Lecture Note: SAB4012 Lecture Note: SAB4012

Professional Design Practice

updated 7 January 2011
ASSOC PROF DR SOBRI HARUN ASSOC. PROF. DR SOBRI HARUN
M il Add Mail Address:
Department of Hydraulics and Hydrology
Faculty of Civil Engineering
Universiti Teknologi Malaysia
UTM Skudai, 81310
Johor Darul Takzim
MALAYSIA
Email: sobriharun@utm.my
Tel: 07-5531587; 019-7105888
Office: Building: M46; Room:153-01
REFERENCES REFERENCES
Manual: Manual:
Urban Stormwater Management Manual Malaysia.
DID Malaysia DID Malaysia
Books:
Hydrologic Design or Water Resources Hydrologic Design or Water Resources
Engineering
Brochure: Brochure:
Concrete Drain Manufacturers
USWMManual - Malaysia USWM Manual - Malaysia
Chapter 3 Stormwater Management
Ch 4 i A C i i Chapter 4 Design Acceptance Criteria
Chapter 11 Hydrologic Design Concept
Chapter 13 Design Storm
Chapter 14 Flow Estimation
Chapter 26 Open Drain
Chapter 27 Culvert
Chapter 19 On-site Detention
Chapter 20 Community & Regional Detention
Current practice is to select the design storm duration as
l l h h i f i f h equal to or longer than the time of concentration for the
catchment (or some minimum value when the time of
concentration is short) concentration is short).
Runoff peak
n
t
e
n
s
i
t
y

Frequency (year)
a
i
n
f
a
l
l

I
n
m
m
/
h
r
)
5 yr
10 yr
D ti ( i t )
R
a
(
m
2yr
5 yr
Duration (minute)
IDF f SHORT DURATION IDF for SHORT DURATION
5 minutes to < 30 minutes
n
t
e
n
s
i
t
y

Frequency (year)
a
i
n
f
a
l
l

I
n
m
m
/
h
r
)
5 yr
10 yr
D ti ( i t )
R
a
(
m
2yr
5 yr
30
Duration (minute)
Equation 13.2
| | | |
3 2
| | | |
3 2
) ln( ) ln( ) ln( ) ln( t d t c t b a I
t
+ + + =
Fitting constants depending on ARI a, b, c, d
Average rainfall intensity ln( I ) Average rainfall intensity ln( I
t
)
Duration in minutes t
Equation 13 3 (short duration adjustment) Equation 13.3 (short duration adjustment)
( )
30 60 30
P P F P P
D d
=
P
30
and P
60
are the 30-minute and 60-minute
30 60
duration rainfall depths respectively obtained
from published design curves. F
D
is the p g
D
adjustment factor for storm duration obtained
from Table 13.3.
Equation 13.3
( )
30 60 30
P P F P P
D d
=
F
D
is a function of
h
P
24
2
D
the 2-year ARI 24-hour rainfall depth.
Values for Peninsular Malaysia are given in
h 24
Values for Peninsular Malaysia are given in
Figure 13.3. Intermediate values should be
interpolated interpolated.
Equation 13.3
P
d
(mm) is rainfall depth. If intensity I (mm/hr)
i i d h f ll i i ( h d is required, use the following equation (where d
is rainfall duration).
P
I
d
=
d
I
Table 13 3 Table 13.3
h
P
24
2
Duration
(min)
(mm)
( )
West Coast East Coast
100 120 150 180 All 100 120 150 180 All
5 2.08 1.85 1.62 1.40 1.39
10 1 28 1 13 0 99 0 86 1 03 10 1.28 1.13 0.99 0.86 1.03
15 0.80 0.72 0.62 0.54 0.74
20 0 47 0 42 0 36 0 32 0 48 20 0.47 0.42 0.36 0.32 0.48
30 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
Appendix 13 C: Worked Example Appendix 13.C: Worked Example
Calculation for 5 minute Duration Rainfall
Problem: Calculate the 5 minute duration,
20 ARI i f ll f i f 20 year ARI rainfall for use in a roof
design in Kuala Lumpur
Appendix 13 C: Worked Example Appendix 13.C: Worked Example
Equation 13.2 valid for ARIs between 2
Solution:
Equation 13.2 valid for ARIs between 2
years and 100 years and durations within 30
to 1000 minutes. to 1000 minutes.
Five minutes duration is shorter than the
period of validity of Equation 13 2 period of validity of Equation 13.2.
Therefore refer to procedure for other
d ti i ti 13 2 7 durations in section 13.2.7
Appendix 13 C: Worked Example Appendix 13.C: Worked Example
Estimation of rainfall intensities for durations
Solution:
Estimation of rainfall intensities for durations
between 5 and 30 minutes involves
extrapolation beyond the range of the data extrapolation beyond the range of the data
used in deriving the curve fitting coefficients.
Equation 13 3 should be used for duration Equation 13.3 should be used for duration
less than 30 minutes.
Appendix 13 C: Worked Example Appendix 13.C: Worked Example
Step 1: Use Equation 13.2 Step 1: Use Equation 13.2
Coefficient for the IDF Equation for Kuala
Lumpur ARI 20-year
9781 . 4 = a
Lumpur, ARI 20-year
2796 0
7533 . 0
9781 . 4
= b
a
0166 . 0
2796 . 0
=
=
d
c
Appendix 13 C: Worked Example Appendix 13.C: Worked Example
Step 1: Use Equation 13.2 Step 1: Use Equation 13.2
Rainfall duration t = 30 minute
| | | |
3 2
30
) 30 l ( 0166 0 ) 30 l ( 2796 0
) 30 ln( 7533 . 0 9781 . 4 ) ln( + = I
| | | |
3 2
) 30 ln( 0166 . 0 ) 30 ln( 2796 . 0 +
9589 4 ) l ( I
4 . 142 ) 9589 . 4 exp(
9589 . 4 ) ln(
30
30
= =
=
I
I
mm/hr
Appendix 13 C: Worked Example Appendix 13.C: Worked Example
Step 1: Use Equation 13.2 Step 1: Use Equation 13.2
Rainfall duration t = 60 minute
| | | |
3 2
60
) 60 l ( 0166 0 ) 60 l ( 2796 0
) 60 ln( 7533 . 0 9781 . 4 ) ln( + = I
| | | |
3 2
) 60 ln( 0166 . 0 ) 60 ln( 2796 . 0 +
5146 4 ) ln( I
3 . 91 ) 5146 . 4 exp(
5146 . 4 ) ln(
60
60
= =
=
I
I
mm/hr
Appendix 13 C: Worked Example Appendix 13.C: Worked Example
Step 2: Convert Intensity to Depth Step 2: Convert Intensity to Depth
Rainfall duration t = 60 minute = 1 hour
( ) 3 . 91 1
60 60
= = I P
mm
Rainfall duration t = 30 minute = 0.5 hour
( ) 5 0
30 30
= I P ( )
( ) 2 . 71 5 . 0 4 . 142
5 . 0
30
30 30
= = P
I P
mm
Appendix 13 C: Worked Example Appendix 13.C: Worked Example
Step 3: Refer Figure 13.3 Step 3: Refer Figure 13.3
From Figure 13 3 value of P
2
From Figure 13.3 value of
for Kuala Lumpur is read as
h
P
24
p
approximately 100 mm
Appendix 13 C: Worked Example Appendix 13.C: Worked Example
Step 4: Refer Table 13.3 &Equation 13.3 Step 4: Refer Table 13.3 & Equation 13.3
The corresponding F
D
factor (west coast) is 2.08 p g
D
( )
Substituting those values in Equation 13.3
( ) 08 2 P P P P ( )
30 60 30 5
08 . 2 P P P P =
( ) 2 71 3 91 08 2 2 71
5
= P ( ) 2 . 71 3 . 91 08 . 2 2 . 71
5
P
mm P 4 . 29
5
=
5
Table 13 3 Table 13.3
h
P
24
2
Duration
(min)
(mm)
( )
West Coast East Coast
100 120 150 180 All 100 120 150 180 All
5 2.08 1.85 1.62 1.40 1.39
10 1 28 1 13 0 99 0 86 1 03 10 1.28 1.13 0.99 0.86 1.03
15 0.80 0.72 0.62 0.54 0.74
20 0 47 0 42 0 36 0 32 0 48 20 0.47 0.42 0.36 0.32 0.48
30 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
Appendix 13 C: Worked Example Appendix 13.C: Worked Example
Step 5: Convert this depth to intensity Step 5: Convert this depth to intensity
4 . 29
1 5
5
5
= =
P
I
7 . 352
5
12
1
60
5
= I
mm/hr
Rational Formula
360
A I C
Q

=
360
Q = peak flow in m
3
/s
C = dimensionless runoff coefficient
I = rainfall Intensity in mm/hr I = rainfall Intensity in mm/hr
A = catchment area in hectar
360 = conversion factor
Determine time of concentration t Determine time of concentration, t
c
Overland flow travel distance & overland
flow time t flow time t
o
t
c =
t
o +
t
d
Assume rainfall
i l f particle from
farthest catchment
boundary has the
longest travel time
Channel/drain travel
distance & channel flow
ti t time t
d
River
Determine time of concentration t Determine time of concentration, t
c
Overland flow time t
o
Channel flow, t
d
t
Assume rainfall
particle received at
the centre of
t
o
t
d
the centre of
catchment has the
longest travel time
towards outlet
t
d
t t t
River
t
c =
t
o +
t
d
Appendix 14.B: Worked Example
14.B.1: Rational Method Calculation
Catchment Area
10 ha
Main Drain
River
Determine time of concentration t Determine time of concentration, t
c
Overland flow travel distance = 80 m
(overland flow time t
o
)
t
c =
t
o +
t
d
Assume rainfall
particle received
at farthest
catchment
boundary has the boundary has the
longest travel
time to the outlet
Channel/drain travel
distance = 400 m
(channel flow time t
d
)
River
bl 14 3 i i i f C i Table 14.3: Minimum Times of Concentration
D i El t Mi i t ( i t ) Drainage Element Minimum t
c
(minutes)
Roof and property drainage Roof and property drainage
5
Road inlet
55
Small areas < 0.4 hectare 10
Minimum Time of Concentration
Although travel time from individual elements of a
system may be very short the total nominal flow system may be very short, the total nominal flow
travel time to be adopted for all individual elements
within any catchment to its point of entry into the within any catchment to its point of entry into the
stormwater drainage network shall not be less than 5
minutes.
For small catchments up to 0.4 hectare in area, it is
t bl t th i i ti f acceptable to use the minimum times of
concentration given in Table 14.3 instead of
performing detailed calculation performing detailed calculation.
14.B.1: Rational Method Calculation
Problem: To determine the design peak flow
generated from a minor drainage of medium g g
density residential area of 10 hectares in Kuala
Lumpur. Assume 80 m of overland flow p
followed by 400 m of flow in an open drain.
Catchment area average slope = 0.5 %. g p
14.B.1: Rational Method Calculation
Solution: From Table 4.1,
Minor system design ARI = 5 years Minor system design ARI = 5 years.
Major system design ARI = 100 years. j y g y
This problem is the minor system design ARI
14.B.1: Rational Method Calculation
Step 1: From Design Chart 14 1 (AR&R 1977) Step 1: From Design Chart 14.1 (AR&R, 1977)
for paved surface: t
o
= 8 minutes
Average velocity in the open drain should be assessed
using Mannings equation.
Assume V = 1.0 m/s . Then t
d
= L/V = 400 sec.
t = 6 7 minutes say = 7 minutes t
d
= 6.7 minutes, say = 7 minutes
Therefore total t
c
= 8 + 7 = 15 minutes.
Design Chart 14.1 (AR&R, 1977)
Design Chart 14.1 Friends Formula
t
o
= overland sheet flow time (minutes)
L = overland sheef flow path length (meter)
n = Manning roughness value for the surface
S = slope of overland surface (%) S = slope of overland surface (%)
Time of concentration for natural catchment
t
c
= time of concentration (min)
F i f t f 58 5 (k
2
) 92 5 (h ) F
c
= conversion factor for area; 58.5 (km
2
); 92.5 (ha)
L = length of flow path from catchment divide to outlet (km)
A = catchment area (km
2
or ha)
S = slope of streamflow path (m/km)
Channel flow time Channel flow time
t
ch
= travel time in the channel (minutes)
n = Mannings roughness coefficient
R = hydraulic radius y
L = length of reach (m)
S = friction slope (m/m)
The time stormwater takes to flow along a open channel may be determined
by dividing the length of the channel by the average velocity of the flow.
This equation is recommended where an open channel has varying roughness q p y g g
or depth accros its width.
14.B.1: Rational Method Calculation
Step 2: Determine I and C Step 2: Determine I and C
For ARI 5 years, coefficients a, b, c, d from Table 13.A1.
Using equation 13.2 for t = 30 minutes
30
) 30 ln( 5037 0 1086 5 ) ln( + = I
| | | |
3 2
30
) 30 ln( 0112 . 0 ) 30 ln( 2155 . 0
) 30 ln( 5037 . 0 1086 . 5 ) ln(
+
+ I
9 117 ) 7695 4 exp(
7695 . 4 ) ln(
30
=
I
I
mm/hr
9 . 117 ) 7695 . 4 exp(
30
= = I
mm/hr
14.B.1: Rational Method Calculation
Step 2: Determine I and C Step 2: Determine I and C
Using equation 13.2 for t = 60 minutes
3 2
60
) 60 ln( 5037 . 0 1086 . 5 ) ln( + = I
| | | |
3 2
) 60 ln( 0112 . 0 ) 60 ln( 2155 . 0 +
3271 4 ) l ( I
7 . 75 ) 3271 . 4 exp(
3271 . 4 ) ln(
60
60
= =
=
I
I
mm/hr
14.B.1: Rational Method Calculation
Convert to rainfall depth Convert to rainfall depth
( ) 7 . 75 1
60 60
= = I P
mm
( ) 5 . 0
30 30
= I P
( ) 0 . 59 5 . 0 9 . 117
30
= = P
mm
14.B.1: Rational Method Calculation
Refer to Figure 13.3, Table 13.3 & Equation 13.3 Refer to Figure 13.3, Table 13.3 & Equation 13.3
The corresponding F
D
factor (west coast) is 0.8
S b tit ti th l i E ti 13 3 Substituting those values in Equation 13.3
( )
30 60 30 15
08 . 2 P P P P = ( )
30 60 30 15
( ) 0 . 59 7 . 75 8 . 0 0 . 59
15
= P
mm P 6 . 45
15
=
Table 13.3 Values of F
D
for Equation 13.3 ab e 3.3 Va ues o
D
o qua o 3.3
2
P
24h
(mm)
Duration
P
24h
(mm)
West Coast East Coast
(minutes)
100 120 150 180 All
5 2.08 1.85 1.62 1.40 1.39
1.28 1.13 0.99 0.86 1.03
10
1.28 1.13 0.99 0.86 1.03
15
0.80 0.72 0.62 0.54 0.74
20 0 47 0 42 0 36 0 32 0 48 20 0.47 0.42 0.36 0.32 0.48
30 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
Figure 13.3: Value
2
P
24h
for use with Table 13.3
14.B.1: Rational Method Calculation
Convert this depth to intensity Convert this depth to intensity
6 . 45
1 15
15
15
= =
P
I
182 4 . 182
15
4
1
60
15
= I
mm/hr
15
14.B.1: Rational Method Calculation
Refer to Design Chart 14 3 (AR&R 1977) Refer to Design Chart 14.3 (AR&R, 1977)
Runoff Coefficient for Urban Catchments.
Category 3 Semi Detached Houses on Bare Earth Category 3 , Semi Detached Houses on Bare Earth
For Rainfall Intensity = 182 mm; C = 0.87
14.B.1: Rational Method Calculation
Step 3: Determine Peak Flow (Q ) Step 3: Determine Peak Flow (Q
5
)
From Equation 14.7 (Rational Formula)
10 182 87 . 0
5

=

=
A I C
Q
4 . 4
360 360
5
5
= Q
Q
m
3
/s
5
Q
Open Drain Design U Drain Open Drain Design U Drain
Determine the size of a U drain to convey a 5 Determine the size of a U drain to convey a 5
year ARI minor system design flow from a
medium density housing development. y g p
Various nominal sizes of U Drain section are
shown in Table 1 and Table 2 shown in Table 1 and Table 2.
Manning roughness = 0.013 (concrete)
Slope So = 0.5 %
Q
5 ea
= 0.49 m
3
/s Q
5year
0.49 m /s
Standard size U Drain
b
B
b
95 mm
h H
50 x 50 mm
Standard U Drain Size with Dry
Weather Flow Weather Flow
b
B
b
h H
95 mm
c
e
R = 755 mm
Table 1: U Drain standard size (example)
Nominal B b h H
size (mm)
(mm) (mm) (mm) (mm)
1200x450 1390 1200 450 545
1200x600 1390 1200 600 695
1200x750 1390 1200 750 845
1200x900 1390 1200 900 995
Table 2: U Drain with Dry Weather Flow
d d i ( l )
Nominal size
( )
B b h e c H
standard size (example)
(mm)
(mm) (mm) (mm) (mm) (mm) (mm)
1200x450 1390 1200 450 225 1075 770
1200x600 1390 1200 600 225 1075 920
1200x750 1390 1200 750 225 1075 1070
1200x900 1390 1200 900 225 1075 1220
Size of Concrete Drain
Given:
n = 0.013 (concrete)
So = 0 5% So = 0.5%
b = 1.20 m (assume)
Q = 0.49 m
3
/s
Sizing Concrete Drain Sizing Concrete Drain
U drain section for flood flow. Use Design
Chart 26.4 (pg: 26-14 MaSMA) with z = 0
055 . 0
013 . 0 49 . 0
1 8 1
=
| |

=
b S
Qn
2 . 1
100
5 . 0
3
8
2 3 2

|
.
|

\
|
b S
o
25 . 0 20 . 1 21 . 0 21 . 0 = = = y
b
y
m
b
Check the Discharge Capacity
A = 0.25 x 1.2 = 0.3 m
2
P = 1 2 + 2(0 25) = 1 7 m P = 1.2 + 2(0.25) = 1.7 m
R = A/P = 0.176 m
( )( )
2
1
3
2
005 . 0 176 . 0 3 . 0
013 0
1
= Q
013 . 0
Q = 0.51 m
3
/s 0.5 0.49 m
3
/s :
Q
capacity
almost equal & slightly > Q
design
: OK
Permissible Velocity
Check flow velocity is less than upper
limit 4 m/s for lined channel.
51 0 Q
m/s
70 . 1
25 . 0 2 . 1
51 . 0
=

= =
A
Q
V
1.70 < 4 m/s : OK
Add Freeboard 300 mm
The calculated minimum size of drain is
b 1200 mm and y 250 mm b = 1200 mm and y = 250 mm
Add Free board 300 mm
Flow depth: y = 250 + 300 = 550 mm
Refer to Table of U Drain Standard Size Refer to Table of U Drain Standard Size
Use Nominal Size 1200 mm x 600 mm
Use Standard U Drain Size
Use nominal size 1200 x 600
b = 1200 mm b 1200 mm
Freeboard
300 mm
h = 600 mm
y = 250 mm
300 mm
y = 250 mm
Use Standard U Drain Size
b
B
b
Use nominal size
1200 x 600
h H
h = 600 mm
1200 x 600
h = 600 mm
b = 1200 mm
H = 695 mm
B = 1390 mm B = 1390 mm
Use Standard U Drain Size with Dry
Weather Flow Weather Flow
b
B
b
Use nominal size
1200 x 600
h H
h = 600 mm
1200 x 600
b = 1200 mm
H 920 H = 920 mm
B = 1390 mm
Table 3: U Drain standard size (example)
Nominal B b h H
size (mm)
(mm) (mm) (mm) (mm)
900x450 1060 900 450 530
900x600 1060 900 600 680
900x750 1060 900 750 830
900x900 1060 900 900 980
Table 4: U Drain with Dry Weather Flow
d d i ( l )
Nominal size
( )
B b h e c H
standard size (example)
(mm)
(mm) (mm) (mm) (mm) (mm) (mm)
900x450 1060 900 450 80 450 610
900x600 1060 900 600 80 450 760
900x750 1060 900 750 80 450 910
900x900 1060 900 900 80 450 1060
Open Drain Design U Drain Open Drain Design U Drain
Various sizes of U Drain section with b = 900 Various sizes of U Drain section with b = 900
are shown in Table 3 and Table 4.
Fi d it bl i l i i ti Find a suitable nominal size using section
b = 900 mm
Manning roughness = 0.013 (concrete)
Slope So 0 5 % Slope So = 0.5 %
Q
5year
= 0.49 m
3
/s
Another Drain Section
h // /d i di d h http://www.erete.com.my/drains_dimen_draw.htm
2
Nominal Size ABCDEF Length mm x mm mm mm mm mm mm mm mm tonnes 225 x 225 229 22 44.5 51.0 184 51.0 760 0.059 300 x 300 305 305 51.0 63.5 222 63.5 600 0.078 375 x 375 381 381 51.0 70.0 248 76.0 600 0.091 450 x 450 457 457 51.0 76.0 279 76.0 600 0.121 600 x 600 610 61 63.5 101.5 432 101.50 600 Nominal Size ABdr Length mm mm mm mm mm mm 762 305 178 381
Pudu-cut Pudu cut
Egg-shape
Half-round
Egg Shape Block Drain Egg Shape Block Drain
A
B
Minimum Freeboard = 0.3m
Design Flood Level
brick
Egg Shape Block Drain
Nominal size A B
mm X mm mm mm
225 X 225 229 229
300 X 300 305 305
375 X 375 381 381
450 X 450 457 457
600 X 600 610 610
Another Half Round Section Drain Another Half Round Section Drain
D
h
Half Round Shape Block Drain
Nominal
size
D h
mm mm mm
225 229 114.5
300 305 152.5
375 381 190.5
450 457 228.5
600 610 305.0
Concrete Drain Design g
Half Round Shape Block Drain
Half Round Section Drain Half Round Section Drain
D
t t
h
a
e
bb
Half Round Shape Block Drain
Nominal
size
D h
mm mm mm
225 229 114.5
300 305 152.5
375 381 190.5
450 457 228.5
600 610 305.0
Nominal D h a b c e t Length
Half Round Shape Block Drain
size
g
mm mm mm mm mm mm mm mm mm
225 229 114.5 76 165 51 165.5 51 760
300 305 152.5 89 184 63.5 216 63.5 600
375 381 190.5 108 216 63.5 254 63.5 600
450 457 228.5 127 248 76 304.5 76 600
600 610 305.0 159 318 76 381 76 600
Solution
Try H = 0
Solution
Try H 0
Determine hydraulic cross-sectional Area
( ) | |
2
) ( 2
2
1
, h t H h A Area + + =
( ) | |
2
) 1905 . 0 0635 . 0 ( 0 2 1905 . 0
2
1
2
A + + = ( )
2
057 . 0 0 057 . 0
2
m A = + =
Solution
Wetted Perimeter and Hydraulic Radius.
| |
| |
H t h P Perimeter Wetted 2 , + + =
| |
A
R R di H d li
P 598 . 0 0 2 1905 . 0 = + =
P
R Radius Hydraulic
057 0
, =
m R 0953 . 0
598 . 0
057 . 0
= =
Solution
If given Q Design from Rational method is 0.05 m
3
/s .
S R A
n
Q
2
1
3
2
1
=
Q
n
2
1
3
2
005 . 0 0953 . 0 057 . 0
013 0
1
=
Q 0707 . 0 209 . 0
057 . 0
013 . 0
=
m
Q
Q
3
0648 0
0707 . 0 209 . 0
013 . 0
s
Q
capacity
0648 . 0 =
Solution
If given Q Design from Rational method calculation is given
as 0 05 m
3
/s
Solution
as 0.05 m /s .
The calculated Q Capacity from Manning method calculation
is 0 0648 m
3
/s is 0.0648 m
3
/s
Therefore: the block drain capacity is sufficient to handle
3
/ f
3
/ 0.05 m
3
/s design flow or less than 0.05 m
3
/s .
For construction at site, 0.3 m freeboard is added on top of
the block drain. This size or type of concrete block drain
normally found in upstream or beginning of drainage
t k i id ti l network in residential area.
F b d 0 3 Freeboard = 0.3 m
l Solution
If given Q Design from Rational method calculation
is given as 0.15 m
3
/s . g
In this situation the block drain capacity is not
s fficient to handle 0 15 m
3
/s design flo sufficient to handle 0.15 m
3
/s design flow.
On top of block drain, the bricks layer depth is p , y p
increased to until certain depth known as H.
H
l
Try H = 0 1 m
Solution
Try H = 0.1 m
Determine hydraulic cross-sectional Area, A
( ) | |
2
) ( 2
2
1
h t H h A + + =
( ) | |
2
) 1905 . 0 0635 . 0 ( 1 . 0 2 1905 . 0
2
1
2
A + + = ( )
2
1078 . 0 0508 . 0 057 . 0
2
m A = + =
Solution
Wetted Perimeter P and Hydraulic Radius R
Solution
Wetted Perimeter, P and Hydraulic Radius, R.
| | H t h P 2 + + = | |
| | P
H t h P
1 . 0 2 1905 . 0
2
+ =
+ +

m R
A
R
P
135 0
1078 . 0
;
798 . 0 2 . 0 598 . 0 = + =
m R
P
R 135 . 0
798 . 0
; = = =
Solution
If given Q Design from Rational method is 0.15 m
3
/s .
S R A
n
Q
2
1
3
2
1
=
Q
n
2
1
3
2
005 . 0 135 . 0 1078 . 0
013 0
1
=
Q 0707 . 0 263 . 0
1078 . 0
013 . 0
=
m
Q
Q
3
154 0
0707 . 0 263 . 0
013 . 0
s
Q
capacity
154 . 0 =
Address Address
http://www erete com my/products htm http://www.erete.com.my/products.htm
http://www.alliance-precast.com
http://oka.com.my/oka/
http://oka.com.my/product.htm p y p
http://www.humeconcrete.com.my
http://www.api.com.my/index.asp http://www.api.com.my/index.asp
http://www.hupsing.com/Products.htm
Open Drain Design Open Drain Design
Composite Drain: Grassed Swale + Concrete
Determine the size of a composite drain to p
convey a 2 year ARI minor system design flow
from a proposed 5 hectare low density housing
d l t i K l L Th t development in Kuala Lumpur. The post-
development time of concentration t
c
at the
development outlet is estimated to be 10 development outlet is estimated to be 10
minutes.
l
Step 1: Determine design flows for the drain
Solution
Step 1: Determine design flows for the drain
For ARI 2 years, coefficients a, b, c, d from Table 13.A1.
Using equation 13.2 for t = 30 minutes
30
) 30 ln( 1806 0 3255 5 ) ln( + = I
| | | |
3 2
30
) 30 ln( 0047 . 0 ) 30 ln( 1322 . 0
) 30 ln( 1806 . 0 3255 . 5 ) ln(
+
+ I
0 99 ) 5954 4 exp(
5954 . 4 ) ln(
30
=
I
I
mm/hr
0 . 99 ) 5954 . 4 exp(
30
= = I
mm/hr
l Solution
Using equation 13.2 for t = 60 minutes
60
) 60 ln( 1806 . 0 3255 . 5 ) ln( + = I
| | | |
3 2
) 60 ln( 0047 . 0 ) 60 ln( 1322 . 0 +
8 . 64 ) 1714 . 4 exp(
1714 . 4 ) ln(
60
60
= =
=
I
I
mm/hr
60
Convert to rainfall depth Convert to rainfall depth
( ) 8 . 64 1
60 60
= = I P
mm
( ) 5 . 0
30 30
= I P
( ) 5 . 49 5 . 0 0 . 99
30
= = P
mm
Refer Table 13.3 & Equation 13.3
The corresponding F
D
factor (west coast) is 1.28
Substituting those values in Equation 13 3 Substituting those values in Equation 13.3
( )
30 60 30 10
28 . 1 P P P P = ( )
30 60 30 10
( ) 5 . 49 8 . 64 28 . 1 5 . 49
10
= P
mm P 9 . 29
10
=
Convert this depth to intensity Convert this depth to intensity
9 . 29
1 10
10
10
= =
P
I
179 4 . 179
10
6
1
60
10
= I
mm/hr
10
For water quality consideration, use
frequent storm design. Refer to Eqn.
13.5a for 10 minutes 1 month ARI
4 . 0
10
2
10
083 . 0
=
I I
179 4 . 0
10
083 . 0
10 10
=
I
I I
72 6 . 71
10
083 . 0
10
=
I
mm/hr
Refer to Design Chart 14 3 (AR&R 1977) Refer to Design Chart 14.3 (AR&R, 1977)
Runoff Coefficient for Urban Catchments.
For flood flow design 2 year ARI:
Category 5 , Suburban Residential with Gardens g y ,
For Rainfall Intensity = 179 mm; C = 0.77
Refer to Design Chart 14.3 (AR&R, 1977)
Runoff Coefficient for Urban Catchments.
For dry weather flow design 1 month ARI:
Category 5 , Suburban Residential with Gardens
For Rainfall Intensity = 72 mm; C = 0.53
Rational Formula
360
A I C
Q

=
360
Q = peak flow in m
3
/s
C = dimensionless runoff coefficient
I = rainfall Intensity in mm/hr I = rainfall Intensity in mm/hr
A = catchment area in hectar
360 = conversion factor
Rational Method Calculation
Design Flood Flow (Q
2
) Design Flood Flow (Q
2
)
From Equation 14.7 (Rational Formula)
5 179 77 0 A I C
91 1
360
5 179 77 . 0
360
2

=

=
Q
A I C
Q
3
/ 91 . 1
2
= Q m
3
/s
Rational Method Calculation
Design Dry Weather Flow Design Dry Weather Flow
Recommended 50% of 1 month ARI
From Equation 14.7 (Rational Formula)
5 72 53 0 A I C
360
5 72 53 . 0
360
083 . 0

=

=
A I C
Q
27 . 0 ) 5 . 0 ( 53 . 0
100
50
083 . 0
= = Q m
3
/s
Size of Concrete Drain
Step 2: Calculate size of line drain section
n = 0.013 (concrete)
So = 0.5% (assume)
B = 0 6 m (assume) B = 0.6 m (assume)
Size of Concrete Drain
Line drain section for dry weather flow. Use
design Chart 26.4 for z = 0 g
1938 . 0
013 . 0 27 . 0
1 8 1
=

=
Qn
6 . 0
100
5 . 0
3
8
2
1
3
8
2
1

|
.
|

\
|
B S
o
29 . 0 6 . 0 49 . 0 49 . 0 = = =
. \
y
B
y
m
B
Size of Concrete Drain
Use concrete drain size
0 6 m wide x 0 29 m deep 0.6 m wide x 0.29 m deep
Refer to Figure 26.4 and it is within the limit
0.5 m < 0.6 m < 1.0 m (width)
0.29 m < 0.5 m (depth - uncovered drain)
Size of Concrete Drain
Check flow velocity is less than upper
limit 2 m/s.
27 0 Q
m/s 55 . 1
29 . 0 6 . 0
27 . 0
=

= =
A
Q
V
1.55 < 2 m/s : OK
Size of Total Drain Section
Step 3: Calculate the size of total drain section
The sizing will involve trial and error process
with flow depth is unknown.
Use Eq. 28.1 to calculate the composite n value
for concrete and grass.
Total Drain Section Total Drain Section
Grassed Grassed
Swale
Water level
y
t
0 29 m Concrete
y
0.29 m
0.6 m
Concrete
drain
y
d
Total Drain Section Total Drain Section
Water level
y
t
P
1
P
3
y
P
2
y
d
Total Drain Section Total Drain Section
A
Water level
A
y
t
A
2
A
1
y
d
= 0.29 m
A
3
1
17
y
d
B = 0.6 m
4
Grassed swale
side slope
B 0.6 m
p
Composite waterways use composite Manning
Size of Total Drain Section
Composite waterways use composite Manning
n* : is equivalent Manning roughness for the whole q g g
cross-section

m
i
i
A n
3
5

=
=
m
i
i
A
P
n
1
3
5
3
2
*

=
m
i
i
i
P
A
1
3
2
3
i
i
1
Size of Total Drain Section
n
i
= Mannings roughness
coefficient for segment i coefficient for segment i
A
i
= Flow area of segment i (m
2
)
P
i
= Wetted perimeter of segment i
(m)
m = total number of segments
Size of Total Drain Section Size of Total Drain Section
Assume an initial total flow depth of
1.0 m
y
t
= 1.0 y
d
= 0.29
y
t
y
d
= 1.0 0.29 = 0.71
Li d h l 0 013 Lined channel n = 0.013
Grassed swaled n = 0.035
Size of Total Drain Section Size of Total Drain Section
| | 008 1 71 0 4 71 0
1
A
m
2
| |
008 . 1
008 . 1 71 . 0 4 71 . 0
2
3
1
=
= =
A
A
m
2
m
2
6 . 0 ) 6 . 0 ( 0 . 1
008 . 1
2
3
= = A
A
m
2
( )( ) 927 . 2 71 . 0 17
1
= = P
m
( ) 180 . 1 6 . 0 2 29 . 0
927 . 2
2
3
= + =
=
P
P
m
m
( ) 180 . 1 6 . 0 2 29 . 0
2
+ P m
Size of Total Drain Section Size of Total Drain Section
( )
3
2
3
5
3
2
3
5
927 2
008 . 1 035 . 0
1
1
=
P
A n
3 3
927 . 2
1
P
( )
3
5
1
1
A n
( ) 495 . 0 035 . 0
3
2
1
1
1
=
P
5
( ) 495 . 0 035 . 0
3
2
3
5
3
3
=
P
A n
3
3
P
Size of Total Drain Section Size of Total Drain Section
( )
3
2
3
5
3
2
3
5
180 1
6 . 0 013 . 0
2
2
=
P
A n
3 3
180 . 1
2
P
( ) 382 . 0 013 . 0
3
2
3
5
2
2
=
P
A n
3
2
P
Size of Total Drain Section Size of Total Drain Section
5
( ) 495 . 0 035 . 0
1
3
2
3
5
+ =

=
m
i
i
i
i
P
A n
( ) ( ) 382 . 0 013 . 0 495 . 0 035 . 0
1
+
= i
i
P
0396 0
3
5
=

m
i
i
A n
0396 . 0
1
3
2
=

= i
i
P
Size of Total Drain Section Size of Total Drain Section
495 0 382 0 495 0
3
5
+ + =

m
i
A
495 . 0 382 . 0 495 . 0
1
3
2
+ + =

= i
i
P
5
372 . 1
1
3
2
3
5
=

m
i
i
P
A
1 = i
i
P
Size of Total Drain Section Size of Total Drain Section
0396 0
029 . 0
372 . 1
0396 . 0
* = = n
616 . 2 6 . 0 008 . 1 008 . 1 = + + = A
005 . 0
100
5 . 0
= = S
100
Do trial and error calculation until Q 1.91 m
3
/s
Size of Total Drain Section Size of Total Drain Section
2
1
3
2 1
S R A Q = S R A
n
Q =
3
5
1
A
m
|

|
2
1
3
2
3
1
*
1
S
P
A
n
Q
i
i
|
.
|

\
|
=

. \
( ) ( )
2
1
005 . 0 372 . 1
029 0
1
= Q
029 . 0
34 . 3 = Q
m
3
/s
> 1.91
m
3
/s
Q
1.91
m /s
Size of Total Drain Section Size of Total Drain Section
34 . 3
= =
Q
V
616 . 2
= =
A
V
m/s < 2.0
m/s
28 . 1 = V
Velocity is less than maximum permissible, OK
Further try y = 0 82 m Further, try y
t
= 0.82 m
Size of Total Drain Section Size of Total Drain Section
Try total flow depth of 0.82 m
y
t
= 0.82 y
d
= 0.29
y
t
y
d
= 0.82 0.29 = 0.53
Li d h l 0 013 Lined channel n = 0.013
Grassed swaled n = 0.035
Size of Total Drain Section Size of Total Drain Section
| | 562 0 53 0 4 53 0
1
A
m
2
| |
562 . 0
562 . 0 53 . 0 4 53 . 0
2
3
1
=
= =
A
A
m
2
m
2
492 . 0 ) 6 . 0 ( 82 . 0
562 . 0
2
3
= = A
A
m
2
( )( ) 185 . 2 53 . 0 17
1
= = P m
( ) 180 . 1 6 . 0 2 29 . 0
185 . 2
2
3
= + =
=
P
P
m
m
( ) 180 . 1 6 . 0 2 29 . 0
2
+ P
m
Size of Total Drain Section Size of Total Drain Section
( )
3
2
3
5
3
2
3
5
185 2
562 . 0 035 . 0
1
1
=
P
A n
3 3
185 . 2
1
P
( )
3
5
1
1
A n
( ) 227 . 0 035 . 0
3
2
1
1
1
=
P
5
( ) 227 . 0 035 . 0
3
2
3
5
3
3
=
P
A n
3
3
P
Size of Total Drain Section Size of Total Drain Section
( )
3
2
3
5
3
2
3
5
180 1
492 . 0 013 . 0
2
2
=
P
A n
3 3
180 . 1
2
P
( ) 275 . 0 013 . 0
3
2
3
5
2
2
=
P
A n
3
2
P
Size of Total Drain Section Size of Total Drain Section
5
( ) 227 . 0 035 . 0
1
3
2
3
5
+ =

=
m
i
i
i
i
P
A n
( ) ( ) 275 . 0 013 . 0 227 . 0 035 . 0
1
+
= i
i
P
0195 0
3
5
=

m
i
i
A n
0195 . 0
1
3
2
=

= i
i
P
Si f T t l D i S ti Size of Total Drain Section
227 0 275 0 227 0
3
5
+ + =

m
i
A
227 . 0 275 . 0 227 . 0
1
3
2
+ + =

= i
i
P
5
729 . 0
1
3
2
3
5
=

m
i
i
P
A
1 = i
i
P
Size of Total Drain Section Size of Total Drain Section
0195 0
027 . 0
729 . 0
0195 . 0
* = = n
616 . 1 562 . 0 492 . 0 562 . 0 = + + = A
005 . 0
100
5 . 0
= = S
100
Do trial and error calculation until Q 1.91 m
3
/s
Size of Total Drain Section Size of Total Drain Section
1
3
5
1
A
m
i
|

2
1
3
2
1
*
1
S
P
A
n
Q
i
i
|
.

\
=

( ) ( )
2
1
005 . 0 729 . 0
027 . 0
1
= Q
91 . 1 = Q
m
3
/s = 1.91 m
3
/s
OK
18 . 1
616 . 1
91 . 1
= = =
A
Q
V < 2.0 m/s
OK OK
B t Si f T t l D i S ti Best Size of Total Drain Section
Width = 0.6 m
Total Depth y
t
= 0.82 m
Add Freeboard = 500 mm = 0.5 m
Final Total Depth = 0 82 + 0 5 = 1 32 m Final Total Depth = 0.82 + 0.5 = 1.32 m
MinimumDrainage Minimum Drainage
Reserve Width
( ) | | 6 0 4 29 0 5 0 2 ( ) | | 6 . 0 4 29 . 0 5 . 0 2 + + =
t
y
( ) | | ( ) | | 6 . 0 4 29 . 0 5 . 0 82 . 0 2 + + =
84 . 8 =
m
Total Drain Section Total Drain Section
Minimum
Minimum drainage reserve width
Minimum
freeboard
g
0.5 m
y
t
Grassed
Swale
1
4
17
0.29 m
0.6 m
Concrete
4
Concrete
drain
CULVERT DESIGN
CULVERT DESIGN
Culvert Design Culvert Design
Culvert design requires the selection of a
b l ti th t i fl barrel cross-section that passes a given flow
rate.
Inlet, outlets and joints must be carefully
designed not to obstruct smooth flow of the
t A id l k th t h t th water. Avoid leakage that can washout the
soil mass and endanger the embankment.
The design of culverts involves hydraulic and
structural design. This subject only discuss
the hydraulic design of culvert the hydraulic design of culvert.
Type of Culvert
Typical cross-sections of culverts include
circular arched rectangular and oval circular, arched, rectangular, and oval
shapes.
Types of culverts commonly used in this
country (Malaysia) are precast reinforced
concrete pipes & box, reinforced concrete
cast-in-situ box, and culvert of other
material approved by relevant authorities.
The following factors should be The following factors should be
considered in culvert design:
)D i di h a)Design discharge
b)Site conditions
c)Design life
d)C t ti i d d)Construction period
e)Construction joints
f)Blockage due to floating debris from upstream
Culvert & Bridge Design Culvert & Bridge Design
If the design discharge exceeds 60
cumecs based on a 50 years
recurrence interval, consideration
should be given to using a bridge
structure taking into account the site
constraints and economic factor
(Road Engineering Association Malaysia,
REAM, Guidelines for Road Drainage Design).
CULVERT DESIGN CULVERT DESIGN
For the purpose of maintenance, the minimum
i f l i l d h l h f h size of a culvert is related to the length of the
culvert even if the flow to be conveyed is much
lesser than the discharge capacity of the lesser than the discharge capacity of the
culvert.
F i t d i f d id For private access road crossing of roadside
drainage, should be hydraulically adequate to
convey the roadside drainage runoff and convey the roadside drainage runoff and
compatible with the roadside channel and shall
not less than 60 cm diameter.
Recommended minimum of
size of culvert (REAM)
Length of Culvert (m) Minimum Diameter or
Height of Culvert (cm)
<12 100
12 18 120
>18 150
FREEBOARD FREEBOARD
Freeboard is the vertical distance from the water
surface to the road formation level.
Recommended minimum freeboard is 30 cm.
For culverts, the design water surface level should
not be above the road formation level.
All culvert with a waterway area of 1.0 m
2
or more
should be designed with a minimum freeboard above
the design water level For a large culvert increase the design water level. For a large culvert, increase
up to a maximum of 100 cm.
Road formation level
Acceptable flood level
Freeboard
minimum = 30 cm
Water level
Crown of Culvert
Box Culvert
Maximum water depth
Bed level
Road formation level
Permissible flood level
Freeboard
minimum = 30 cm
Water level
Crown of Culvert
Box Culvert
Maximum water depth
Bed level
Embankment Stability Embankment Stability
For higher embankments, when the water
level at the inlet exceeds 1.0 m above the
crown of culvert, the designer must check
the stability of the whole embankment
against the fluctuations of pore water against the fluctuations of pore water
pressure
Gradient of Culverts Gradient of Culverts
Generally gradients of 1:200 to 1:300 are Generally gradients of 1:200 to 1:300 are
used for ease of laying and minimum velocity
requirements.
The minimum gradient is the flattest allowable
to minimise deposition and accumulation of p
silts in the culvert, and the maximum gradient
is the steepest allowable to control flow
velocities to a level not exceeding the
scouring resistance of the culvert material
Minimum = 1:600 ; Maximum = 1:100
Scouring Scouring
a) Rip-rap placed beyond the outlet end a) Rip rap placed beyond the outlet end
b) The provision of energy dissipating devices
such as baffle-apron drop spillway such as baffle-apron, drop spillway,
cascading drop etc.
When the drop in level from the culvert outlet
to the receiving natural stream invert is more
than 1 m then considerations should be given
to the provision of energy dissipators (refer to
Chapter 29 MaSMA) Chapter 29, MaSMA)
Maximum & Minimum Velocities Maximum & Minimum Velocities
To reduce maintenance the To reduce maintenance the
recommended flow velocities (refer to
REAM) in culverts shall be as follows:
a) Min. Self Cleansing velocity (to prevent
siltation) is 0 7 m/s (between 0 6 0 9 m/s) siltation) is 0.7 m/s (between 0.6-0.9 m/s).
b) Maximum velocity (to limit scouring) is 3
m/s. Greater than 4-5 m/s are rarely used.
Flow Regimes Flow Regimes
Culverts perform a similar function to that of
bridges, but unlike bridges, they have shorter
spans and can be designed to have a
submerged entrance submerged entrance.
The flow hydraulic regimes can be broadly
grouped into submerged-entrance conditions
and free-entrance conditions.
For design purpose based on the guidelines,
the flow regimes can be grouped into inlet
t l d tl t t l control and outlet control.
Culvert Design Culvert Design
Chapter 27 in MaSMA provides guidance on
the hydraulic design of culverts, culvert end
treatment, the design of scour protection,
d b i t l d i t d ti t debris control and an introduction to
improved culvert inlets.
The procedures in MaSMA for hydraulic
design of culvert are based on the Hydraulic
Design of Highway Culverts Hydraulic Design of Highway Culverts Hydraulic
Engineering Circular No5 (US Federal
Highway Administration). Highway Administration).
Culvert Design Culvert Design
Consideration in culvert design: Consideration in culvert design:
a) INLET CONTROL
submerged; not submerged
a) OUTLET CONTROL )
occurs in long culvert; flat grades; high
tailwater depth tailwater depth
The type of control is determined by the greater
f H f b th i l t t l tl t t l of HW for both inlet control or outlet control
Design Procedure Design Procedure
Assemble site data
Determine design flood discharge, refer to average
reccurence interval (ARI)
Commence summarising data on design form
Select trial culvert: material, shape, size, entrance , p , ,
Determine inlet control headwater, depth Hwi inlet
control design chart
Determine ho for outlet control
Determine outlet control, headwater depth Hwo Determine outlet control, headwater depth Hwo
outlet control design chart
Design Procedure Design Procedure
Determine controlling headwater; if Hwi > Hwo it is
inlet control and Hwc = Hwi; if Hwo > Hwi it is
outlet control and Hwc = Hwo
C l l l l i V Calculate outlet velocity Vo
Review results
Improve designs
Documentation
Equations Equations
a) Energy Head (H)
H = Hv + He + Hf
V
H
2
=
|

|
=
V
K H
2
H Hv + He + Hf
Hv : velocity head
H : entrance loss
g
H
V
2
=
.

\
=
g
K H
e e
2
|

|
V L n g 2
2 2
He : entrance loss
Hf : friction loss
|
.
|

\
|
=
g
V
R
L n g
H
f
2
2
33 . 1
g
V
R
L n g
K H
e
2
2
1
2
33 . 1
2
(

+ + =
g R 2

Equations Equations
V L n g 2
2 2
(
g
V
R
L n g
K H
e
2
2
1
33 . 1
(

+ + =
H : Energy head
n : Mannings coefficient
L : Length (m) of culvert cell/barrel
V : Mean velocity (m/s) V : Mean velocity (m/s)
R : Hydraulic radius
A : Area (m
2
) of flow A : Area (m
2
) of flow
Equations Equations
b) Headwater Depth (Hwo)
Hwo = H + ho - Ls Hwo H + ho Ls
H : Use Design Chart 27.3 to 27.5
h : Use Figure 27 10 & 27 9 ho : Use Figure 27.10 & 27.9
hc : Use Design Chart Appendix 27.A
D : Culvert height (m) use Figure 27.9 & 27.10
S : slope of culvert cell/barrel in unit (m/m)
Equations Equations
c) ho
Refer to: Refer to:
Figure 27.9 ho = Tw
Figure 27.10 ho = (hc + D)/2 or
Choose the
ho = Tw
greater
Standard Size Box Culvert
B
b
B
Lid
G
b
Standard size for
nominal width
h H
between 600mm
to 1800mm
Standard Size Box Culvert with dry weather flow
B
b
B
Lid
b
Standard size for
nominal width
h H
between 600mm
to 1800mm
e
Super Size Box Culvert
B
b
B
Lid
D
b
Super Size for
nominal widths
h H
between 2100mm
to 3600mm
Super Size Box Culvert with dry weather flow
B
b
B
Lid
D
b
Super Size for
nominal widths
h H
between 2100mm
to 3600mm
e
Standard Size Box Culvert - example
Nominal size (mm) Dimensions
p
b (mm) h
(mm)
B
( )
H
( )
G
( )
(mm)
(mm) (mm) (mm)
600 300 740 370 140
600 450 740 520 140
600 600 740 670 140
Super Size Box Culvert - example
Nominal size Dimensions (mm)
p p
(mm)
mm x mm b (mm) h
( )
B
( )
D
( ) (mm) (mm) (mm)
2100x1200 2100 1200 2500 255
2100x1500 2100 1500 2500 255
2100x1800 2100 1800 2500 255
2100 2100 2100 2100 2500 255 2100x2100 2100 2100 2500 255
Example 1 Culvert Design Example 1 Culvert Design
Given design discharge Q = 5 m
3
/s and length of
culvert cell is 90m.
Natural waterway invert levels:
Inlet : R.L. 50.00m , Outlet : R.L. 49.00m
Acceptable upstream flood level: R.L. 52.50m p p
Desirable road pavement level: R.L. 52.00m
Minimum height of pavement above headwater : Minimum height of pavement above headwater :
0.30m (standard minimum freeboard)
Estimated downstream tailwater level : R.L.
49.80m
Example 1 Solution Example 1 Solution
Maximum headwater height Hw is the lesser of
a) Maximum practical culvert height ) p g
52.00 0.30 50.00 = 1.70m
b) Acceptable upstream flood level
52 50 50 00 2 50 52.50 50.00 = 2.50m
1.70 is the lesser between two values 1.70 and 2.50
Th f i H 1 70 Therefore maximum Hw = 1.70m
Road pavement
Acceptable flood level: 52.50
Freeboard
minimum = 30 cm
Water level
Road pavement
level: 52.00
Crown of Culvert
Box Culvert
Maximum water depth, Hw
Bed level
Assume inlet control Assume inlet control
Estimate required waterway area assuming mean Estimate required waterway area assuming mean
velocity V = 2 m/s.
Estimated area A = Q/V = 5/2 = 2.5 m
2
Q/ /
i) Try size 1650mm pipe culvert, diameter D = 1.65m
refer to D.Chart 27.3 with Q = 5.0 m
3
/s, give
Hw/D = 1.09 , Hw = 1.09 x 1.65m = 1.8 Hw/D 1.09 , Hw 1.09 x 1.65m 1.8
Hw = 1.8 is greater than 1.70 (maximum allowable),
therefore the size is not acceptable therefore the size is not acceptable.