Overview of Demographic Concepts

Josefina N. Natividad, D.Sc

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Sources of Popula.on Data

Popula'on Data is mainly obtained thru the following sources:
1.Census 2.Vital Registra'on System 3.Sample Surveys 4.Administra've Records

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Sources of Popula.on Data

Census
This is a complete enumera'on or count of popula'on the popula'on residing in a par'cular area It is conducted by the Na'onal Sta's'cs Oce for a par'cular appointed 'me in desired intervals (usually 5 or 10 year intervals) The latest census was conducted in May 17, 2010.

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Sources of Popula.on Data Vital Registra/on System

The Na'onal Sta's'cs Oce thru the local civil registrars collects informa'on on vital events such as Births Deaths Marriages Including instances when marital dissolu'on occurs

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Sources of Popula.on Data Sample Surveys

Uses a sample of the target popula'on to produce es'mates May be conducted for the na'onal or sub-na'onal scale Some examples include: Na'onal Demographic and Health Surveys (NDHS), Family Income and Expenditure Survey (FIES), Labor Force Survey (LFS), among others.

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Sources of Popula.on Data Administra/ve Records

Informa'on is based on the opera'ons of the par'cular collec'ng agency Some examples include: Educa'on performance (Department of Educa'on) Immuniza'on (Department of Health) Voter prole (Commission on Elec'ons)

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Popula.on Size
This refers to the total popula'on of a par'cular size locality or territory at a specic 'me period. Total popula'on includes all persons living in private households and those living in ins'tu'onal quarters like prisons, dormitories, hospitals, hotels, etc., as well as those who are in embassies, consulates and missions abroad. Land-based Overseas Filipino Workers (OFWs) are included in the total count as long as they fall within a cut-o reference period (usually 5 years). Seafarers are included in the total popula'on count.

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Popula.on Size: Philippines

100.0 90.0 80.0 70.0 60.0 3.5

88.6
3.06 3.01 2.78 2.71
3

76.5 68.6
2.35 2.33 2.36
2.5
Popula.on Growth Rate

Total Popula.on in millions

2.22 1.92 1.91

60.7 48.1 36.7 27.1 42.1

2.04 2

50.0 40.0 30.0 20.0 10.0 0.0 1903 1918 1939 1948 1960 1970

1.5

7.6

10.3

16.0

19.2
0.5

0 1975 1980 1990 1995 2000 2007 Popula.on Census Year

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Popula.on Size

The ocial count of the popula'on as of the 2007 Census of Popula'on and Housing was 88,548,366 persons

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Popula.on Composi.on
How can the popula/on be described?
The popula'on may be described using certain characteris'cs which may be physical, economic, cultural, social, behavioral, abtudinal, or demographic in nature.

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Popula.on Composi.on
The gure on the lec, called a popula.on pyramid, shows the composi'on of the Philippine popula'on by age and sex. This gure may be used to describe any popula'ons age-sex structure.
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Popula.on Processes
The 3 major popula'on processes that dene a popula'ons demographic characteris'cs are: 1.Fer'lity 2.Mortality and, 3.Migra'on
Let us examine each in turn

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Popula.on Processes Fer/lity

refers to the capacity of a woman or a couple to produce children, measured in terms of the number of live births.
Fertility vs. Fecundity
Fer/lity is the capacity to produce children while fecundity refers to physiological capacity to bear children. Thus a woman who is fer/le is fecund but an infer/le woman may not necessarily be infecund (i.e. a woman who does not have children yet does not mean she cannot bear a child!)

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Popula.on Processes Mortality

efers to the complete absence or the r cessa'on of life. xpressed in terms of the number of deaths e (e.g. infant deaths, neonatal or post-neonatal, child deaths, adult deaths).
person who was seemingly lifeless for some Nme a but was nevertheless resuscitated cannot be considered dead birth which has shown some sign of life (even for a a very short Nme) cannot be considered born dead

Signs of Life
crying, twitching of muscle dila'on of the pupil

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Popula.on Processes Migra/on

the geographic movement of an individual that involves crossing a territorial boundary with the purpose of changing permanent residence.

InternaNonal MigraNon

Internal MigraNon
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Popula.on Change

The total popula'on size of a sub-na'onal area may increase or decrease depending on the number of births, deaths, in-migrants or out-migrants.
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Popula.on Balancing Equa.on

Pubng all these processes together, we can talk of a single equa'on to summarize their rela'onships which dene the characteris'cs of the popula'on

P2 = P1 + (B-D) + (IM-OM)
Natural Increase Net MigraNon P2 P1 B D IM = the popula'on at a later date = the popula'on at a earlier date = the number of births = is the number of deaths = is in-migra'on (or immigra'on) OM = is out-migra'on (or emigra'on)
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Demographic Measures Rates

measure the likelihood of the occurrence of a par'cular event in a popula'on versus the popula.on exposed to the risk of that event within a specied 'me
EXAMPLE: AGE-SPECIFIC FERTILITY RATE Births15-19 ------------------------- Women15-19

The age- specic fer'lity rate measures the number of births occurring among women of a par'cular age group. In this case, we look at the births among women aged 15-19 against the popula'on exposed to the risk of giving birth at that age (meaning: only those women aged 15-19!).

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Demographic Measures Types of Rates

CRUDE BIRTH RATE Births ------------------------- Midyear Popula'on Rates may be classied as crude or specic. The main dierence lies in the denominator used to calculate the rate. CRUDE DEATH RATE Deaths ------------------------- Midyear Popula'on

A crude rate is computed when there is no regard to the varying exposure to the event of the persons that comprise the total popula'on in the denominator . (The men and those who are beyond their reproducNve ages are sNll counted here!)

Specic rates on the other hand only uses the popula'on exposed to the risk of that event in the denominator. (Everybody is at risk of dying regardless of gender)
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Demographic Measures More on rates

Crude rates divides the events by a popula'on, including those which are not necessarily exposed to the risk.
In our previous example, the crude birth rate divides the number of births by the midyear populaNon (which includes, the men and those who are beyond the reproducNve ages, i.e. those below 15 or over 49)

Specic rates on the other hand, takes into account varying popula'on characteris'cs. We know from theory that age has an eect on the fer'lity of women (i.e. there will be more births among the younger women compared to the old)
Thus in our previous example, we only used the number of births born to women aged 15-19 divided by the total number of women aged 15-19.
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Demographic Measures Some examples of Rates:

Popula'on Growth Rate Total Fer'lity Rate Contracep've Prevalence Rate

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Demographic Measures Ra/o

When one wishes to relate one number to another number, a ra'o can be calculated.

We may want to compare the number of males vis--vis the number of females in a parNcular populaNon, thus we compute a sex raNo. We therefore divide the number of males against the number of females. The iniNal answer is usually mulNplied by a k to enable one to interpret the raNo more easily.

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Demographic Measures Another example:

If a municipality has a total police force of 20 men and ocers and the municipality has a total popula'on of 10,500 persons, how many policemen are there for every 1,000 persons?

To know this, we simply divide one group over the other and mulNply by our desired number: 20 policemen 10,500 persons

1,000

= 2,000
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Demographic Measures Some commonly used ra/os:

Doctors to PopulaNon raNo Hospital Beds to PopulaNon raNo Textbook to Pupil raNo Teacher to Student RaNo Can you give other ra'os which can be useful in your own work?
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Demographic Measures Propor/on

To study the rela'on of one sub-group in the popula'on to the total popula'on itself, a propor'on is used. This means that the number in the numerator is a member of the popula'on used in the denominator. Dividing these numbers will give you a propor'on.
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Demographic Measures Percentage

Heres an example:
According to the 2000 Census, the number of Males in the Philippines is 38,524,266, while the total popula'on is 76,504,077. Can you tell what proporNon are males in the Philippines for that year? What percentage of the Philippine populaNon are females then?

When the propor'on is expressed as units of 100, a percentage is produced.

.5036 49.64%
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Demographic Measures
If you remember your basic staNsNcs courses, you for sure have encountered what are called Measures of Central Tendency. They may also be used for compuNng populaNon indicators. These include:
or expresses the amount of the characteris'c or event per member or unit (in the denominator) assuming each member or unit possesses an equal share of the characteris'c or event (in the numerator).

average

Mean

For example, if you divide your total populaNon versus your total number of households, you will get the average number of persons per household.
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Demographic Measures Median

The median divides the popula'on into two equal groups according to the characteris'c one is looking at.

For example, when one speaks of a median age, this will mean that half of the members of the populaNon will be older than the median age, while the other half of the populaNon is younger than your median age.

Can you give some popula'on characteris'cs where you can use the mean or median with?
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Demographic Measures Percent dierence

This measures how big one number is against another number. Their rela've dierence is expressed as a percentage, thus called percent dierence.

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Demographic Measures Rate of change

Like our previous example, the rate of change compares two values together. However in this case, we look at how much one value has changed (increase or decrease) over two points in 'me. The increment (i.e. the dierence) is expressed in percentage (over or under) the other value.

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Demographic Measures Midyear Popula/on

The midyear popula'on refers to the size of the popula'on of a par'cular area as of July 1 of the year for which the rate is being computed. It is an approxima.on of the popula.on exposed to the risk of a par'cular event, whenever this value is not readily available This value may be calculated for the total popula'on or or according to specic characteris'cs of interest (e.g. age, gender, educa'on etc.
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Demographic Measures
Calcula/ng the Midyear Popula/on
The midyear popula'on is derived using the formula:

P1 P2 n N

= Popula'on in the earlier census = Popula'on in the later census = number of months between P1 and desired midyear popula'on es'mate = number of months between P1 and P2
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Demographic Measures
1990
1-May 60,703,206

2000
1-May 76,504,077

2007
1-Aug 88,574,614

The above table gives the total popula'on of the Philippines according to 3 succeeding census years.
Given our formula for calculaNng the midyear populaNon, can you compute for the midyear populaNon in 1995? How bout in 2005?
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Thank You!