CA LC U L AT I O N S D ES I G N A PPL I CAT I O N S B . 3 .

Plastic parts with integrally molded threads

COPYRIGHT: All rights reserved, in particular for reproduction and copying, and for distribution as well as for translation. No part of this publication may be reproduced or processed by means of electronic systems, reproduced or distributed (by photocopying, microfilm or any other process), without written permission by Ticona. 2004 Ticona GmbH, Kelsterbach

NOTICE TO USERS: To the best of our knowledge, the information contained in this publication is accurate, however we do not assume any liability whatsoever for the accuracy and completeness of such information. The information contained in this publication should not be construed as a promise or guarantee of specific properties of our products. Further, the analysis techniques included in this publication are often simplifications and, therefore, approximate in nature. More vigorous analysis techniques and prototype testing are strongly recommended to verify satisfactory part performance. Anyone intending to rely on any recommendation or to use any equipment, processing technique or material mentioned in this publication should satisfy themselves that they can meet all applicable safety and health standards. It is the sole responsibility of the users to investigate whether any existing patents are infringed by the use of the materials mentioned in this publication. Properties of molded parts can be influenced by a wide variety of factors including, but not limited to, material selection, additives, part design, processing conditions and environmental exposure. Any determination of the suitability of a particular material and part design for any use contemplated by the user is the sole responsibility of the user. The user must verify that the material, as subsequently processed, meets the requirements of the particular product or use. The user is encouraged to test prototypes or samples of the product under the harshest conditions to be encountered to determine the suitability of the materials. Material data and values included in this publication are either based on testing of laboratory test specimens and represent data that fall within the normal range of properties for natural material or were extracted from various published sources. All are believed to be representative. These values alone do not represent a sufficient basis for any part design and are not intended for use in establishing maximum, minimum, or ranges of values for specification purposes. Colorants or other additives may cause significant variations in data values.

We strongly recommend that users seek and adhere to the manufacturers current instructions for handling each material they use, and to entrust the handling of such material to adequately trained personnel only. Please call the numbers listed for additional technical information. Call Customer Services at the number listed for the appropriate Material Safety Data Sheets (MSDS) before attempting to process our products. Moreover, there is a need to reduce human exposure to many materials to the lowest practical limits in view of possible adverse effects. To the extent that any hazards may have been mentioned in this publication, we neither suggest nor guarantee that such hazards are the only ones that exist. The products mentioned herein are not intended for use in medical or dental implants.

Ticona GmbH Information Service Tel. +49 (0) 180-584 2662 (Germany) +49 (0) 69-305 16299 (Europe) Fax +49 (0) 180-202 1202 (Germany and Europe) e-mail infoservice@ticona.de Internet www.ticona.com

Contents

1.

Introduction

6.

Design
6.1

notes

13 13

Self-locking
Stress concentration in the

2.

Requirements for joints with integrally molded threads Fixed joints 2.1 Movable joints 2.2 Types of thread and key dimensions Fixed joints 3.1 Movable joints 3.2 Design calculations for threaded joints Fixed joints 4.1
4.1.1 Stress in the vulnerable cross-section 4.1.2 Flank pressure p 4.1.3 Deformation of the threaded section
4.2

6.2
3 3 3

threaded section
6.2.1 Notch factors K

14

in

disengaged
14

thread

zone

6.2.2 Stress distribution within the internal 3.

4 4

thread

engaged with (zone II, fig. 10)

Static

the external thread

14
runout

6.2.3 Stress concentration in the thread

6.3

15

4.

with

sealing of plastic components integrally molded threads

15

6
6 7 8 9 7.

Injection molding of components

with
7.1 7.2

integrally molded
External thread Internal thread

threads

17 17 17

Movable

joints

5.

Calculation
5.1

examples

10

8.

Reversible-flow filter made from

Hostaform C 2521
5.2

10

Examples of applications Water filter housing 8.1 8.2 Drainage plug for water
on

19 19

separator
19
20 20

Hose

connector

made from
11
nut

diesel vehicles for

corn

Hostalen PPN 1060

5.3

8.3 8.4

Vehicle

jack

with threaded

hopper Fastening nut for

Grain

mill

spare wheel

made from POM

12 9.

Explanation of symbols

21

10. Literature

22

Hostaform Acetal copolymer (POM) Hostacom polypropylene (PP)

Reinforced

Hostalen PP Polypropylene (PP) Celanex Polybutylene terephthalate (PBT)

registered

trademark

1.

Introduction

2.

Requirements for joints with integrally molded

threads

The

unique

freedom of

design

afforded

by injection mold

ing
al

enables this process to be used for the production of components with integrally molded threads. The addition

mold

complexity and cost involved in terms of the injection (for demolding the thread) is relatively small.
threads
are

2.1

Fixed joints

The function of the above-mentioned

Integrally molded

used for detachable fixed

joints in many different components. Examples include housing parts for washing machines and dishwashers, filters, valves and submersible and circulating pumps; fittings and screwed pipe joints; locking rings, e.g. on water meters and mincers; closures for packaging such as tubes, bottles and drums.

housing parts is safely apart from each other. For this purpose, the joint must be fixed and leaktight and should be suitably designed to prevent it loosening by itself. Leaktightness is achieved by integral sealing elements or additional sealing elements such as O-rings. In filter housings, e.g. for the fluff filter on washing machines, the joint should be quick and easy to undo in order to clean or change filters. generally
to

keep

different materials

Integrally

molded threads

are

also used for movable

joints
2.2

to convert rotary motion into linear motion or torque into linear forces and vice versa. Examples include valve stems,

Movable joints

telescopic spindles for ventilation windows, spindle nuts on car jacks, electric rear view mirror and seat adjusting systems and central locking in motor vehicles, reversing spindles in vending machines etc.

Movable threaded should

joints, also known as helical gears, permit smooth, jolt-free transmission of motion. These threads are designed as single- and multi-start.

Single-start threads are generally self-locking with low efficiency. The product of flank pressure p and speed v
may
not

exceed certain limit values

to ensure

that

unac

ceptable heating

up of the thread flanks does

not occur.

Good low-friction and threads

wear

properties

are

exhibited

by

produced, for example, from the modified Hostaform grades C 9021 TF, C 9021 K, C 9021 G
C 9021 M.

and

Once-only lubrication of the thread improves the slip properties of the mating thread and should always be carried out if possible.

3.

Types of thread and

Table 1:

Comparison

of

important
Half

thread dimensions

key dimensions
Thread type
Fixed joints
Metric
13

angle

Thread

of thread
DIN

depth

[]

3.1

30

h3
H!

0.613 P 0.541 P 0.868 P

Threaded

can have very large thread comparatively low housing wall thickness typical of injection molded parts. This results in low inherent housing rigidity, so that the inner part can be compressed under radial force Fr and the outer part expanded. There is a risk that the thread flights will slide over each other and the joint will therefore fail. This

joints

in

housings
to

ISO thread

diameters in relation

the

Metric
513
3

h3
H!

buttress thread
Metric ISO
103
15

0.75

h3 =0.5P + a
H,
=

trapezoidal
Whitworth

thread
228 27.5

0.5 P

risk is reduced the lower the radial force Fr and the greater the thread depth HI of the thread profile, fig. 1.

pipe

thread

H!

0.640 P

Threads The radial force Fr is proportional half angle of thread .

to

the tangent of the

used for

preferably plastic

6063

containers

buttress thread

Fr
A

FI

tan

(1)
to

trapezoidal
Round thread

part 1 thread part 2

405

10 10 15

c c

0.5P 0.5P

large thread depth reduces production tolerances. Fig.

1: Force

the

sensitivity of the joint

H4=0.50P

(P

thread

pitch)
pipe
to

relationships on the thread flank

Metric ISO threads and Whitworth

threads have

comparatively trapezoidal thread and the buttress and trapezoidal threads developed for plastic containers are more favorable, fig. 2.
radial force Fr. The metric ISO

large large

half thread

angles /?,

which lead

Fig.

2: Thread types; illustration and

explanation

of

terms

Fig.

2 a: Metric ISO thread

(DIN 13)

F,
FI F
.3,

Radial force Linear force

Perpendicular force Half angle of thread HI Thread depth

T
1.
-

Table 1 compares the half angle of thread depth H! of different thread types.

and thread

%%2 thread ///Y//////////t

P

b: Metric buttress thread

(DIN 513)

Fig.

2e: Thread

preferably

to

be used for
6063 part

plastic

con

tainers, buttress thread (DIN

1)

Outside diameter D; d DI; d| Root diameter

c
z

Profile

depth;

Profile width

P Pitch

Fig.

2c: Metric ISO

trapezoidal

thread

(DIN 103)

Fig.

preferably to be used for plastics containers, trapezoidal thread (DIN 6063 part 2)
Thread

2 f:

U-P-

D; d

Outside diameter
Root diameter

c z

Thread

depth;

DI; dj

Profile width

P Pitch

Fig.

2d: Whitworth

pipe

thread

(DIN/ISO 228)

Fig. 2g:

Round thread

(DIN 405)

-5 W//.

% Male thread ///////s////////////////.

-a

-o

The lowest, practically negligible radial force Fr occurred with the metric buttress thread, fig. 2b, with a half angle of thread
a

4.

(tan

large

thread

depth HI

0.0524). This thread also has thread pitch). 0.75 P (P

=

Design calculations for threaded joints

Fixed joints

The round thread

favorable half
=

specified in DIN 405, fig. 2 g has a angle of thread 15 and the thread
=

4.1

depth H4 profiles. As a result of the special profile design, however, the flank overlap H5 is only 0.0835 P so that locally high surface pressure loadings are the result.
0.5

P is also in the range of other thread

In

designing

threaded

joints, the following

account:

stress

para

meters must

be taken into

stress

oz in

the vulnerable cross-section A^

High

radial forces with the risk of

impermissible

stresses

and deformation may be expected with Whitworth pipe threads with cylindrical internal and conical external threads suitable for

surface pressure loading p on the thread flanks change in flank diameters Zld2 and 4D2.

(DIN 2999). This thread type plastic components.

is therefore

un

4.1 .1

Stress in the vulnerable cross-section

Fig.
3.2

3: Vulnerable cross-section AI and A2

Movable joints
thread
a non=

For movable

joints, the metric ISO trapezoidal (DIN 103) proved successful. In rare cases, standardized flat profile (half angle of thread
has
used.

0) is

From the linear force F]

stress

(fig. 1),

the

following

tensile

results:

"1

QZ

A,, 2
where

[N/mm2]

(2)

A,

It

(d32

d;2)
ist.

(3)

A2

(Da2-D2)

(4)

d3 d; Da
D

root

diameter [mm]

inside diameter [mm] outside diameter [mm]

nominal diameter

[mm]
(more exact)
stress

According

to

DIN 13, part 21, the

cross-section AS
n

AS="

( d2

d3 Y

4\
account
as a

is

calculated, which takes into

the thread tooth

cut over

half the circumference

loadbearing

surface.

While this is

justified

with metal
of

screws

with the

high

material

The tensile

stress

<7z

calculated with linear force

root case utilization, plastic threads, ds is used to determine the loadbearing cross-section.

in the

diameter

FI

FV

FB

must

be

equal to

or

less than the

permissible

stress.

The linear force FI is composed of and operating force FB.

prestressing

force Fy Table 3

Oz

>

perm.

(8)
values for

gives guide

FI
The
on

FV

FB

(5)

tensile
S has

stresses as a

already

function of temperature been taken into account).

stresses

long-term permissible (safety factor

operating force may be an external force acting the joint or be produced by, for example, internal

Table 3 : Permissible tensile

a

0perm. in N/mm2

as

pressure p;.

function of temperature

The

moment

prestressing force Fv results from M according to the equation

2M

the

tightening
Material
20

Temperature [C]
60
6 80 100

120

FV

P
n

+d2-fc
cos

[N]
+

(6)

Hostaform C 9021 Hostaform C 9021 GV 1/30

Hostalen PPN 1060

10 40
6

3
15
2

dA fA

20
3

10

tightening thread pitch [mm]

moment

[N mm]

Hostacom M2 N02 Hostacom M4 N01 Hostacom G2 N02

8
10 12

4 5 9 10

2 3 6 7 2 14

fe
fA

thread friction coefficient

friction coefficient of the
contact

4 5

surface

Hostacom G3 N01

15
8

d2 dA

flank diameter [mm] mean diameter of the

half

contact

surface [mm]

(fig.6)

Celanex 2500 Celanex 2300 GV 1/20 Celanex 2300 GV 1/30

5
16 20

angle of thread

20
25

12 15

10 12

18

The friction coefficients

fG and fA depend on a number of influencing factors such as the particular combination of mating materials, surface roughness, sliding speed and the
presence or absence of lubricant. Guide values in table 2.
are

If the calculated
stress, the

stress

GZ is greater

than the

permissible

shown

loadbearing enlarged by increasing reducing the inside diameter d;.

cross-section AI or A must be the outside diameter Da and/or

Table 2: Guide values for the friction coefficients fc and fA of unlubricated and lubricated surfaces

4 .1.2

Flank pressure p

Friction Material combination

coe

ficient fG, fA

dry
PCR/PCR
PCR/PCR

lubricated

Although the linear force FI is not uniformly distributed over the intermeshing thread flights (see section 6.2.2), this is assumed for the purpose of calculating the flank
pressure p. Thus:

(same)

0.3

-0.4

(different)

0.15-0.25

PCR/metal
PCR/AP
PCR AP

0.04-0.1
0.1
-0.3

F,
P
=

[N/mm2]
H!
see

(9)

0.15-0.25

jt

d2
[N],

partially crystalline plastics amorphous plastics

force FB from the internal

F}

linear force

section 4.1.1

d2
HI
z

flank diameter

thread

depth [mm] flights

(10)

resulting operating pressure p;, the following applies:

FB
pi
=

For the

number of loadbearing thread

L
z

P,

dp2 [N]

(7)
L

dp

internal pressure [N/mm2] diameter of the pressure-stressed surface [mm]

thread reach [mm] thread pitch [mm]

Guide values for

quoted

in table 4

permissible flank pressure pperm. are (safety factor S is already taken into

account).
Table 4: Guide values for
in N/mm2
as a

resulting from the half angle of thread (see fig. equation 1) leads to expansion of the outer part and compression of the inner part. This causes the flank overlap to be reduced. To calculate this deformation,
The radial force Fr
1 and

permissible

flank pressure pperm.

it is assumed that the radial force Fr is distributed uni

function of temperature

formly

over

the thread

overlap

area

C:

Temperature [C]
Material
20 60 15 35 4
4

C
120

JT-d2-L

^-d2-z-P [mm2]
see

(11)

80 12 30 2.5
2.5

100

da
L
z

Hostaform C 9021
Hostaform C 9021 GV 1/30

flank diameter [mm], thread reach

number of

fig.

20-25
45 6 10 12 15

20 1
1

thread

loadbearing thread flights pitch [mm]

comparable
with the

Hostalen PPN 1060

Hostacom M2 N02

This

gives

pressure pD, which is

Hostacom M4 N01 Hostacom G2 N02 Hostacom G3 N01

5
7

3
6 8 3 10 24 32

2
5

internal pressure

3.5 4.5

18
20 30 40 45

9
7 16

6 2 8 20 25

PD

[N/mm2]
TC

(12)

Celanex 2500 Celanex 2300 GV 3/30 Celanex 2300 GV 1/20 Celanex 2300 GV 1/30

d,

32 38

15 20

With wall thicknesses

si

and

s2

of the tubular segments

Da-D
1
=

[mm]
d3-dj [mm]
small in with the

(13)

If the calculated flank pressure p is greater than the per missible, the thread reach L must be increased.
S2
=

(14)

4.1.3

Deformation of the
to

threaded section

which

are

generally

comparison

mean

diameters Dm and
It is necessary

dm, the

stress a

and the deformation formula:

check radial deformation of the

e can

be calculated

by

the

following

threaded section if
-

the thread has

ISO

large

half

angle

of thread

(metric

ffi

y_ J
jLXg

[N/mm2] for

the

outer

part

(15)

thread, Whithworth pipe thread)

JL*

fine

pitch

is chosen which results in

low thread
a2
=

PD'

depth HI
-

d3
to

dj

[N/mm2] for the

inner part

(16)

continuous loads have temperatures.

be transmitted

at

elevated
Hence

compression

of the

mean

diameter

on

the

outer

Fig.

4:

Explanatory diagram

part is

"

PD-Pm Et(Da-D)

(17)

and

on

the inner part

pD-dm E2 (d3 di)

-

(18)
table 5
part is

1,2

flexural creep modulus of the

mean

[N/mm2],
on

see

Expansion

diameter

the

outer

JDm

8l

Dm

/^r^r [mm] (L>a L>)

LI
-

(19)

On the inner part, it is

The decrease in the flank

20
to

overlap /iHi

should

not

exceed

30 % of the initial value.

Adm

e2

dra

Pp-dn [mm] E2 (d3 d;)

-

(20)

JHi

(0.2

to

0.3) Hi

(24)

The deformation of
and

a plastic component is not only timetemperature-dependent but is also a function of stress level. Strictly speaking, separate characteristic

4.2

Movable joints

In the conversion of rotary into linear motion and vice

values should be determined for each type of stress. However for deformation ^ 2%, the variation between
the characteristic values is the deformation of
stress
a

with helical gears, the friction PR and resultant tem perature increase on the thread flanks is a crucial deter
versa

negligible

so

that, for example,

component under compressive be calculated with sufficient accuracy using may

mining factor in transmittable power. applies for the frictional energy:

PR
=

The

following

the flexural creep modulus.

For E

fG-Fi-v[W]

(25)

characteristic

therefore, the flexural value, table 5.

creep modulus is used

as

the

fc
FI
v

thread friction coefficient, see table 2 linear force [N], see section 4.1.1

sliding speed [m/s]

Table 5: Flexural creep modulus values based

DIN EN 20 899-2

on

(DIN

54

852)

Fig.
Flexural creep modulus
Material

5: Helical thread

(schematic)

[N/mm2],23C,
ob
=

10 N/mm2

1-min value

6-day

value

Hostaform C 9021 Hostaform C 9021 GV 1/30

Hostalen PPN 1060
Hostacom M2 N02 Hostacom M4 N01
Hostacom G2 N02 Hostacom G3 N01

2800
9000

1500 7000

1300 1}

T
_

16002)
3300 4000

500 2)
1600

2400
3800

5500
2800

Celanex 2500

2000
2900 5900

Celanex 2300 GV 3/30 Celanex 2300 GV 1/20 Celanex 2300 GV 1/30

:> <Tb
=

4100
7100

9500
=

8600

5 N/mm2

2> ob

6 N/mm2

The

changes in flank diameter AD2 and Ad2 also approximately correspond to the diameter changes ZlDm and
^dm,

With flank pressure p from

equation (9)

[N/mm2]
z

d2

<4D24Dm Jd2~Zldm
that the

(21) (22)
in flank

and
n
v
=

d,
60

[m/s]

(26)

so

change

overlap

is calculated

as

arli

^Dra +Zldm

(similar to that for plain design criterion for the helical gear Guide values for permissible p v values for a Hostaform/steel combination are given in table 6.
a

value

can

be determined
as a

bearings)

and used

Table 6: Permissible p v values Hostaform/steel combination

(guide values)

for

5.
5.1

Calculation

examples
C 2521

Sliding speed
[m/s]
^0.5
1.0 1.5

Permissible p

value

Reversible-flow filter made from Hostaform

two

[W/mm2]
The
0.15 0.10 0.06

housing
are

halves of the reversible-flow filter shown

in

fig.

screwed

together
N/mm2)

with

cap

nut

with S 128

6 metric buttress thread. The filter is

designed

for nominal

pressure PN 10

(=

at room

temperature.

quoted values apply to unlubricated sliding partners. If once-only lubrication is carried out before assembly, up to 50 % higher p v values can be permitted.
The

Fig.

6: Reversible-flow filter

(schematic diagram)

plastic/plastic combinations, e.g. Hostaform/ Celanex, the permissible p v values should be halved because of the poorer thermal conductivity.
With

Stress in the vulnerable cross-section

Because of the lower wall

thickness, the vulnerable

cross-

section is in the inner part,

fig.

7.

Fig.

7: Vulnerable cross-section in the inner part

10

The
tion

loadbearing
(3)

area

A] is calculated according

to

equa

Flank pressure
As

A,

j (d32

d,2) [mm2]
HO2)

explained above, FB FI. calculated from equation (9)

=

Thus the flank pressure p is

FB

A,

f (1212

P
-

it

d,

H,

[N/mm2]

1994.7 mm2

d2 flank diameter [mm]

d2

d-0.75P
128
-

radially deformed and thus requires a negligible prestressing force O-ring FV, the linear force is essentially determined by the
In this
a

filter, which is sealed with

0.75
mm

123. 5

internal pressure

H,

=0.75- P
=

4.5

mm

Fi =FB
DIN 19632
must

number of
L
2

loadbearing

thread

flights

specifies

that

mechanically operating
=
.

filters

be tested with three times the nominal pressure rating, in this case with 30 bar 3 N/mm2 The pressurestressed
area

=P
22.5

is thus
=

6
3.75

d,2 [mm2]
Thus the maximum flank pressure is

^
=

HO2 mm2
Pmax.
JT

28 495.5 N 123.5
mm

4.5

mm

3.75

9498.5 mm2
=

4.35 N/mm2

Thus
In the

long

term,
can

flank pressure of p

1.45 N/mm2

at

PN

10 bar

be

FB

3 3

PN

[N]
9498.5mm2
5.2

accepted.

IN/mm2

28 495.5 N

Hose connector made from Hostalen PPN 1060

The maximum tensile

stress

ffm,x

The cap nut made from polypropylene shown in fig. 8 is part of a hose connector for irrigation systems. The aim
in this
case

is

to

omax.

[N/mm2]

is when

tightened

check how great the expansion of the nut 1000 N mm. with a torque of M
=

28 495. 5 N

Dimensions of the RVs thread: Outside diameter of thread

D
16.7
15.8

1994.7mm2
=

mm mm mm mm

14.28 N/mm2

Flank diameter
Pitch Thread

D2
P

1.337 0.856

The

long-term-acting
PN
Oz
=

tensile

stress

is

depth
nut

Hi

Outside diameter of
A

Da
L

19.5
10

mm

Thread reach Half

mm

^r~
1 N/mm2 -9 498. 5 mm2

angle

of thread

27.5

(cos
tan

27.5

0.887,

27.5

1994.7mm2

Mean diameter of
contact

0.5206)

surface

dA

15

mm

4.76 N/mm2

For the present calculation

example,

the

operating force

and is thus smaller than aperm.

10

N/mm2,

see

table 3.

is

ignored: FI

Fv.

11

Fig.

8:

Cap

(from
^

table

nut

5)
Da

1300 N/mm2

D
-

19.5 + 16.7
=
-

...

Dm=
-19.5-

18.1

mm

2 0.3 N/mm2 -R/8-14.95=

2 18.1
mm mm
-

61

1300 N/mm2 1.49

(19.5

16.7

mm)

ID'3

/;

The flank diameter D2

expands by

ZlD2

D2 [mm]
10-3
mm

1.49 0.023

15.8

mm

--18.1-

This

expansion is not critical depth H! 0.856 mm.

=

in relation

to

the thread

The
to a

tightening torque M leads linear force

2M

according

to

equation (6)

5.3

Vehicle jack with threaded

nut

made from POM

On the

jack

shown in

fig. 9,

threaded feed

nut

injection

Fi

[N]

D2-fG
+ +
cos

molded from POM engages with a steel spindle. The serviceability of the jack is tested in a long-term trial on

dA fA

special rig in which the jack is lowered position by a specified distance and then
a

from its
raised

highest

50 times under the nominal load F

4500 N. A

The friction coefficients fA and fG

2 1000 N

are

assumed

to

be 0.2.

speed speed

of

150 mm/min is maintained

motor.

again lifting through the

to

of the drive

The aim here is

v

determine

mm

F,=
1.337mm
+

whether the
0.2
-

permissible

value is exceeded in the trial.

15.8

mm

15

mm

0.2

it

0.887

Fig.
=

9:

Jack

with threaded feed

nut

(arrow)

286.2 N

The linear force FI leads

to a

radial force

(equation 1)

Fr

FI

tan

0.5206

286.2 N
149 N

This force

corresponds
=

to a

pressure

(equation 12)

PD

W^-L [N/mm2]
149 N
Jt

15.8

mm

10

mm

0.3 N/mm2

This pressure leads

to an

expansion (equation 17)

S,

PD E (Da

Dm
-

D)

12

Dimensions of the M 12
nut:

2 thread in the threaded feed

6.

Design
Self-locking

notes

Flank diameter Thread

D2 H!
z

10.9

mm mm

depth Number of loadbearing thread flights

For the flank pressure,
F

1.0826

6.1

=21

Equation (6) point

in section 4.1.1 describes the

relationship

between linear force FI and

tightening

equation (9) applies

[N/mm2]
z

when the threaded parts are will go, i.e. an additional frictional force becomes effec
tive in the
contact area.

torque M at the turned as far as they

Before this

position

is

reached, the

Jt

D2 H,

following equation applies

21

4500 N
n

10.9

mm

1.0826

mm

FB --y**

tan(y')
'

(27)

5.78 N/mm2
tan

(a

y')
=

tan

tan

The

lifting speed spindle speed of

n
=

of 150 mm/min

corresponds

to a

P
tan

d,

JT

75 min"1

Thus the

sliding speed
n

tan

D2
60

[mm/s]
2

fr

\d2-n

'

cos/?

(28)

10.9

mm

75

60s

The
=

plus sign
In this

in brackets denotes

42.8 mm/s

0.0428 m/s

FB, the minus sign denotes

tightening under load withdrawal (reversal of direc

a

tion).
The p
v

case

value is calculated

as

torque M if the

expression

the linear force FB is converted into in brackets is positive, i.e.

p-v

5.78 N/mm2 0.25 W/mm2

0.0428 m/s >

d,
=

-JT

cos

No
In table 6, for

permissible 0.15 W/mm2 is quoted for unluv value of p p vperm. bricated operation. With lubricated operation as is pos sible in the present case this value can be increased by
a

sliding speed
=

of

0.5

m/s,

self-locking takes place. Self-locking expression in brackets is negative, i.e.

fr
cos

occurs

when the

up

to

50%.

of

d2

In the

case

Thus

permissible
=

value of
P

single-start threads,

the

quotient

p-v.perm.

0.15-1.5 0.225 W/mm2

d2
is

-n

generally

between 0.016 buttress

is obtained.

0.060

(metric

(Whitworth pipe thread) and thread) so that with unlubricated

=

The calculated p

value is about 10 /o

higher

than the

(see friction coefficients IG in 0.04 to 0.1), it is table 2). With lubricated surfaces (fG
surfaces

self-locking
to

occurs

permissible.
nut to

Hence in the

vided between the individual cool

to room

long-term trial, pauses are pro cycles to allow the threaded temperature again.

necessary

check in each individual

case

whether self-

place, especially since external vibrations locking can further limit the range of self-locking. In some situa tions, a special thread with a smaller pitch P should be
still takes

used.

13

6.2

Stress concentration in the threaded section

For the components discussed

here, the tensile

stress

resulting
6.2.1

from linear force FI has the greatest

a constant

importance.
stress-

Notch factors

aK in

disengaged thread zone I

In components under

tensile stress, the

Fig.

10: Characteristic values

related notch factor

KO

ON time result of creep processes at the stress, while the strain-related notch
as a

decreases

over

point
factor

of

highest

Kf

increases with time. These strains

zones

can

produce

flow

and microcracks which, in the presence of certain media, can lead to failure of the component. The grooves of a thread correspond in their effect to a series of notches. These notches lead to increased stress
as

In

tensile

[12], the notch factor for metric thread M 8 under stress was determined using an enlarged,
-

compared

with

smooth

molding.
root
=

The ratio of the

root

geometrically
to

similar thread model

as

maximum

stress

in the notch
0N

thread

<Tmax.

the nominal

stress

of the notch cross-section

2.3

to

2.4

A,.:-f
and

The

(d,2-di2)
(Da2
-

radiusing
on

R associated with

pitch

P has

an

important

influence
see

the notch factor. Since the ratio P/D becomes

smaller with

A2

D2),

section 4.1.1,

increasing

nominal thread diameter D, the

notch factor increases with greater thread size. Notch factors for the metric ISO

is described

as

the notch factor

or stress

concentration

trapezoidal

thread

are

factor
On

given
K0
=

in

[13]. Depending

on

the nominal thread diameter,

the notch factor is

ON
K
=

to

Since linear-elastic material behavior is

assumed,

an ana

logous

factor for strain concentration

can

be defined

(high

notch factors for

large

nominal thread diameters

and vice
Ke
=

versa).

eN 6.2.2

Stress distribution within the internal thread

This notch factor

depends

on

engaged with

the external thread (zone II, fig. 10)

and dimensions of the molded part notch geometry: radiusing R at the transition between

design

In sections 4.1.2 and 4.1.3, it

was

assumed that the indi thread

zone

vidual thread

flights

in the

engaged

play

an

the thread flank and thread root, thread depth HI, inside diameter d;

equal
[12],

part in force transmission. Studies on model threads however, show that about 30 to 40% of the total

and outside diameter Da

-

type of

stress

(tensile, flexural, torsional).

linear force FI is absorbed by the first loadbearing thread flight when the inner and outer parts consist of the same material. The proportion of force absorbed by the first

In

[10]

an

extended method of calculation is

stress

presented,

loadbearing

thread

which enables
account
as

concentration

to

be taken into

for non-linear-elastic and

plastic
[11]

material behavior viscoelastic

force FI; with diminishes.

flight depends on the level of linear increasing linear force, the proportion

well. This method is

material behavior

applied of plastics.

in

to

14

To describe the

stress

concentration in the

engaged

thread

zone, therefore, a (load-dependent) notch factor a* is defined, which additionally takes into account load appli

Fig.

12: V-notch
runout

on

the internal thread

produced by

thread

cation and deflection

on

the thread flank. The measured

root are

notch factors in the thread

* These
=5

to

8.7

high
A

notch factors

can

be reduced if force

trans

mission is distributed

flights. fig. 11.

evenly over the individual thread possible design to achieve this is shown in

Fig.

11:

Design

mission in the

improved force trans individual thread flights

measure

for

Thread

runout

V-notch

!:i
5G3
i"T3
OS
u< _x
*

>
X
40 30 20

^5 v/,\

%\

&->
0%

"5

%a
The

10

Proportion of load taken by the forcetransmitting thread

flights

large notch factor K which results can lead to fail of the component at this point when under internal ure in pressure stress. Thread runouts such as described
DIN 76 part 1 and part 3
must

be avoided with

integrally

molded threads; the thread flight on the mold end with the complete thread profile.

core must

6.3

Static

sealing of plastics components

with

integrally

molded threads
40
30

20 10

0%

Proportion of load taken by the forcetransmitting thread

flights

basically take place outside the thread, i.e. no seals (hemp, sealing tape) should be used in the thread. In the case of flexible, deformable plastics (e.g. polyethyl ene, elastomer-modified plastics), the components can be sealed with molded-on sealing lips or other readily deform able zones (fig. 13). Sealing
should

By introducing
is

a recess at more

designed
can

to

be

distributed effect
are

more

the end of the nut, this region yielding and hence the load is evenly over the thread flights. A similar

Fig.

13: Screw closure with

integral

seal

be achieved if the internal and external parts made from

nut

made from materials with different

fitting with internal part forced polypropylene and cap

screw

rigidity. Example: glass-fiber-rein

from unreinforced PP.

6.2.3

Stress concentration in the thread runout

The internal thread of

plastics molding

is formed in

an

injection mold by
the
on cores are

a core

with external thread. Because

a runout

generally machined,
curvature on

is

produced
In the
case

the external thread which forms

small radius of

a V-notch with very the internal thread (fig. 12).

of

hard, rigid plastics, additional seals

must

be used.

15

joint

is sealed when the

contact

pressure in the seal is

two

greater than the pressure difference between the sides of the seal.

Fig.

15: Automatic

sealing effect with

elastic seals

Fig,

14: Flat

gasket

Seal located in sealing groove

Seal compressed but not

pressure-loaded Squeezing process

result of initial compression
as a

Pv

Seal,

pressure-loaded
Squeezing process
result of initial compression
as a

po
_

and

sealing

gaskets (fig. 14), because of the relatively large contact require high prestressing forces Fy to achieve a satis factorily high contact pressure. Owing to bedding down
area,

Flat

pressure p

PB

p + pv

processes in the thread and

stress

relaxation in the tensileare not

stressed thread
constant start to

zones,

these prestressing forces

a

but decrease with time. As

result, the joint

can

16: Triangular and rectangular grooves, axial deformation of O-rings

Fig.

leak.
in

O-rings placed
which
the
cause
a more

appropriately dimensioned
to

grooves

them

be deformed in the closed

joint

are

suitable solution. The force and thus

case

required

to

deform

rings

to create contact

than is the

the

gaskets. advantage that the contact pressure necessary for sealing is increased by the pressure of the medium being sealed, fig. 15.
can

with flat

In

pressure is much less addition, O-rings have

O-rings
grooves,

be installed in

rectangular

and

triangular

fig. specified by the manufacturer

In the

16. The groove dimensions and tolerances

should be observed.

examples shown in fig. 16, the O-rings are deformed longitudinal direction by prestressing force Fv. The arrangement in fig. 17 is more favorable, in which defor mation of the O-ring is achieved by suitable dimensioning of the internal and external parts and is not dependent on
in the
a

Fig.

17:

of the

Rectangular groove, radial deformation O-ring

prestressing force.

16

7.

Injection molding of
components with molded threads

If

even

parting

marks from the slides

are not

allowed

to

integrally

be visible, the thread must sleeve which is unscrewed after

be formed in

a single threaded injection molding.

7.2

Internal thread the intended

7.1

External thread

Depending
and thread

on

requirements,

various

length of the production run demolding options may

The external thread forms external undercuts in slides. These undercuts that allow mold
are

be considered.
For short runs, so-called lost

released

by
18.

the action of
at

movement

of the slides

angle pins right angles to the

cores are

inserted into the

opening direction, fig.

Fig.

18: Slide mold for external thread

injection mold and ejected with the part after injection molding. Outside the mold, the core is then unscrewed manually or with a special device. For longer runs, the
threaded
cores are

unscrewed inside the mold. The

is

necessary rotary

produced either with the aid of a coarsely threaded spindle via the mold opening movement or via a hydraulically operated rack and pinion system or drive motor.
movement

Fig.

20:

Unscrewing mold for internal thread

In the

contact area

of the

slides, flash

can

be formed

as a

particular molding conditions or wear. This flash makes it difficult or even impossible to screw the threaded parts. The problem can be avoided by flattening
result of the
the thread in the will then lie
not
out
area

of the

contact

surfaces.

Any flash

of the way of the

19.

opposing

thread and
Another way to demold internal threads is to use a collap sible core. This type of core is divided into segments

be

an

obstruction, fig.

Fig.

19: Slides with flattened thread

which

collapse thread, fig. 21.

inwards

so

permitting

release of the

17

Fig. 21: Collapsible core, left: injection molding position, right: demolding position
Manufacturer/sales :

Fig.

22:

Segmented internal thread

DME-Zentrale, 74196 Neuenstadt, Germany Rudolf Riedel GmbH, 58579 Schalksmhle, Germany

demoldabie undercut

Internal threads
via

can

be demolded much
continuous thread is
are

more

angle slides,

if

simply, i.e. not required but

sufficient
to

In

general it

should be noted that

onto

molding with

internal

thread shrinks

the threaded

core

and that with in-

instead individual threaded segments the linear force FI, fig. 22.

take

creasing cooling time the shrinkage forces also increase. With unscrewing cores in particular, this can lead to demolding difficulties if the prescribed cooling time is exceeded, e.g. in the event of interruptions to production.

18

8.

Examples of applications
Water filter

8.1

housing

8.2

Drain plug for

water

separator

on

diesel vehicles

Photo 1 shows

a water

form C 9021. The

two

housing made from Hostahousing halves are screwed

=

filter

The drain thread. The

plug

shown in
water

photo

2 and

fig.

23 is
an

screwed
x

into the base of the

separator with

M 10

1.5

together with an S 80 x 4 buttress thread; the number of loadbearing thread flights z 2. This housing, which is constantly under mains water pressure, is sealed with an axially deformed O-ring. The wall thickness of the
internal part
pans
s2
=

si

6.1 mm; the wall thickness of external

4.4

mm.

O-ring. The plug is held captive housing by two snapfit hooks. To achieve the required deformability for snapfitting, the screw bolt is centrally bored and laterally recessed.
an

plug is

sealed with

in the separator

The external thread is formed in splits; the core the internal thread is unscrewed in the mold.

forming

Although

the transition from the

screw

bolt

to

the

is well rounded

(R

0.8

mm), fig.

23

left,

stress

flange cracking

occurred in this
runout.

This

thread and

region owing to the sharp-edged thread problem was remedied by shortening the ending it with a complete profile, fig. 23 right.

Fig.

23: Drain

plug

19

8.3

Grain

hopper for corn mill

8.4

Fastening nut for spare wheel

This
an

hopper (photo 3)
x

made from Hostalen PPT 1070 has

a

The

nut

shown in

M 90
x

2 metric external thread and

non-standard

(PP
to

30% w/w

photo 4 made from Hostacom G3 N01 glass fibres, chemically coupled) is used
a

80

20 P 4
=

five-start, rectangular internal thread, thread

1
mm.

depth HI

fasten the spare wheel of a car onto The M 8 x 1.25 nut thread is however formed

threaded bolt.

not

complete

but

only

over

half the circumference in each half of

24.

The external thread is formed in

two

slides. The internal

the thread reach,

The threaded
to

fig.

thread is divided into two threaded segments, each cover ing an angle at the circumference of 120. The thread is

areas are

offset

demolded via
core.

two

slides

running

on

the

tapered

inner

push

the

slightly

tilted

by 180. nut quickly

This makes it easy over the threaded

bolt.

Only through contact with the spare wheel is the axis of the nut aligned with the axis of the threaded bolt so that the thread flights of the nut and bolt can become engaged and the nut tightened up. Fig.
24:

Interrupted M

1.25 thread

20

9.

Explanation of symbols
Unit

Symbol
A,, 2

Explanation
vulnerable cross-section, notch cross-section

Symbol
M
n

Unit

Explanation tightening

mm2

N-m

torque

min"1

spindle speed
flank pressure
pressure

B, L
C

mm

engaged
thread

thread

zone,
area

thread reach
P

N/mm2 N/mm2
N/mm2

mm2
D
mm

overlap

PD

d,

nominal thread diameter

p;

internal pressure

d2,D2 d3 dA

mm

thread flank diameter

Pperm.

N/mm2 W/mm2

permissible

flank pressure

mm

thread
mean

core

diameter
p
v

value

material-dependent design
dimension for helical gears and slide bearings

mm

diameter of the surface

a

contact

di

mm

inside diamter of
diameter of the
11 t"T3 L/C dU.1 let PP

joint

mm

thread

pitch

dp

mm

pressure-stressed

PR
PN

frictional energy

bar
mm

nominal pressure

dm, Dm

mm

mean

^\

Da

R
s

radiusing
wall thickness

diameter outside diameter of

2
mm

Da
E

mm

joint

m/s
-

sliding speed
number of

N/mm2

flexural creep modulus friction coefficient

thread
a
o

loadbearing flights

helix

fA

friction coefficient of the

contact

angle

surface

K,
KS

K,
-

notch factors

fc
FB

thread friction coefficient

N N N

operating

force

a*

load-dependent
half

notch factor

Fi
F Fr Fv

linear force

force

angle

of thread

perpendicular
radial force

r
e

angle
strain

of friction

N
N

prestressing force

Oz

N/mm2 N/mm2

tensile

stress

"perm.

permissible

tensile

stress

H,,h3, H4, c
H5

mm

thread
flank

depth

mm

overlap

21

10. Literature

[1]

DIN 2244

[9] DIN

19632

Gewinde, Begriffe [2] DIN 202 Gewinde, bersicht [3] DIN 13, Bl. l Metrisches ISO-Gewinde.

Mechanisch wirkende Filter in der Trinkwasser

installation, Anforderungen, Prfungen, techn.

Regeln
[10]
[11]

des DVGW

DIN EN 200

Regelgewinde
DIN 13, Bl. 9
von

von

l bis 68

mm

Sanitr armaturen
H. Neuber:

Gewindedurchmesser.

Feingewinde
40 bis 300

mit

Steigung

mm

ber die Bercksichtigung der Spannungs

konzentration bei

mm

Gewindedurchmesser.
von

Festigkeitsberechnungen

DIN 13, Bl. 12

300

Regel-

und

Feingewinde

l bis

mm

Gewindedurchmesser. Auswahl

fr Durchmesser und

Steigungen.

Konstruktion 20 (1968) 7, p. 245 [12] E.Wei: Zur Bercksichtigung der Kerbwirkung bei viskoelastischem Materialverhalten
Plaste und Kautschuk 35

[4]

DIN 513

Metrisches

Sgengewinde (Gewindedurchmesser 10 bis

103

(1988) 2,

p. 67

620

mm)

[13]

K.H.

Kloos,W. Thomala:
im

[5] DIN

Spannungsverteilung
[14] G. Pahl,
K.

Schraubengewinde
Bergner, Schwabach

Metrisches

ISO-Trapezgewinde (Gewindedurchmesser 8 bis 300 mm)

fr nicht im Gewinde dichtende

Firmenschrift der Fa. Richard

Bordas,
von

A. Oedekoven:

[6]

DIN/ISO 228

Berechnung
[15]
fr Kunststoffbehltnisse

Trapezgewinden
(1985) l,
p. 25

Rohrgewinde Verbindungen
[7] DIN
Tl. l
Tl. 2
6063

Konstruktion 37
DIN 76, Tl. l

+ 3

Gewindeauslufe, Gewindefreistiche

Gewinde

vorzugsweise Sgengewinde Trapezgewinde

[16]

H. Gastrow:

Der

Carl Hanser

Spritzgiewerkzeugbau in 100 Beispielen Verlag, Munich Vienna 1990

[8]

DIN 405

Rundgewinde (Gewindedurchmesser

8 bis 200

mm)

22

In this technical information

brochure, Hoechst aims

want to

to

Engineering plastics Design Calculations Applications

Publications
so

provide exploit the properties

Hostaform.
to

useful information for

designers who of engineering polymers

team

such

as

Our technical service

on

far in this series:

advise you

materials, design and

on our

pleased processing.
state

will be

A.

Engineering plastics A. 1 1 Grades and properties A. 1.2 Grades and properties A. 1.4 Grades and properties A. 1.5 Grades and properties Vandar, Impet A.2.1 Calculation principles
.

This information is based

-

present

of knowl

Hostaform Hostacom Hostalen GUR

edge products
strued

and is intended
and their

to

provide general
It should
not

notes on our
con

uses.

therefore be

Celanex,

guaranteeing specific properties of the products described or their suitability for a particular application. Any existing industrial property rights must be observed. The quality of our products is guaranteed under our
as

A.2.2 Hostaform

Characteristic values and

Characteristic values and

General Conditions of Sale.

calculation
A.2.3

examples
-

Hostacom
calculation

examples

B.

Design of technical mouldings B. 1.1 Spur gears with gearwheels made from Hostaform, Celanex and Hostalen GUR
B.2.2 Worm gears with
worm

Applications involving the use of the Hoechst materials Hostaform, Hostacom, Hostalen PP and Celanex are developments or products of the plastics processing industry. Hoechst as manufacturers of the starting mate rial will be pleased to give the names of other processors of plastics for engineering applications.

wheels made from

Hostaform
B.3.1

B.3.2 B.3.3 B.3.4

B.3.5
B.3.7

Design calculations for snapfit joints in plastic parts Fastening with metal screws Plastic parts with integrally moulded threads Design calculations for press-fit joints Integral hinges in engineering plastics Ultrasonic welding and assembly of emgineering plastics

C. Production

C.2.1 Hot

C.2.2

C.3.1 C.3.3 C.3.4

C.3.5

of technical mouldings runner system Indirectly heated, thermally conductive torpedo Hot runner system Indirectly heated, thermally conductive torpedo Design principles and examples of molds for processing Hostaform Machining Hostaform Design of moldings made from engineering plastics Guidelines for the design of moldings in engineering plastics Outsert molding with Hostaform
-

Copyright by
August

Hoechst

Aktiengesellschaft

Issued in

1996/1 st edition

23

Hostaform , Celcon Celanex Impet

polyoxymethylene copolymer (POM)

thermoplastic polyester (PBT)

thermoplastic polyester (PET)

Vandar

thermoplastic polyester alloys

Riteflex Vectra

thermoplastic polyester elastomer (TPE-E)

liquid crystal polymer (LCP)

Fortron
polyphenylene sulfide (PPS)

Celstran , Compel GUR

long fiber reinforced thermoplastics (LFRT)

ultra-high molecular weight polyethylene (PE-UHMW)

Europe
Ticona GmbH Information Service Tel.: +49 (0) 180-5 84 26 62 (Germany) +49 (0) 69-30 51 62 99 (Europe) Fax: +49 (0) 180-2 02 12 02 eMail: infoservice@ticona.de Internet: www.ticona.com

Americas
Ticona LLC Product Information Service Tel.: +1-800-833-4882 Fax: +1-908-598-4306 eMail: prodinfo@ticona.com Internet: www.ticona.com