruits, Lokta bark and grasses/fodder (cooperative model) in Chaurikharka and / or
Khumjung VDCs recommended.

References
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Biodiversity and Conservation. 3. pp 104-115
¾ Cunningham, A. B., 1996 a. People, Park and Plant Use: Recommendations for Multiple Use
Zones and Development Alternatives around Bwindi Impenetrable National Park, Uganda.
People and Plants Working Paper no 4. UNESCO, Paris. pp 58.
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People and Plants Conservation Manual. Earthscan.
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(198). pp 63-64.
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Amchis Knowledge and Conservation. WWF-Nepal Program, Kathmandu.
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Delhi.
¾ Press, J. R., Shrestha, K. K. and Sutton, D. A., 2000. Annotated Checklist of the Flowering
Plants of Nepal. The Natural History Museum, London.
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¾ Stainton, A., 1988. Flowers of the Himalaya, A Supplement. Oxford University Press. New
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¾ Stainton, J.D.A. 1972. Forests of Nepal. John Murray, London.
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Enterprises in Nepal: Case Studies, Lessons and Implications. Asia Network for Sustainable
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and Local use: Experience in three Ugandan National Parks. pp 212-243. In; Recent
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¾ Wong, W. and Jenifer, L.G. 2001. Resources Assessments of Non- Wood Forest Products:
Experience and Biometric Principles. Non-Wood Forests Products Series-13. FAO
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Ecology. Ratna Book Distributors, Kathmandu, Nepal.

Assessment of NTFP - Sagarmatha National Park and Buffer Zone

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Assessment of NTFP - Sagarmatha National Park and Buffer Zone

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Resource Assessment of Commercially Important Non

Timber Forest Products (NTFPs) in Sagarmatha

Resource Assessment of NTFPs in SNPBZ 1

I am deeply indebted to WWF Nepal Program/Sagarmatha National Park and Buffer

Resource Assessment of NTFPs in SNPBZ 2

Resource Assessment of NTFPs in SNPBZ 3

Resource Assessment of NTFPs in SNPBZ 4

Resource Assessment of NTFPs in SNPBZ 5

Resource Assessment of NTFPs in SNPBZ 6

Resource Assessment of NTFPs in SNPBZ 7

Resource Assessment of NTFPs in SNPBZ 8

The specific objectives are as follows:

1.3 Limitations of the study

Resource Assessment of NTFPs in SNPBZ 9

1.4 Study area

Resource Assessment of NTFPs in SNPBZ 10

2.1.1 Primary data collection

2.1.1.1 Key informant survey and resource mapping

2.1.1.2 Identification of NTFPs

2.1.1.3 Inventory of NTFPs

2.1.1.3a Habitat identification

Resource Assessment of NTFPs in SNPBZ 11

Figure 1: Sample plot for inventory

• An inventory form was filled for every sampling plot.

Relative frequency is frequency of a species in relation to other species.

Resource Assessment of NTFPs in SNPBZ 12

Total number of plant of any spcies

Density of individual species

High Medium Low High Medium Low

>75 31-74 <30 >15 5-15 <5

Population density / ha Relative density

>800 300-800 <300 >15 5-15 <5

Table 1: Class distribution of NTFPs in different sites

Resource Assessment of NTFPs in SNPBZ 13

2.3.1.6 Rapid vulnerability assessment (RVA)

2.4.1 Focus group discussion

Resource Assessment of NTFPs in SNPBZ 14

3.1.1 Assessment of NTFPs in Chaurikharka

3.1.1b Muse BZCFUG

Resource Assessment of NTFPs in SNPBZ 15

3.1.1c Red Panda BZCFUG

3.1.1d Tongong BZCFUG

Resource Assessment of NTFPs in SNPBZ 16

3.1.1e Dudh Kunda BZCFUG

3.1.1f Pema Chholing BZCFUG

Resource Assessment of NTFPs in SNPBZ 17

3.1.1h Himalaya BZCFUG

3.2 Assessment of NTFP in Namche VDC

Resource Assessment of NTFPs in SNPBZ 18

3.3 Assessment of NTFPs in Khumjung VDC

Resource Assessment of NTFPs in SNPBZ 19

Table 15: Class distribution of Nigalo/malingo (Arundinaria maling) in different

Table 16: Class distribution of Lokta (Daphne bholua) in different BZCFUGs

Resource Assessment of NTFPs in SNPBZ 20

Table 18: Class distribution of Fayang (Gaultheria fragrantissima) in different

Table 19: Class distribution of Jhyau (Parmelia sp) in different BZCFUGs

Table 20: Class distribution of Kharsu (Quercus semecarpifolia) in different BZCFUGs

Resource Assessment of NTFPs in SNPBZ 21

Table 21: Class distribution of Lali gurans (Rhododendron arboreum) in different

Table 22: Class distribution of Kukurpati (Rhododendron lepidotum) in different

Table 23: Class distribution of Timur (Zanthoxylum armatum) in different BZCFUGs

Resource Assessment of NTFPs in SNPBZ 22

3.4.2 Namche and Khumjung VDCs