CONTINUITY AND DIFFERENTIABILITY

1
CONTINUITY
1 Definition
A function f(x) is said to be continuous at x = a , if
a x
Lim
f (a) = +
a x
Lim
f (x) = f(a)
i.e. LHL = RHL = value of the function at a i.e.
a x
Lim

f (x) = f (a) .
If f (x) is not continuous at x = a, we say that f (x) is discontinuous at x = a .
NOTES:
- All Polynomials, Trigonometrical functions, exponential and Logarithmic functions
are continuous in their domain .
- We never talk about continuity/discontinuity at a points at which we cant
approach from either side of the point. These points are called isolated points .
e.g. f(x) = x o + o x at x = o.
2 Single point of Continuity :
There are some functions which are continuous only at one point.
e.g. f (x) =

e
e
Q x if x
Q x if x
and g (x) =

e
e
Q x if 0
Q x if x
are both continuous only at x =
0
3 Reasons of Discontinuity
(a) One or more than one of the three quantities , LHL , RHL and f (a) is not defined . Lets
consider some examples
(i) f (x) =
x
1
around x = 0
LHL = , RHL = + , f (0) is not defined ,
f (x) =
x
1
is discontinuous at x = 0 which is
obvious from the graph .
(ii) f (x) =

1 x for
1 x
1 x
2
around x = 1
LHL = RHL = 2 but f (x) is not defined . Therefore this function graph has a hole at x
= 1 , it is discontinuous at x = 1
(b) All the three quantities are defined, but any pair of form is unequal (or all three are unequal).
(i) f (x) = [x] around any integer I
LHL = I 1 , RHL = I , f (I) = 1
LHL = RHL = f (I) , so this frunction is also discontinuous at all integers
(ii) f (x) = {x} around any integer I
LHL = 1 , RHL = 0 , f (I) = 0
LHL = RHL = f (I) , so this frunction is also discontinuous at all integers
DIFFERENTIAL CALCULUS
2
(iii) f (x) =
)
`

e
e
Z x , 0
Z x , 1
around any integer I
From the figure , we notic that at nay integer I ,
LHL = 1 , RHL = 1 , f (I) = 0
LHL =RHL = f (I) , so this frunction is again discontinuous
(iv) f (x) =

=
=
0 x , 0
0 x ,
x
x
around x = 0
At x = 0 we see that
LHL = 1 , RHL = 1 , f (0) = 0
LHL = RHL = f (0) and the function is discontinuous
To summarise , if we intend to evaluate the continuity of a function a x = a which means that
we want to determine whether f (x) will be continuous at x = a or not , we have to evaluate all
the three quantities , LHL , RHL and f (a) . If these three quantities are finite and equal , f (x)
is continuous at x = a . In all other cases it is discontinuous at x = a
LHL (at x = a) = RHL , (at x = a) = f (a) , for continuity at x = a .
ILLUSTRATION
Discuss the continuity of the function ,
f (x) at x =
2
1
, where f (x) =

s <
=
< s
1 x
2
1
, x
2
3
2
1
x , 1
2
1
x 0 , x
2
1
Solution :
We have :
|
.
|

'

=
2
1
x at LHL
=

2
1
x
Lim
f (x) =
2
1
x
Lim

|
.
|

'

x
2
1

< s =
2
1
x 0 for x
2
1
) x ( f
=
2
1

2
1
= 0 [ Using direct substitution method ]
and
|
.
|

'

=
2
1
x at RHL
=
+

2
1
x
Lim
f (x) =
2
1
x
Lim

|
.
|

'

x
2
3

s < = 1 x
2
1
for x
2
3
) x ( f
=
2
3

2
1
= 1 [ Using direct substitution method ]

2
1
x
Lim
=
+

2
1
x
Lim
Hence f (x) is not continuous at x =
2
1
. Clearly f (x) is discontinuious at x =
2
1
CONTINUITY AND DIFFERENTIABILITY
3
ILLUSTRATION
Discuss the continuity of the function , f (x) at x = 2 .
f (x) =

> +
<
2 x , x 2
2 x , x 2
Solution :
We have : (LHL at x = 2) =
2 x
Lim
f (x) =
2 x
Lim

2 x . [ f (x) = 2 x for x < 2 ]

= 2 2 = 0
and (LHL at x = 2) = +
2 x
Lim
f (x) =
2 x
Lim

2 + x . [ f (x) = 2 + x for x > 2 ]

= 2 + 2 = 4

2 x
Lim
= +
2 x
Lim
f (x) . Hence f (x) is not continuous at x = 2 .
Conceptual Exercise 01
Test the continuity of the following functions .
1. f (x) =

=
=
0 x , 1
0 x ,
x
x
at x = 0
2. f (x) =

=
=
0 x , 0
0 x ,
x
1
sin x
at x = 0
3. f (x) =

=
=
+

0 x , 0
0 x ,
1 e
1 e
x / 1
x / 1
at x = 0
4. f (x) =

< <
s <
2 x 1 , x 3 x 4
1 x 0 , 4 x 5
3 at x = 1
5. f (x) =

s <
=
< s
1 x
2
1
, x 1
2
1
x ,
2
1
2
1
x 0 , x
at x =
2
1
6. f (x) =

=
= +
0 x , 2
0 x , x cos
x
x sin
at x = 0
3 Continuity In An Open Interval
A function f(x) is said to be continuous in an open interval (a, b) if it is continuous at each
and every point of (a, b) i.e. y = {x} is continuous in (1, 2)
4 Continuity In A Closed Interval
A function f(x) is said to be continuous in a closed interval [a , b] if
It is continuous in (a, b)
Value of the function at b is equal to left hand limit at b i.e., f (b) =

b x
Lim
f (x)
Value of the function at a is equal to right hand limit at a i.e., f (a) = +
a x
Lim
f (x)
DIFFERENTIAL CALCULUS
4
illustration
Show that the function , f (x) =

s s +
< s +
< s +
1 x 0 , 2 x
0 x 2 , 1 x
2 x 3 , 3 x 2
is discontinuous at x = 0 and
continuous at every point in interval [ 3 , 1 ] .
Solution :
f (x) =

s s +
< s +
< s +
1 x 0 , 2 x
0 x 2 , 1 x
2 x 3 , 3 x 2
is plotted as shown .
Here , if we observe in the graph , we could conclude that at x = 0 ,

0 x
Lim
f (x) = 1 and +
0 x
Lim
f (x) = 2
which shows that the function is discontinuous at x = 0 and
continuous at every other point in [ 3 , 1] .
5 Geometrical Meaning of Continuity
A function f(x) will be continuous at x = a if and only if there is no break in the graph of the
function f(x) at the point (a, f(a)). In an interval function is said to be continuous if the is no
break in graph of function in the entire interval.
Examples :
f (x) = sin x is continuous in its entire domain
0
y
x t 2
t 3 t 2
f (x) = tan x is discontinuous at x = (2n + 1)
2
t
, where n e I.
2
3t
2
t
O
2
t
2
3t
x
y
f(x) will be discontinuous at x = a, in any of the following cases:
(i)

a x
Lim
f (x) and
+
a x
Lim
f (x) exist but are not equal
For example y = [x] at x e I is discontinuous.
1
2
1
1
2
2
1
1
2
2 3
x
y
O
' x
' y
CONTINUITY AND DIFFERENTIABILITY
5
(ii)

a x
Lim
f (x) =
+
a x
Lim
f (x) but not equal to f (a)
5
x = 2
For example f (x) =

=
=

2 x , 5
2 x ,
2 x
4 x
2
at x = 2
Here LHL = 2 and RHL = 2 , but at x = 2 , f (x) = 5 .
(iii) Atleast one of the limits
(L.H.L. or R.H.L.) does not exist .
For example :
y = sin |
.
|

'

x
1
at x = 0
illustration
If f (x) =

> +
=
< +
0 x , 3 x
0 x , 0
0 x , 3 x 2
2
. Discuss the continuity .
Solution :
Here
0 x
Lim
f (x) = 3
+
0 x
Lim
f (x) = 3
f (0) = 0
Thus
0 x
Lim
f (x) = +
0 x
Lim
f (x) = 3

= f (0)
Hence f (x) is discontinuous at x = 0
illustration
If f (x) =
1 x
1 x
2

. Discuss the continuity at x 1 .

Solution :
Which shows ,
1 x
Lim

f (x) = 2 but f (1) is not defined .

1 x
1 x
2

So f (x) is discontinuous at x = 1 .
Conceptual Exercise 02
1. Find all possible values of a and b so that f (x) is continuous for all x e R if
DIFFERENTIAL CALCULUS
6
f (x) =

t >
t < <
s < +
s +
x , 3 x cos
x 0 , b 2
x
x 2 sin b
0 x 1 , a x 3
1 x , 3 x a
2
2. Let f (x) =
,

<
+

>
+
0 x ,
x 2 tan 1 n
1 e
0 x ,
1 x 1
x cos n
x 4 sin
2 4

Is it possible to define f (0) to make the function continuous at x = 0 . If yes what

is the value of f (0) , if not then indicate the nature of discontinuity .
3. The function f (x) =
,
,

t < < +
= +
< <
t
t
t
|
|
.
|

'

x if x cos 1
x if 2 b
x 0 if
5
6
2
2
2
b
x tan a
x 5 tan
x 6 tan
Determine the values of a and b , if f is continuous at x =
2
t
4. Determine the value of a , b and c for which the function is continuous at x = 0 .
f (x) =
,

>
=
<
+
+ +
0 x for
0 x for c
0 x for
2 / 3
2 / 1
2 / 1
2
x b
x x b x
x
x sin x ) 1 a ( sin
5. Find the locus of (a , b) for which the function f (x) =

>
< <
s
2 x for a x b
2 x 1 for x 3
1 x for b x a
2
is continuous at x = 1 but discontinuous at x = 2 .
6 Algebra of Continuous Functions
Let f (x) and g (x) are continuous functions at x = a. Then,
(i) f (x) is continuous at x = a where c is any constant
(ii) f (x) g (x) is continuous at x = a
(iii) f (x). g (x) is continuous at x = a
(iv)
) x ( g
) x ( f
is continuous at x = a, provided g (a) = 0 .
illustration
f (x) =
, ,

=
= +
t
0 x , k
0 x , x
4
tan
x / 1
. For what value of k , f (x) is continuous at x = 0 ?
Solution :
CONTINUITY AND DIFFERENTIABILITY
7
Here ,
0 x
Lim

f (x) =
0 x
Lim

x / 1
x
4
tan
)
`

|
.
|

'

+
t

0 x
Lim

f (x) =
0 x
Lim

x / 1
x tan 1
x tan 1

+
( 1 form)

0 x
Lim

f (x) =
0 x
Lim

x / 1
1
x tan 1
x tan 1
1

|
|
.
|

'

+
+

0 x
Lim

f (x) =
x
1
x tan 1
x tan 2
Lim
0 x
e
|
|
.
|

'

0 x
Lim

f (x) =
) x tan 1 ( x
x tan
Lim 2
0 x
e

=e
2
Here , f (x) is continuous at x = 0 , when
0 x
Lim

f (x) = f (0) k = e
2
NOTES:
- If f(x) is discontinuous and g(x) is also discontinuous at x = a , then the sum of the
functions is continuous.
Example : f (x) = [x] and g (x) = {x} , then (f + g) (x) = x is a continuous function.
- If f(x) is continuous and g(x) is discontinuous at x = a then the product function
) x ( g ). x ( f ) x ( = | is not necessarily be discontinuous at x = a.
Example : f(x) = x and g (x) =

=
=
0 x , 0
0 x ,
x
1
sin
|

(x) = 0 for all x e R
- If f(x) and g(x) both are discontinuous at x = a then the product function
) x ( g ). x ( f ) x ( = | is not necessarily be discontinuous at x = a.
Example : f (x) =

<
>
0 x , 1
0 x , 1
and g (x) =

<
>
0 x , 1
0 x , 1
- Continuity of an inverse Function : If the function y = f(x) is defined, continuous and
strictly monotonic on the interval X, then there exist a single valued inverse function
x = (y) defined, continuous and also strictly monotonic in the range of the function
y = f (x).
Conceptual Exercise 03
1. Find the value of f (0) so that the function f (x) =
x
x 1 x 1
3
+ +
is continuous at x = 0.
DIFFERENTIAL CALCULUS
8
2. If the function f (x) =
x
) x b 1 ( n ) x a 1 ( n +
is undefined at x = 0. Then find the value
which should be assigned to f at x = 0 so that it is continuous at x = 0.
3. If f (x) =
) x 2 ( sin
4 x 2 +
, x = 0 is continuous function at x = 0, then find the value of f(0)
4. If f(x) = x + { x} + [x] , where [x] is the integral part and {x} is the fractional
part of x . Discuss the continuity of f in [ 2 , 2] .
5. Discuss the continuity of the function; f (x) = [[x]] [x 1] (where [.] denotes the
greatest integral function).
6. Examine the continuity or discontinuity of the function f (x) = [x] + [x].
7 Continuity of Composite Function
If f is continuous at x = c and g is continuous at x = f(c) then the composite g(f(x)) is
continuous at x = c. e.g. f(x) =
2 x
x sin x
2
+
and g (x) = |x| are continuous at x = 0, hence
the composite (gof)(x) =
2 x
x sin x
2
+
will also be continuous at x = 0 .
illustration
Find the point(s) of discontinuity of y =
2 u u
1
2
+
, where u =
1 x
1

.
Solution:
The function u = f (x) =
1 x
1

is discontinuous at the point x = 1. . . . (i)

The function y = g(x) =
2 u u
1
2
+
=
) ( ) ( 1 u 2 u
1
+
is discontinuous at u = 2 and u = 1.
when u = 2 ,
1 x
1

= 2 x =
2
1
u = 1
1 x
1

= 1 x = 2
Hence, the composite function y = g (f(x)) is discontinuous at three points x =
2
1
, 1, 2
Conceptual Exercise 04
1. Draw the graph of the function f (x) = x |x x
2
| , 1 s x s 1 and discuss its
continuity or discontinuity at f in the interval 1 s x s 1 .
2. Given the function g (x) = x 2 6 and h (x) = 2 x
2
3 x + a . Then
(a) Evaluate h (g (2))
CONTINUITY AND DIFFERENTIABILITY
9
(b) If f (x) =

>
s
1 x , ) x ( h
1 x , ) x ( g
, find a so that f is continuous .
3. Let f (x) =

s <
s s +
3 x 2 , x 3
2 x 0 , x 1
. Determine the form of g(x) = f (f(x)) and hence
find the point of discontinuity of g , if any .
4. If f (x) = 1 + |x 1|, 1 s x s 3 and g(x) = 2 |x + 1| , 2 s x s 2 .
then calculate f(g(x)) and g(f(x)). Discuss the continuity of f(g(x)).
5. Let f (x) =

s s
< s
1 x 0 , x
0 x 1 , 1 x
2
and g (x) = sin x . Further let
h(x) = f (|g(x)|) + |f (g (x))| . Discuss the continuity of h(x) in [1, 1].
8 Intermediate Value Theorem
Suppose f (x) is continuous on an interval I, and a and b are two points of I. Then if y
0
is a
number between f (a) and f (b), there exists a number c between a and b such that
f(c) = y
0
.
illustration
Let f : [0 , 1] [1 , e] be a continuous function, then prove that f(c) = e
c
for some c e [0 , 1]
Solution :
Let h(x) = f(x) e
x
h(0) = f(0) 1 > 0
h (1) = f (1) e s 0
h(c) = 0 for at least one c e [0 , 1]
illustration
Let f , g : [0 , 1] [0 , ) be continuous function satisfying
1 x 0
. Max
s s
f (x) =
1 x 0
. Max
s s
g (x) .
Prove that there exists e [0 , 1] with ,
2
) ( f + 3 f () = ,
2
) ( g + 3 g () .
Solution :
Let
1 x 0
. Max
s s
f (x) at x = o , o e [0 , 1] and
1 x 0
. Max
s s
g (x) at x = | , | e [0 , 1]
Now consider , h (x) = f (x) g (x) x [o , |]
h (o) = f (o) g (o) > 0
h (|) = f (|) g (|) s 0
h () = 0 for atleast one e [0 , 1]
f () g () = 0
,
2
) ( f + 3 f () = ,
2
) ( g + 3 g () for atleast one e [0 , 1]
illustration
f : (0 , 1) [0 , 1] be a continuous function .
(A) if it is onto then it must be many to one (B) f must be onto
(C) f must be oneone (D) f can be bijective
Solution :
Let f to be one to one then range of f will be open and as it cant be onto . Hence if it is
onto then it must be many to one .
DIFFERENTIAL CALCULUS
10
NOTES:
- If f is a continuous function in [a, b] and is any real number such that
f(a) < < f(b), then there exists at least one solution of the equation f(x) = in
the open interval (a, b).
In general odd number of solution of f(x) = in the open interval (a, b). In
particular if f(a) and f(b) possess opposite signs, then there exists at least one
solution of the equation f(x) = 0 in the open interval (a, b). In general odd number
of solutions of f(x) = 0 in the open interval (a, b).
- If f is continuous at every point of a closed interval I, then f assumes both an
absolute maximum value M and an absolute minimum value m somewhere in I.
That is there are numbers x
1
and x
2
in I with f(x
1
) = m, f(x
2
) = M, and
M ) x ( f m s s for every other I.
In other words if m =
b x a s s
min
f(x), M =
b x a s s
max
f(x), then for any A satisfying the inequalities
m s A s M there exist a point x
0
[a, b] for which f(x
0
) = A.
- A continuous function whose domain is closed must have a range also in closed
interval but it is not necessary that domain is open then range is open (range can
be closed). f(x) has the minimum and maximum values on [a, b].
Conceptual Exercise 05
1. Let f : [1 , e] [0 , 1] is a continuous but need not be differentiable function then
prove that f (x) = n x has atleast one solution in [1, e] .
2. Let f : (1 , 10) [2 , 11] be a continuous function , but need not be differentiable
,
then the correct statement is :
(A) it can be an odd function (B) it cant be an invertible function
(C) it can be an invertible function (D) none of these
3. Let f be a continuous function on R and periodic with fundamental period 1 i.e.
f (x + 1) = f (x), then prove that there will be a real number x
0
, such that
f (x
0
+ t) = f (x
0
) .
4. Let f : [0 , 1] R be a continuous function such that f(0) = f(1), then prove that
there is a solution of the equation f (x) f
|
.
|

'

+
n
1
x
= 0 , in

]

n
1 n
, 0
for every
natural number n
5. Let f : [ 1 , 1] [ 1 , 1] be a continuous function, then prove that
f (c) = c
3
for some c e [ 1 , 1]
.
CONTINUITY AND DIFFERENTIABILITY
11
DIFFERENTIABILITY
1. Definition of The Derivative
The derivative f ' (x) of a function y = f (x) at a given point x is defined as
f ' (x) =
0 x
Lim
A
x
y
A
A
=
0 x
Lim
A
x
) x ( f ) x x ( f
A
A +
= finite . If this limit exists finitely then the
function f (x) is called differentiable at the point x . The number f

' (x)
|
|
.
|

'

=
A
A +
=

A
finite
x
) x ( f ) x x ( f
Lim
0 x
is called the left hand derivative at the point x .
Similarly the number f
+
' (x)
|
|
.
|

'

=
A
A +
=
+
A
finite
x
) x ( f ) x x ( f
Lim
0 x
is called the right hand
derivative at the point x . The necessary and sufficient condition for the existence of the
derivative f (x) is the existence of the finite right and left hand derivatives , and also of the
equality
f
+
' (x) = f

' (x) = finite .

2. Geometrical Meaning of The Derivative
Let us consider the function f(x) and the corresponding curve y = f(x). Clearly line joining
two points M
0
(x , y) and M
1
(x + A

x , y + A

y) on the curve will be the secant to the curve
and the slope of this secant is given by tan | =
x
y
A
A
(Where | is the angle made by the
secant with the positive direction of the xaxis). In the limiting case when A x 0 the
point M
1
approaches M
0
and the secant joining these two points will become the tangent
at M
0
whose slope will be given by tan o =
0 x
Lim
A
x
y
A
A
= f ' (x)
which means that slope of the tangent to the curve y = f(x) at
any argument is equal to the value of the derivative at that
argument.
O
x x+
x
y
y
Ax
Ay
Ax
y=f(x)
M
1
M
0
Geometrically, a function is not differentiable in the following cases :
3 Differentiability on An Interval
A function y = f (x) is differentiable on an interval (finite or infinite) if it has a derivative at
each point of the interval . It is differentiable on a closed interval [a , b] if it differentiable
at every point of the open interval (a, b) and if the limits
+
0 h
Lim
h
) a ( f ) h a ( f +
= finite (Right hand derivative at a)
+
0 h
Lim
h
) h b ( f ) b ( f
= finite (Left hand derivative at b) exist finitely
4 Relation Between Derivability And Continuity
(a) If ) a ( f ' exists then f(x) is derivable at ) x ( f a x = is continuous at x = a .In
general a function f is derivable at x then f is continuous at x. i.e. if f(x) is derivable for
every point of its domain of definition, then it is continuous in that domain. The converse
of the above
DIFFERENTIAL CALCULUS
12
result is need not be true e.g. the functions f (x) = |x| and g (x) =

=
=
0 x , 0
0 x ,
x
1
sin x
both are continuous at x = 0 but not derivable at x = 0.
(b) Let f
+
' (a) = and f

' (a) = where

and are finite then :
(i) = f is derivable at x = a f is continuous at x = a.
(ii) = f is not derivable at x = a but f is continuous at x = a. If a
function f not differentiable but is continuous at x = a, it geometrically
implies a sharp corner or kink at x = a .
(iii) If f is not continuous at x = a then it is not differentiable at x = a.
5. Reason of non differentiability
Case I
(i) a corner, where the onesided derivatives differ
(ii) a cusp, where the slope of PQ approaches from one side and from the other
(iii) a vertical tangent, where the slope of PQ approaches

from both sides or
a p p r o a c h e s
from both sides (here, )

Q +
Q

P
(iv) a discontinuity
(a) (b)
Remarks :
CONTINUITY AND DIFFERENTIABILITY
13
There are functions which are continuous at every point but differentiable at no point.
e.g. f (x) =

= 0 n
n
3
2
|
.
|

'

cos (9
n
t x) .
A formula that expresses f as an infinite sum of cosines with increasing higher frequencies.
By adding wiggles to wiggles infinitely many times, so to speak, the formula produces a
graph that is too bumpy in the limit to have a tangent anywhere.
6. Algebra of a Differentiable Function
(i) If f(x) and g(x) are derivable at x = a then the functions f(x) + g(x), f(x) g(x),
f(x).g(x) will be derivable at x = a and if g (a) = 0 , then the function f(x)/g(x) will also
be derivable at x = a.
(ii) If f(x) is differentiable at x = a and g(x) is not differentiable at x = a, then the product
function f(x) g(x) can still be differentiable at x = a. e.g., f(x) = x and g(x) = |x| at
x = 0.
(iii) If f(x) is differentiable at x = a and g(x) is not differentiable at x = a, then the sum
function f(x) + g(x) is not differentiable at x = a.
(iv) If f(x) and g(x) both are not differentiable at x = a, then the sum function may be a
differentiable function. e.g. f(x)= |x| and g(x) = |x|
(v) If f(x) and g(x) both are not differentiable at x = a, then the product function f(x) g(x)
can still be differentiable at x = a i.e., f (x) = |x| and g (x) = |x| at x = 0 .
(vi) If f(x) is derivable at x = a then it need not be true that ) x ( f ' is continuous at x = a.
e.g. f (x) =

=
=
0 x if 0
0 x if
x
1
sin x
2
.
Conceptual Exercise 06
1. If f (x) is differentiable at x = a , find
a x
Lim

a x
) x ( f a ) a ( f x
2 2

.
2. Discuss the differentiability of f (x) =

=
=
|
|
.
|

'

+
0 x , 0
0 x , e x
x
1
x
1
at x = 0 .
3. Show that the function f (x) =

=
=
'
0 x when 0
0 x when sin x
x
1
is continuous but not differ
entiable at x = 0 .
4. A function f is defined by f (x
2
) = x
3
for all x > 0 . Show that f is differentiable at 4.
5. Find whether the function f (x) = |x
3
| is differentiable or not .
6. Let f (x) =

< +
>
1 x for b x a
1 x for
x
1
2
. If f (x) is continuous and differentiable every
where, then find the value of a and b .
DIFFERENTIAL CALCULUS
14
Functional Equation :
If x, y are independent variables, then :
(i) f(xy) = f(x) + f(y) f (x) = k ln x or f(x) = 0 .
(ii) f(xy) = f(x) . f(y) f (x) = x
n
, n e R
(iii) f(x + y) = f(x) . f(y) f (x) = a
kx
.
(iv) f(x + y) = f(x) + f(y) f (x) = kx, where k is a constant .
illustration
(a) Let f be a function such that f (x + f (y)) = f (x) + y

x , y e R , then find f (0)
.
(b) Now if it is given that there exists a positive real o

, such that f (h) = h for 0 < h < o
then find f '(x) and hence f(x).
Solution :
(a) Let x = 0, y = 0 in f (x) + f (y) = f (x) + y
f (0) + f (0) = f (0) + 0
2 f (0) = f (0)
f (0) = 0
(b) Given f (h) = h
then f '(x) =
0 h
Lim

h
) x ( f ) h x ( f +
for 0 < h < o
f '(x) =
0 h
Lim

h
) x ( f ) h ( f x f ) ( +
(given f (h) = h)
f '(x) =
0 h
Lim

h
) x ( f h ) x ( f +
f '(x) =
0 h
Lim

h
h
f '(x) = 1 , integrating both sides we get
f (x) = x + c where f (0) = 0 c = 0
So, f (x) = x
Thus f '(x) = 1 and f (x) = x
illustration
Let f : R R is a function satisfies condition
f (x + y
3
) = f (x) + [f (y)]
3
for all x , y e R. If f '(0) > 0 . Find f (10) .
Solution :
Given f (x + y
3
) = f (x) + [f (y)]
3
................. (i)
and f'(0) > 0 ................. (ii)
Replacing x , y by 0
f (0) = f (0) + f (0)
3
f (0) = 0 ................. (iii)
also f ' (0) =
0 h
Lim

h
) 0 ( f ) h 0 ( f +
=
0 h
Lim

h
) h ( f
Let I = f ' (0) =
0 h
Lim

,
3 3 / 1
3 3 / 1
) (
) (
h
) 0 ( f h 0 f +
=
0 h
Lim

,
3 3 / 1
3
3 / 1
) (
) (
h
h f
=
0 h
Lim

3
3 / 1
3 / 1
) (
) (
h
h f
|
|
.
|

'

= I
3
CONTINUITY AND DIFFERENTIABILITY
15
I = I
3
or I = 0 , 1 , 1 as f '(0) > 0 f '

(0) = 0 , 1 ................ (v)
Thus, f '(x) =
0 h
Lim

h
) x ( f ) h x ( f +
=
0 h
Lim

,
3 3 / 1
3 3 / 1
) (
) (
h
) x ( f h x f +
f '(x) =
0 h
Lim

,
3 3 / 1
3
3 / 1
) (
) (
h
) x ( f h f ) x ( f
[ using (i) ]
f '(x) =
0 h
Lim
|
|
.
|

'

) (
) (
3 / 1
3 / 1
h
h f
= (f ' (0))
3
f '(x) = 0 , 1 [as f' (0) = 0, 1 using (v)]
Integrating both sides,
f(x) = c or x + c as f(0) = 0 f(x) = 0 or x
Thus f(10) = 0 or 10
Conceptual Exercise 07
1. Let f
|
.
|

'
+
2
y x
=
2
) y ( f ) x ( f +
for all real x and y. If f' (0) exists and equals to
1 and f (0) = 1 , find f ' (x) .
2. If f (x) + f (y) = f |
|
.
|

'

+
y x 1
y x
for all x , y e R (xy = 1) and
0 x
Lim

x
) x ( f
= 2 .
Find f
|
|
.
|

'

3
1
and f' (1)
3. Let f (x + y) = f(x) + f(y) 2xy 1 for all x and y . If f ' (0) exists and
f ' (0) = sin o , then find f { f ' (0)} .
4. If f
|
.
|

'
+
3
y x
=
3
) y ( f ) x ( f 2 + +
for all real x and y and f ' (2) = 2 , then determine
y = f (x) .
5. Let f |
.
|

'

2
y x
=
2
) y ( f ) x ( f
for all x and y . If f (1) = f ' (1) , show that
f(x) + f(1 x) = constant for all nonzero real x.
6. If f |
|
.
|

'

y
x
=
) y ( f
) x ( f

x, y e R, y = 0 and f(t) = 0, if t = 0 and f '(1) = 3 then find f(x).

Maxima/Minima/Middle function :
A function f (x) = max { } where max means the expression whose values lies above of
other expressions .
DIFFERENTIAL CALCULUS
16
A function f (x) = min { } where min means the expression whose values lies below of other
expressions .
A function f (x) = mid { } where mid means the expression whose values lies between those
of other two expressions .
illustration
Let f(x) = min.{tan x, cot x}

x e R. Find
(i) Range of f(x) (ii) Period (if periodic)
(iii) Points of discontinuity of f(x) (iv) Points of nondifferentiability of f(x)
Solution :
x = 3 /2 x = - x = x = - x =
O
X
We know,
f(x) = min{tan x, cot x} can be plotted in two steps
(i) We should plot the graph of tan x and cot x
(ii) We should find their points of intersection
and neglect the area above their point of
intersection
It can seen from the graph. That,
(a) range of f(x) = (, 1] [0, 1]
(b) period of f(x) = t
(c) Points of discontinuity are t ,
2
t
, 0 ... which can be put in the form of
2
nt
, n e I
(d) Also the points of non differentiability are t ,
4
3t
,
2
t
, 0 , ... which can be put in
form of
4
nt
, n e I.
Here darked lines of the curves represents min {tan x , cot x} and dotted lines is max. {tan
x , cot x}
illustration
A function f is given by f (x) = mid {1 x , |x| , 2 x + 1} where mid means the expression
whose values lies between those of other two expressions . Find the function and test its
continuity in entire number scale .
Solution :
y = 2 x + 1
y = x | |
y = 1 x
1 1
1
2
1
3

The bold lines denotes the mid of the function

CONTINUITY AND DIFFERENTIABILITY
17
Hence f (x) = mid {1 x , |x| , 2 x + 1} =

< <
< <
< < +
< <
x
2
1
, x
2
1
x 0 , x 1
0 x
3
1
, 1 x 2
3
1
x , x
Conceptual Exercise 08
1. On how many points the functions ,
f (x) = max { x
2
, (x 1)
2
, 2 x (1 x)} ,0 s x s 1 , is not differentiable.
2. Let f (x) = sin x and g (x) =
{

t >

t s s s s
x for
2
x cos 1
x 0 for x t 0 , ) t ( f . max
Discuss the continuity and differentiability of g (x) in (0 , ) .
3. Let f (x) = x
4
8 x
3
+ 22 x
2
24 x and g (x) =

>
s s + s s
1 x , 10 x
1 x 1 , 1 x t x , ) t ( f min
Discuss the continuity and differentiability of g (x) in [ 1 , ) .
4. Let f (x) = 1 + 4 x x
2
, x e R , g (x) = max. { f (t) ; x s t s (x + 1) ; 0 s x < 3 }
= min. {(x + 3) ; 3 s x s 5} . Verify continuity of g (x) for all x e [0 , 5] .
DIFFERENTIAL CALCULUS
18
ANSWERS
Conceptual Exercise 01
1. f (x) is not continuous 2. f (x) is continuous 3. f (x) is not continuous
4. f (x) is continuous 5. f (x) is continuous 6. f (x) is continuous
Conceptual Exercise 02
1. a = 0 , b = 1 2. f (0
+
) = 2 ; f (0

) = 2 , hence f (0) are not possible to define

3. a = 0 , b = 1 4. a =
2
3
, b = 0 , c =
2
1
5. Locus (a , b) x , y is y = x 3 excluding the points where y = 3 intersects it .
Conceptual Exercise 03
1.
6
1
2. a + b 3.
8
1
4. Discontinuous at all integral values in
[2, 2]
5. Continuous on R 6. f (x) is discontinuous at x e I
Conceptual Exercise 04
1. f is continuous at 1 s x s 1 2. (a) 4 3 2 + a (b) a = 3
3. g (x) =

s <
s <
s s +
3 x 2 , x 4
2 x 1 , x 2
1 x 0 , 2 x
and g(x) is discontinuous at x = 1 and x = 2
4. Continuous everywhere 5. h (x) is not continuous at x = 0
Conceptual Exercise 05
2. B
Conceptual Exercise 06
1. 2 a f (a) a
2
f' (a) 2. Not differentiable at x = 0 5. differentiable every-
where
6. a =
2
1
, b =
2
3
Conceptual Exercise 07
1. f '(x) = 1 2. f '(1) = 1, f
1
3
3
| t
=
|
' .
3. f { f ' (0)} = 1
4. f (x) = 2 x + 2 6. f (x) = x
3
Conceptual Exercise 08
1. 2 2. continuous and differentiable for all x e (0 , )
3. g (x) is cont. in [ 1 , ) but not diff. at x = 1 4. continuous for all x e [0 , 5] except x = 3
DIFFERENTIATION
19
DIFFERENTIATION
Methods of Differentiation
1 Derivative of f(x) From The First Principle/ab Initio Method
If f (x) is a derivable function then,
0 x
Lim
o
x
y
o
o
=
0 x
Lim
o
x
) x ( f ) x x ( f
o
o +
= f ' (x) =
x d
y d
or simply f ' (x) =
0 h
Lim

h
) x ( f ) h x ( f +
illustration
Using the definition of the derivative, find the derivative of the function cos ax at x.
Solution :
Let y = cos a x , we have
A

y = cos a (x + A

x) cos ax = 2 sin
|
.
|

\
|
A + x
2
a
x a
sin
2
x aA

x
y
A
A
=
,
x
2
x a
sin x
2
a
x a sin 2
A
A
A +
Hence y' =
0 x
Lim
A
x
y
A
A
= 2
0 x
Lim
A
sin
|
.
|

\
|
A + x
2
a
x a
0 x
Lim
A
x
x
x
a
sin
A
A
= a sin ax .
In particular, if a = 1, then y = cos x and y' = sin x
illustration
Find the derivative of tan
1
x with respect to x by using first principle.
Solution :
Let tan
1
x = u , u e |
.
|

\
| t t

2
,
2
x = tan u
and tan
1
(x + h) = u + Au . . . (i)
x + h = tan (u + Au) . . . (ii)
Let
0 x
Lim

h
x tan ) h x ( tan
1 1
+
= L
L =
0 x
Lim

h
u u A + u
=
0 x
Lim

h
u A
from (i) and (ii)
=
0 h
Lim

u u A + u
u A
tan ) ( tan
=
0
Lim
u A
u u A + u
u A
tan ) ( tan
=
0
Lim
u A
u A
u u A + u u A
sin
cos ) ( cos
= cos
2
u =
u
2
sec
1
=
2
x 1
1
+
DIFFERENTIAL CALCULUS
20
2 Algebra of Derivatives
If u and v are derivable function of x , then :
(i)
x d
d
(Ku) = K
x d
u d
, where K is any constant
(ii)
x d
d
(u v) =
x d
u d

x d
v d
(iii) Product Rule :
x d
d
(u . v) = u
x d
v d
v
x d
u d
(iv) Quotient Rule :
x d
d
|
.
|

\
|
v
u
=
2
v
x d
v d
u
x d
u d
v
|
.
|

\
|

|
.
|

\
|
where v = 0
(v) Chain Rule : If y = f (u) and u = g (x) then
x d
y d
=
u d
y d
.
x d
u d
illustration
If y = x
1/2
+ log
5
x +
x cos
x sin
+ 2
x
, find
x d
y d
?
Solution :
Here y = x
1/2
+ log
5
x + tanx + 2
x
on differentiating w.r.t. x we get,
x d
y d
=
x d
d
(x)
1/2
+
x d
d
(log
5
x) +
x d
d
tan x +
x d
d
(2
x
)
=
2
1
(x)
1/2 1
+
5 log x
1
e
+ sec
2
x + 2
x
n 2 =
2
1
(x)
3/2
+
5 log x
1
e
+ sec
2
x + 2
x
n 2
I l lustrati on 43 :
Differentiate: y =
1
2
x
1
tan
e sin n
2

.
Solution :
y =
1
2
x
1
tan
e sin n
2

x d
y d
=
1
2
x
1
tan
e sin n
2

n 2 .
|
|
.
|

\
|
1 x tan
2 1
e sin
1
cos
|
|
.
|

\
|
1 x tan
2 1
e
.
1 x tan
2 1
e

.
, 1 x 1
1
2
+
1 x 2
1
2

. 2 x
=
1
2
x
1
tan
e sin n
2

n 2 .
|
|
.
|

\
|
1 x tan
2 1
e sin
1
cos
|
|
.
|

\
|
1 x tan
2 1
e .
1 x tan
2 1
e

.
DIFFERENTIATION
21
1 x x
1
2

3 Some Standard Formulae of Differentiation
x d
d
(constant) = 0
x d
d
x
n
= nx
n1
x d
d
a
x
= a
x
n a
x d
d
e
x
= e
x
x d
d
(log
a
|x| ) =
x
1
log
a
e
x d
d
n |x| =
x
1
x d
d
sinx = cosx
x d
d
cos x = sin x
x d
d
tan x = sec
2
x
x d
d
sec x = sec x tan x
x d
d
cot x = cosec
2
x
x d
d
cosec x = cosec x cot x
Conceptual Exercise 01
Differentiate the following functions w.r.t. x .
1. e
x
log x tan x 2. log sin x
2
3. (x
2
+ x + 1)
4
4. log (sec x + tan x)
5. If y = log
|
|
.
|

\
|
+
x
1
x , prove that
x d
y d
=
) 1 x ( x 2
1 x
+

6. If y =
x
x
e 1
e 1

+
show that
x d
y d
=
,
x 2 x
x
e 1 e 1
e

4 Inverse Function And Their Derivatives
Theorem :
If the inverse functions f and g are defined by y = f (x) and x = g (y) and if f ' (x) exists and
f ' (x) = 0 then g ' (y) =
) x ( f
1
'
. This result can also be written as , if
x d
y d
exists and
x d
y d
= 0
,
then
x d
y d
=
, x d y d
1
or
x d
y d
.
y d
x d
= 1 or
x d
y d
=
, x d y d
1
where
(

= 0
y d
x d
x d
d
sin
1
x =
2
x 1
1

, 1 < x < 1
x d
d
cos
1
x =
2
x 1
1

, 1 < x < 1
DIFFERENTIAL CALCULUS
22
x d
d
tan
1
x =
2
x 1
1
+
, x e R
x d
d
cot
1
x =
2
x 1
1
+
, x e R
x d
d
sec
1
x =
1 x x
1
2

, |x| > 1
x d
d
cosec
1
x =
1 x x
1
2

, |x| > 1
5 Differentiation of A Function Defined Parametrically
Let x and y be the functions of parameter t , i.e., x = f (t) , y = | (t) , then
x d
y d
=
t d
x d
t d
y d
=
) t ( f
) t (
'
|'
illustration
If x =
2
t
e

and y = tan
1
(2 t + 1), find
x d
y d
?
Solution :
Here x =
2
t
e

so ,
t d
x d
= 2 . t
2
t
e

and y = tan an
1
(2 t + 1)
On differentiating both sides, we get
t d
y d
=
2
) 1 t 2 ( 1
1
+ +
(2)
x d
y d
=
t d
x d
t d
y d
=
,
2
t
2
e
t 2
1 t 4 t 4 1
2

+ + +
Hence ,
x d
y d
=
, 1 t 2 t 2 t 2
e
2
t
2
+ +

Conceptual Exercise 02
Find
x d
y d
in the following cases .
1. x = a
)
,

+
2
t
tan log
2
1
t cos
2
and y = a sin t .
2. x = a (u sin u) and y = a (1 cos u)
3. x = a e
u
(sin u cos u) , y = a e
u
(sin u + cos u)
4. x =
2
e e
t t
+
and y =
2
e e
t t

5. x = e
u
|
.
|

\
|
u
+ u
1
and y = e
u
|
.
|

\
|
u
u
1
6. x = cos
1
2
t 1
1
+
and y = sin
1
2
t 1
t
+
, t e R
DIFFERENTIATION
23
6 Logarithmic Differentiation : To find the derivative of :
(i) a function which is the product or quotient of a number of functions
OR
(ii) a function of the form [f(x)]
g(x)
where f and g are both derivable, it will be found
convenient to take the logarithm of the function first and then differentiate. This is
called Logarithmic Differentiation.
illustration
If x
y
. y
x
= 1, find
x d
y d
?
Solution :
Taking n on both sides;
y n x + x n y = n 1
Differentiating both sides, we get
y .
x d
d
(n x) +
)
,

y
x d
d
. n x +
)
,

x
x d
d
. ny + x
)
,

y n
x d
d
= 0
or y .
x
1
+ n x .
y d
x d
+ 1 . n y + x .
y
1
.
x d
y d
= 0
(

+
y
x
x n
x d
y d
=
(

+ y n
x
y

x d
y d
=
,
, x n y x
y n x y

+
+
.
x
y
Conceptual Exercise 03
Differentiatiate the following functions w.r.t. x .
1. x
x
(x > 0) 2. (sin x)
log x
0 x
2
t | |
< <
|
\ .
3.
x
x
x (x > 0)
4. (sin x)
tan x
+ (cos x)
sec x 0 x
2
t | |
< <
|
\ .
5. x
y
= e
x y
(x > 0)
6. e
x
+ e
y
= e
x + y
. Prove that
x d
y d
+ e
y x
= 0
7 Differentiation with substitution
Following are some substitutions useful in finding derivatives .
Expression Substitution
a
2
+ x
2
x = a tan u or a cot u
a
2
x
2
x = a tan u or a cot u
x
2
a
2
x = a sec u or a cosec u
x a
x a
+

or
x a
x a

+
x = a cos 2 u
2 2
2 2
x a
x a
+

or
2 2
2 2
x a
x a

+
a
2
= a
2
cos 2 u
DIFFERENTIAL CALCULUS
24
illustration
Differentiate y = sin
1
(3 x 4 x
3
)
Solution :
Let y = sin
1
(3 x 4 x
3
) . Putting x = sin u , we get
y = sin
1
(3 sin u 4 sin
3
u) = sin
1
(sin 3 u) = 3 u
or y = 3 sin
1
x [ x = sin u u = sin
1
x ]
x d
y d
=
x d
d
(3 sin
1
x) = 3
x d
d
(sin
1
x) = 3 .
2
x 1
1

=
2
x 1
3

illustration
Differentiate y = sin
1
|
|
.
|

\
|
+
2
x 1
x 2
Solution :
Let y = sin
1
|
|
.
|

\
|
+
2
x 1
x 2
. Putting x = tan u , we get
y = sin
1
|
|
.
|

\
|
u +
u
2
tan 1
tan 2
= sin
1
(sin 2 u) = 2 u .
or y = 2 tan
1
x [ x = tan u u = tan
1
x ]
x d
y d
=
x d
d
(2 tan an
1
x) = 2
x d
d
(tan
1
x) = 2 .
2
x 1
1
+
=
2
x 1
2
+
Conceptual Exercise 04
1. Differentiate the following function w.r.t. x .
(i) sin
1
(sin x) , x e [0 , 2 t] (ii) cos
1
(cos x) , x e [0 , 2 t]
(iii) tan
1
(tan x) , x e [0 , t] , ,
2
t
2. Differentiate cos
1
(2 x
2
1) with respect to x , if :
(i) 0 < x < 1 (ii) 1 < x < 0
3. Differentiate the following functions w.r.t. x .
(i) tan
1

+
x cos 1
x cos 1
, 0 < x < t (ii) tan
1

+
x sin 1
x sin 1
,
2
t
< x <
2
t
4. If y = sin
1
)
,

2
x 1 x x 1 x and 0 < x < 1 , then find
x d
y d
.
5. Differentiate sin
1
|
|
.
|

\
|
+
2
x 1
x 2
+ cos
1
|
|
.
|

\
|
+

2
2
x 1
x 1
w.r.t. x , if :
(i) x

e (0 , 1) (ii) x

e ( , 1)
6. Differentiate tan
1
|
|
.
|

\
|

2
x 1
x 2
+ cos
1
|
|
.
|

\
|
+

2
2
x 1
x 1
w.r.t. x , when :
(i) x

e (0 , 1) (ii) x

e ( , 1)
DIFFERENTIATION
25
8 Differentiation of Implicit Function
If the relation between the variables x and y is given by an equation containing both, and
this equation is not immediately solvable for y, then y is called an implicit function of x.
Implicit functions are given by | (x , y) = 0.
(i) In order to find
x d
y d
, in the case of implicit functions, we differentiate each term
w.r.t. x regarding y as a functions of x and then collect terms in
x d
y d
together on
one side to finally find
x d
y d
.
(ii) In answers of
x d
y d
in the case of implicit functions, both x and y are present.
illustration
If x
2
+ y
2
+ xy = 2, find
x d
y d
?
Solution :
x
2
+ y
2
+ xy = 2, Differentiating both sides w.r.t. x we get,
x d
d
(x
2
) +
x d
d
(y
2
) +
x d
d
(x y) =
x d
d
(2)
or 2 x + 2 y
x d
y d
+
)
,

x d
x d
y + x
)
,

y
x d
d
= 0 or 2 x + 2 y
x d
y d
+ 1 . y + x .
x d
y d
= 0
(2 y + x)
x d
y d
= (2 x + y)
x d
y d
=
) x y 2 (
) y x 2 (
+
+
illustration
If
6
x 1 +
6
y 1 = a
3
(x
3
y
3
) , prove that
x d
y d
=
2
2
y
x
6
6
x 1
y 1

Solution :
Here ,
6
x 1 +
6
y 1 = a
3
(x
3
y
3
)
Let x
3
= sin u , y
3
= sin | then we get , u
2
sin 1 +
|
2
sin 1
= = a
3
(sin u sin |)
cos u + cos | = a
3
(sin u sin |)
2 cos |
.
|

\
| | + u
2
. cos |
.
|

\
| | u
2
= a
3
(

|
.
|

\
| | u
|
.
|

\
| | + u
2
sin
2
cos 2
cos |
.
|

\
| | u
2
= a3 sin |
.
|

\
| | u
2
= cot |
.
|

\
| | u
2
= a
3
u
| = 2 cot
1
(a
3
)
or sin
1
x
3
sin
1
y
3
= 2 cot
1
(a
3
), Differentiating both sides w.r.t. x we get,
6
x 1
1

. 3 x
2

6
y 1
1

. 3 y
2
.
x d
y d
= 0 Hence ,
x d
y d
=
6 2
6 2
x 1 y
y 1 x

DIFFERENTIAL CALCULUS
26
Conceptual Exercise 05
Find
x d
y d
for the following .
1. a x
2
+ 2 h x y + b y
2
+ 2 g x + 2 f y + c = 0
2. log (x
2
+ y
2
) = 2 tan
1
|
.
|

\
|
x
y
3. x y = c
2
4. (x
2
+ y
2
)
2
= x y 5. e
x y
= log |
|
.
|

\
|
y
x
6. If sin y = x sin (a + y) , prove that
x d
y d
=
a sin
) y a ( sin
2
+
9 Differentiation of A Functions With Respect To Another Function
) x ( d
) x ( f d
|
=
) x (
x d
d
) x ( f
x d
d
|
=
) x (
) x ( f
|'
'
illustration
Differentiate : sin
1
|
|
.
|

\
|
+
2
x 1
x 2
with respect to tan
1
x
Solution :
, x tan
x d
d
x 1
x 2
sin
x d
d
1
1
2

|
|
.
|

\
|
+
=
,
, x tan
x d
d
x tan 2
x d
d
1
1

=
,
, x tan
x d
d
2
x tan
x d
d
2
1
1

= 2
illustration
Differentiate ln tan x with respect to sin
1
(e
x
) .
Solution :
, ) (
x 1
e sin d
x tan n d ) (

=
,
) (
x 1
e sin
x tan n
x d
d
x d
d

=
x 2
e 1
1
. e
x sec x cot
x
2

=
x cos . x sin
e 1 e
x 2 x

Conceptual Exercise 06
Differentiate
1. tan
1
|
|
.
|

\
|
+
x
1 x 1
2
w.r.t. tan
1
x , x = 0 .
DIFFERENTIATION
27
2. sin
1
|
|
.
|

\
|
+
2
x 1
x 2
w.r.t. tan
1
x , 1 < x < 1 . 3. x
x
w.r.t. x log x .
4. x
2
w.r.t. x
3
. 5. log (1 + x
2
) w.r.t. tan
1
x .
6. sin
1
|
|
.
|

\
|
+
2
x 1
x 2
w.r.t. cos
1
|
|
.
|

\
|
+

2
2
x 1
x 1
, if 0 < x < 1 .
7. tan
1
|
.
|

\
|

+
x a 1
x a 1
w.r.t.
2 2
x a 1 +
8. cos
1
(4 x
3
3 x) w.r.t. tan
1
|
|
|
.
|

\
|

x
x 1
2
, if
2
1
< x < 1
9. tan
1
|
|
.
|

\
|

2
x 1
x
w.r.t. sin
1
|
.
|

\
|

2
x 1 x 2
, if
2
1
< x <
2
1
10. Differentiation of Infinite Series :
The value of y is given as an infinite series and we are asked to find
x d
y d
. In such cases
we use the fact that if a term is deleted from an infinite series it remains unaffected .
illustration
If y =
....
x
x
x
, find
x d
y d
.
Solution :
Since by deleting a single series from an infinite series, it remains same . Therefore the
given function may be written as ,
y = x
y
log y = y log x [ on taking log of both sides ]
Differentiating both sides w.r.t. x , we get
y
1
x d
y d
=
x d
y d
log x + y .
x d
d
(log x)
y
1
x d
y d
=
x d
y d
. log x +
x
y

x d
y d
)
,

x log
y
1
=
x
y

x d
y d
y
} x log y 1 {
=
x
y

x d
y d
=
) x log y 1 ( x
y
2

illustration
If y = + + + to ...... x sin x sin x sin , prove that
x d
y d
=
1 y 2
x cos

.
Solution :
The given series may be written as :
y =
y x sin +
y
2
= sin x + y [ Squaring both sides ]
Differentiating both sides w.r.t. x , we get
DIFFERENTIAL CALCULUS
28
2 y
x d
y d
= cos x +
x d
y d

x d
y d
(2 y 1) = cos x
x d
y d
=
1 y 2
x cos

Conceptual Exercise 07
Find the following functions w.r.t. x .
1. e
tan 3 x
2.
x cot
e
3. If y =
x x
x x
e e
e e

, prove that
x d
y d
= 1 y
2
.
4. If y =

x
a
x
a
, prove that
x d
y d
=
, y log . x log y 1 x
y log y
2

.
5. If y =
+
+
+
to ... x
e x
e x
e
, prove that
x d
y d
=
y 1
y

.
6. If y =
,
,
,
...
x
x
x
, prove that
x d
y d
=
) x log y 2 ( x
y
2

11. Differentiation of determinants :

To differentiate a determinant , we differentiate one row (or column) at a time, keeping
others unchanged.
If F(x) =
) x ( w ) x ( v ) x ( u
) x ( n ) x ( m ) x (
) x ( h ) x ( g ) x ( f

, where f, g, h, , m, n, u, v, w are differentiable functions of

x then
F ' (x) =
) x ( w ) x ( v ) x ( u
) x ( n ) x ( m ) x (
) x ( h ) x ( g ) x ( f

' ' '

+
) x ( w ) x ( v ) x ( u
) x ( n ) x ( m ) x (
) x ( h ) x ( g ) x ( f
' ' '
+
) x ( w ) x ( v ) x ( u
) x ( n ) x ( m ) x (
) x ( h ) x ( g ) x ( f
' ' '

illustration
If f (x) =
2
2
2
c x c b c a
c b b x b a
c a b a a x
+
+
+
. Find f ' (x) .
Solution :
We have , f (x) =
2
2
2
c x c b c a
c b b x b a
c a b a a x
+
+
+
f ' (x) =
2
2
c x c b c a
c b b x b a
0 0 1
+
+
+
2
2
c x c b c a
0 1 0
c a b a b x
+
+
+
1 0 0
c b b x b a
c a b a a x
2
2
+
+
f ' (x) =
2
2
c x c b
c b b x
+
+
+
2
2
c x c a
c a a x
+
+
+
2
2
b x b a
b a a x
+
+
DIFFERENTIATION
29
f ' (x) = ] [
2 2 2 2
c b c x b x ) ( ) ( + + + ] [
2 2 2 2
c a c x a x ) ( ) ( + +
+ ] [
2 2 2 2
b a b x a x ) ( ) ( + +
f ' (x) = x
2
+ x (b
2
+ c
2
) + x
2
+ x (a
2
+ c
2
) + x
2
+ x (a
2
+ b
2
)
f ' (x) = 3 x
2
+ 2 x (a
2
+ b
2
+ c
2
)
12. Derivatives of Order Two and Three
Let a function y = f (x) be defined on an open interval (a, b). Its derivative, if it exists on (a,
b) is a certain function f ' (x) [or (dy/dx) or y '] and is called the first derivative of y w.r.t. x.
If it happens
that the first derivative has a derivative on (a, b) then this derivative is called the second
d e r i v a t i v e
of y w.r.t. x and is denoted by f '' (x) or (d
2
y/dx
2
) or y '' .
Similarly, the 3
rd
order derivative of y w.r.t. x, if it exists, is defined by
3
3
x d
y d
=
x d
d
=
|
|
.
|

\
|
2
2
x d
y d
.
It is also denoted by f ''' (x) or y ''' .
illustration
If y = x
x
, find
2
2
x d
y d
.
Solution :
We have y = xx
log y = x log x
Differentiating w.r.t. x , we get
y
1
x d
y d
= 1 , log x + x .
x
1

x d
y d
= y (1 + log x) .... (i)
Differentiating both sides of (i) w.r.t. x , we get
2
2
x d
y d
=
x d
y d
(1 + log x) + y
x d
d
(1 + log x)

2
2
x d
y d
=
x d
y d
(1 + log x) + y .
x
1
= y (1 + log x)
2
=
x
y
.... (i)
= x
x
(

+ +
x
1
) x log 1 (
2
Conceptual Exercise 08
1. If y = sin
1
x , show that
2
2
x d
y d
=
,
2 / 3
2
x 1
x

2. If y = A cos n x + B sin n x , show that

2
2
x d
y d
+ n
2
y = 0
DIFFERENTIAL CALCULUS
30
3. If y = A cos (log x) + B sin (log x) , prove that x
2
2
2
x d
y d
+ x
x d
y d
+ y = 0
4. If y = tan x + sec x , prove that
2
2
x d
y d
=
,
2
x sin 1
x cos

5. If y = tan x , prove that y

2
= 2 y y
1
6. If y = x log
|
.
|

\
|
+ x b a
x
, prove that x
3
2
2
x d
y d
=
2
y
x d
y d
x
|
.
|

\
|

7. If y = e
x
cos x , then prove that
2
2
x d
y d
= 2 e
x
sin x
ANSWERS
Conceptual ezxercise 01
1.
2
1
e
x
(

+ + x sec . x log x tan x log

2
x
x tan
2. 2 x cot x
2
3. 4 (x
2
+ x + 1)
3
(2 x + 1) 4. sec x
Conceptual Exercise 02
1. tan t 2. cot
2
u
3. cot u 4.
y
x
5. e
2u
,
, 1
1
2 3
3 2
u + u + u
+ u + u u
6. 1
Conceptual Exercise 03
1. x
x
(1 + log x) 2. ( si n x)
l og x
)
,

+ x log . x cot
x
x sin log
3.
x
x
x . x
x
,
)
,

+ +
x
1
x log . x log 1
4. (sin x)
tan x
{sec
2
x log sin x + 1} + (cos x)
sec x
{sec x tan x . log cos x sec x tan x}
5.
,
2
x log 1
x log
+
Conceptual Exercise 04
1. (i)
,

|
.
|

\
|
t
t
e
|
.
|

\
|
t
t
e
t
e
2 ,
2
3
x if , 1
2
3
,
2
x if , 1
2
, 0 x if , 1
(ii)

t t e
t e
) 2 , ( x
) , 0 ( x
if , 1
if , 1
(iii) 1
DIFFERENTIATION
31
2. (i)
2
x 1
2

(ii)
2
x 1
2

3. (i)
2
1
(ii)
2
1
4.
2
x 1
1

x 1
1

x 2
1
5. (i)
2
x 1
4
+
(ii)
2
x 1
4
+
6. (i)
2
x 1
4
+
(ii) 0
Conceptual Exercise 05
1. |
|
.
|

\
|
+ +
+ +
f y b x h
g y h x a
2.
y x
y x

+
3.
x
y
4.
) (
) (
2 2
2 2
y x y 4 x
y y x x 4
+
+
5.
x
y
.
,
, 1 e y
1 e x
y x
y x

Conceptual Exercise 06
1.
2
1
2. 2 3. x
x
4.
x 3
2
5 .
2 x
6. 1 7.
2 2
x a 1 x a
1
+
8. 3 9.
2
1
Conceptual Exercise 07
1. 3 e
tan 3 x
. sec
2
3 x 2.
2
1
x cot
e
x cot
. cosec
2
x
DIFFERENTIAL CALCULUS
32
NOTES
EXAMPLES
33
CONCEPT BUILDING EXAMPLES
Example 1.
If F(x) =
n
Lim
1 x
) x ( g ) x ( f x
n 2
n 2
+
+
, find F(x) in terms of f(x) and g(x) .
Solution :
n
Lim
x
2n
=

>
=
<
1 x if
1 x if 1
1 x if 0
2
2
2
=

> <
=
< <
1 x or 1 x if
1 x if 1
1 x 1 if 0
F(x) =
n
Lim
1 x
) x ( g ) x ( f x
n 2
n 2
+
+
=

> <
+
+
=
+
+
< <
+
+
1 x or 1 x ,
x
1
1
x
) x ( g
) x ( f
1 x ,
1 1
) x ( g ) x ( f . 1
1 x 1 ,
1 0
) x ( g ) x ( f . 0
n 2
n 2
F (x) =

> <
=
+
< <
1 x or 1 x if ) x ( f
1 x if
2
) x ( g ) x ( f
1 x 1 if ) x ( g
Example 2.
f (x) =
1 x cot
1 x cos 2

x e
|
.
|

\
t
2
, 0
except at x =
4
t
. Define f |
.
|

\
t
4
so that f (x) may be
continuous at x =
4
t
.
Solution :
f(x) will be continuous at x =
4
t
, if
4
x
Lim
t

f (x) = f |
.
|

\
t
4
f |
.
|

\
t
4
=
4
x
Lim
t

1 x cot
1 x cos 2

=
4
x
Lim
t

,
x sin x cos
x sin 1 x cos 2

=
4
x
Lim
t

, ,
, ) x sin x (cos ) x sin x (cos 1 x cos 2
x sin ) x sin x (cos 1 x cos 2 1 x cos 2
+ +
+ +
=
4
x
Lim
t

) (
) (
x sin x cos
1 x cos 2
2 2
2

, 1 x cos 2
x sin ) x sin x (cos
+
+
=
4
x
Lim
t

1 x cos 2
) x sin x (cos x sin
+
+
DIFFERENTIAL CALCULUS
34
=
1
2
1
. 2
2
1
2
1
2
1
+
|
.
|

+
=
2
1
Example 3.
If o and | be the roots of equation ax
2
+ bx + c = 0 , find
o

1
x
Lim
2
2
) ( x 1 2
a x b x c cos 1 ) (
o
+ +
Solution :
Since o and | are the roots of equation ax
2
+ bx + c = 0, therefore roots of equation.
c x
2
+ b x + a = 0 will be
o
1
and
|
1
c x
2
+ b x + a = c |
.
|

1
x
|
|
.
|

1
x
Required limit =
o

1
x
Lim
, ,
,
2
x 1 2
1 x 1 x c cos 1 ) ( ) (
o
| o
=
o

1
x
Lim
,
x 1
1
x
1
x
2
c
sin
o
)
`

|
.
|

=
o

1
x
Lim
,
,
) x 1 ( 2
) 1 x ( ) 1 x ( c
.
1
x
1
x
2
c
1
x
1
x
2
c
sin
o | o
| o
|
.
|

)
`

|
.
|

=
|
.
|

o
|
| o
1
2
c
=
|
|
.
|

o o
1 1
2
c
Example 4.
Let f (x + y) = f(x) f(y) + 2xy 1 for all x , y e R . If f (x) is differentiable and
f ' (0) =
2
a a 3 + , prove that f (x) > 0 x e R .
Solution :
Putting x = 0 = y in the given functional equation, we get f (0) = 1
f ' (0) =
0 h
Lim

h
) x ( f ) h x ( f +
=
0 h
Lim

h
) x ( f 1 h x 2 ) h ( f ) x ( f +
= 2 x
0 h
Lim

h
) 0 ( f ) h ( f
= 2 x f ' (0) = 2 x
2
a a 3 +
f (x) = x
2

2
a a 3 + x + C
Putting x = 0 we have C = 1. Hence f (x) = x
2

2
a a 3 + x 1
The discriminant A = 3 + a a
2
+ 4 = a
2
+ a + 1
EXAMPLES
35
=
|
|
.
|

+ |
.
|

+
4
3
2
1
a
2
< 0. Hence f (x) > 0 for all x e R .
Example 5.
Draw the graph of the function f defined by f (x) =

< <
s s
4 x 1 , x 4
1 x 1 , 3
x
. Discuss the
continuity and differentiability of f at x = 1 .
Solution :
The graph of the function is shown in the adjacent figure.
It is clear from the graph that it is continuous for
all x e [ 1, 4] and not differentiable at x = 1,
because at x = 1 ; LHD > 0 while RHD = 1 < 0.
Y
x
4
1
1
3
0 1
Example 6.
The function f is defined by y = f (x) where x = 2 t |t| , y = t
2
+ t |t| , t e R . Draw the graph
of
f for the interval 1 s x s 1 . Also discuss its continuity and differentiability at x = 0.
Solution :
When t > 0; |t| = t

x = 2 t t = t x > 0
and y = t
2
+ t
2
= 2t
2
i.e. y = 2 x
2
, when x > 0
When t < 0 ; |t|= t

x = 2 t ( t) = 3t x < 0
and y = t
2
+ t( t) = 0
i.e. y = 0, when x < 0
' x
(1, 2)
x
1 1
O
y
'
y
Thus f (x) =

< s <
s s >
0 x 1 0 x , 0
1 x 0 0 x , x 2
2
Now the student can prove easily that the function is continuous and differentiable in [ 1,
1].
Example 7.
Let f (x) = x
3
x
2
+ x + 1 and g (x) =
, ,

s <
s s s s
2 x 1 , x 3
1 x 0 , x t 0 ; ) t ( f max
Discuss the continuity and differentiability of the function g (x) in the interval (0 , 2) .
Solution :
f (t) = t
3
t
2
+ t + 1
f ' (t) = 3 t
2
2 t + 1
its disc = ( 2)
2
4.3.1 = 8 < 0
and coefficient of t
2
= 3 > 0
Hence f ' (t) > 0 for all real t. f (t) is always increasing
Thus f(t) is maximum when t is maximum and t
max
= x

max f(t) = f(x) g(x) =

s <
s s + +
2 x 1 , x 3
1 x 0 , 1 x x x
2 3
Now it can be easily seen that f(x) is continuous in (0, 2) and differentiable in (0, 2) except
DIFFERENTIAL CALCULUS
36
at x = 1. because at x = 1 LHD > 0 while RHD = 1 < 0.
Example 8.
If 2 x = y
1/5
+ y
1/5
, then express y as an explicit function of x and prove that
(x
2
1) +
2
2
x d
y d
+ x
x d
y d
= 25 y .
Solution :
,
2
5 / 1 5 / 1
y y

=
,
2
5 / 1 5 / 1
y y

+
4 = 4 x
2
4 { y
1/5
y
1/5
= 2 x }
2 y
1/5
= ,
5 / 1 5 / 1
y y

+ + ,
5 / 1 5 / 1
y y

= 2 x + 2 1 x
2
y =
5
2
1 x x
|
.
|

+
Differentiating w.r.t. x ,
x d
y d
= 5
4
2
1 x x
|
.
|

+
1 x
x 2
.
2
1
1
2
= 5
1 x
1 x x
2
5
2

|
.
|

+
=
1 x
y 5
2

{ Using
(i) }
(x
2
1)
2
x d
y d
|
|
.
|

= 25 y
2
Differentiating w.r.t. x , 2 x
2
x d
y d
|
|
.
|

+ (x
2
1) . 2
x d
y d
.
2
2
x d
y d
= 50 y
x d
y d
or ,
x d
y d
+ (x
2
1) .
2
2
x d
y d
= 25 y
)
`

= t tan cons a is y then , 0

x d
y d

Example 9.
If f (x) =
3
x
x cos B x sin A x 2 sin + +
is continuous at x = 0 . Find the values of A and B . Also
find f(0).
Solution :
As f (x) is continuous at x = 0,

0 x
Lim

f (x) = f (0) and both f (0) and

0 x
Lim

f (x) are finite .

f (0) =
0 x
Lim
3
x
x cos B x sin A x 2 sin + +
As denominator 0 , when x 0 .
Numerator should also 0 when x 0 which is possible only if
sin 2 (0) + A sin (0) + B cos (0) = 0 B = 0

f (0) =
0 x
Lim
3
x
x sin A x 2 sin +
f(0) =
0 x
Lim

|
.
|

x
x sin
|
|
.
|

\
+
2
x
A x cos 2
=
0 x
Lim

|
|
.
|

\
+
2
x
A x cos 2
EXAMPLES
37
Again we can see that denominator 0 as x 0
Numerator should also approach 0 as x 0
2 + A = 0 A = 2
f (0) =
0 x
Lim

|
|
.
|

\

2
x
2 x cos 2
=
0 x
Lim
|
|
.
|

2
2
x
2 / x sin 4
=
0 x
Lim
|
|
.
|

4 x
2 x sin
2
2
= 1
So, we get A = 2 , B = 0 and f (0) = 1
Example 10.
Show that
2 x
Lim

2 x
x tan
+
t
+
x
Lim
x
2
x
1
1
|
|
.
|

+
> 3 .
Solution :
2 x
Lim

2 x
x tan
+
t
=
0 y
Lim

y
) 2 y ( tan t
= t
and
x
Lim
) x / 1 ( x
2
2
x
1
1
|
|
.
|

+
=
x
1
x
Lim
2
x
2
x x
1
1 Lim
e


|
|
.
|

+
= e
0
= 1

x
Lim
2 x
x tan
+
t
+
x
Lim
x
2
x
1
1
|
|
.
|

+
= t + 1 > 3 .
CONCEPT BUILDING OBJECTIVE EXAMPLES
Example 1.
0 x
Lim

x tan x 2
x sin x 2
1
1

is equal to :
(A)
3
1
(B)
2
1
(C) 0 (D) None of these
Solution :
0 x
Lim

|
.
|

+
|
.
|

+ +
....
3
x
x x 2
....
6
x
x x 2
3
3
=
3
1
Hence (A) is the correct answer.
Example 2.
1 x
Lim

1 x
} x { sin x

, where { x } denotes the fractional part of x, is equal to

(a) 1 (B) 0 (C) 1 (D) does not exist
Solution :
0 1 x
Lim

{x} =
0 1 x
Lim

(x [ x ]) = 1 0 = 1
0 1 x
Lim

{x} = (x [ x ]) = 1 1 = 0
DIFFERENTIAL CALCULUS
38

0 1 x
Lim

1 x
} x { sin x

=
0 1 x
Lim

1 x
x

sin {x} =
0 1 x
Lim

} x {
} x { sin x
1 x
1 x

= 1 1 1 = 1
Since, L.H. limit = R. H. limit
Hence (D) is the correct answer.
Example 3.
Let f (x) =
x
Lim
sin
2n
x , then number of point(s) where f (x) is discontinuous is :
(A) 0 (B) 1 (C) 2 (D) infinitely many
Solution :
f (x) =
n
Lim
sin
2 n
x =
n
Lim
(sin
2
x)
n
=

e
t
+ =
e
t
+ =
I n ,
2
) 1 n 2 ( x , 0
I n ,
2
) 1 n 2 ( x , 1
Clearly , f (x) is discontinuous at x = (2 n + 1)
2
t
, n e I .
Hence (D) is the correct answer .
Example 4.
Let f (x) =

=
=
0 x , 0
0 x ,
x
1
sin x
p
Then f (x) is continuous but not differentiable at x = 0 if :
(A) p < 0 (B) p = 0 (C) 0 < p s 1 (D) p > 1
Solution :
f(0) = 0
For
0 x
Lim

f (x) = 0
0 x
Lim

x
p
sin
x
1
= 0 .
This is possible only when p > 0 ... (i)
f ' (0) =
0 h
Lim

h
) 0 ( f ) h 0 ( f +
=
0 h
Lim

h
0
h
1
sin h
p

=
0 h
Lim

h
p 1
sin
h
1
f ' (0) will exist only when p > 1
f (x) will not be differentiable if p s 1 ... (ii)
From (i) and (ii), for f(x) to be not differentiable but continuous at x = 0 , possible values
of p are given by 0 < p s 1 .
Hence (C) is the correct answer.
Example 5.
= |
.
|

\
u
+ +
u
+
u
+ u

n n 2 2
n
2
tan
2
1
.....
2
tan
2
1
2
tan
2
1
tan lim
(A)
u
1
(B)
u
1
2 cot 2 u (C) 2 cot 2 u (D) None of these
Solution :
tan u = cot u 2 cot 2 u
EXAMPLES
39

2
1
tan
2
u
=
2
1
cot
2
u
cot u
n
2
1
tan
n
2
u
=
n
2
1
cot
n
2
u

1 n
2
1

cot
1 n
2

u
Required limit =
n
Lim
S
n
=
n
Lim
|
|
|
|
.
|

u
u
u
u
2 cot 2
2
.
2
2 tan 2
1
n n
n n
=
u
1
2 cot 2 u
Hence (B) is correct answer.
Example 6.
In order that the function f(x) = (x + 1)
cotx
is continuous at x = 0, f(0) must be defined as
(A) 0 (B) e (C)
e
1
(D) None of these
Solution :
0 x
Lim

f (x) =
0 x
Lim

x tan / x
x / 1
) x 1 ( + = e
1
So , f (0) = e
Hence (B) is the correct answer .
Example 7.
For m , n e I
+
,
0 x
Lim
m
n
) x (sin
x sin
is equal to :
(A) 1 , if n < m (B) 0 , if n > m (C) n/m (D) 0 , if n = m
Solution :
Writing the given expression in the form
|
|
.
|

n
n
x
x sin
|
|
.
|

m
n
x
x
m
x sin
x
|
|
.
|

and noting that the

0
Lim
u
u
u sin
= 1 , we see that the required
limit equals to 1 , if n = m , and 0 if n > m.
Hence (B) is the correct answer .
Example 8.
If f (x) is continuous and f (0) = 2 , then
0 x
Lim

x
u d ) u ( f
x
0
}
is :
(A) 0 (B) 2 (C) f (2) (D) f (1)
Solution :
0 x
Lim

x
u d ) u ( f
x
0
}
=
0 x
Lim

1
) x ( f

= 0 x at continuous is ) x ( f
Rule s ' Hospital ' L g sin U

= f (0) = 2.
Hence (b) is the correct answer.
Example 9.
DIFFERENTIAL CALCULUS
40
Let g (x) be the inverse of the function f (x) and f ' (x) =
3
x 1
1
+
. Then g ' (x) is equal to :
(A)
,
3
) x ( g 1
1
+
(B)
,
3
) x ( f 1
1
+
(C) 1 + (g (x))
3
(D) 1 + (f (x))
3
Solution :
Since g (x) is the inverse of f (x) , therefore g (x) = f
1
(x) f {g (x)} = x
Differentiate both sides w.r.t. x
f ' { g (x) } g ' (x) = 1 g ' (x) =
)) x ( g ( f
1
'
= 1 + (g (x))
3
Hence (C) is the correct answer.
Example 10.
1 x
Lim

1 x
1 x log x log x x
2
2 3

+
is equal to :
(A) 2/3 (B) 3/2 (C) 0 (D) None of these
Solution :
The gi ven l i mi t =
1 x
Lim

1 x
x log 1 x 1 x
2
2 3
) ( ) (

=
1 x
Lim

) ( ) ( 1 x 1 x
x log 1 x 1 x 1 x x ) 1 x ( ) ( ) ( ) (
3
+
+ +
=
1 x
Lim

) 1 x ( ) 1 x (
x log ) 1 x ( 1 x x ) 1 x ( ] [
2
+
+ + +
=
) 1 1 (
1 log ) 1 1 ( 1 1 1
2
+
+ + +
=
2
3
Hence (B) is the correct answer .