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Bridge Types g yp
deck bearings
Substructure
Foundation (Pile/ Spread Footing) F d (P l / S dF ) Pier (Column) Abutment
Superstructure
Any A structures above bearing b b which support the roadway Wearing Surface g
pier
Praveen Chompreda
Mahidol University First Semester, 2007
foundation
abutment
Components of Bridge
Superstructure Substructure Abutment Abutment Roadway Deck
Components of Bridge
Bearing
Superstructure
Roadway Deck
Substructure
Pier Abutment
Components of Bridge
Components of Bridge
Superstructure
Pier
Span Length
span length
single span
Types of Bridge T f B id
Types by Kinds of Traffic Types by Traffic Position Types by Material and Fabrication Types by Structural System
span
Bridge Culvert
Short span: 6-30 m Medium span: 30-100 m Long span: > 100 m
El Alamillo Bridge Seville, Spain 200m span Mountain Creek Bridge (1880) Canada Japan Bridge (1994) Paris, France 100m span Stoney Creek Bridge (1894) Canada 325ft span
Types: Others
Types: Others
Types: Others
Navigational Canal Netherlands Runway at the Los Angeles International Airport (LAX) g Los Angeles, USA
Through type
Structural components above the deck Obstructed view (not a problem for railway bridges) No structure under the bridge
Rhone Bridge France Henry Hudson Bridge (1936)
Half-through type
Fabrications
Precast (RC/PC) P Cast-in-place (RC/PC) Pretensioned (PC) Posttensioned (PC) Prefabricated (steel) ( ) Rivet (steel) Bolted (steel/ timber) Welded (steel) Etc
Reaction Forces
Reaction Forces
2 hi hinged d
3 hinged keystone
tie
Ponte dei Salti Bridge (circa 1st century AD) Switzerland Masonry Arch
Materials M i l
Masonry Timber Concrete (Reinforced/ Prestressed) Steel
Sydney Harbor Bridge (1938) Sydney, Australia parabolic arch 503 m span
The most basic type of bridge Typically consists of a beam simply supported on each side by a pier and can be made continuous later Typically inexpensive to build
PIER
PIER
Currently, most of the b C l f h beam bridges are precast (i case of RC and PC) b id (in f d or prefabricated Most are simply-supported Some are made continuous on site
hot-rolled
box sections
plate girder
Steel sections may be hot-rolled shapes (for short-span bridge), Box section (medium span), or Plate Girder (medium span)
Upper: Steel Plate Girder Bridge Lower: Prestressed Concrete I-Girder Bridge
8"
Span-by-Span
Cantilever
Some types of truss bridges can also be considered as a beam bridge when looked globally h l k d l b ll
Steel Truss can be of beam type, arch type, or cantilever type depending on the primary mechanisms Components of Truss
350'
150'
1700'
ROADWAY DECK
PIER
PIER
Fan Type
Construct Pylons
Erect the deck away from the pylon in both of the pylons.
Join the cable-stayed sections with the back piers (back piers helps resist tension forces)
TOWER/ PYLON
TOWER/ PYLON
ABUTMENT
Reaction Forces
Types: Others yp
Types: Others
Types: Others
Charing Cross Bridge (middle - truss) and Golden J g g ( ) Jubilee Bridges (outer cable-stayed).
Span Length
steel suspension steel rib arch steel truss arch concrete arch Types s steel truss cable-stayed steel
Types slab concrete girder steel girder t l i d cable-stayed concrete cable-stayed steel steel truss concrete arch steel truss arch steel rib arch steel suspension min 0 10 10 90 90 90 90 250 120 300 max 12 220 270 250 350 550 300 500 370 2000
600
800 1000 1200 1400 1600 1800 2000 Span Length (m)
Span Length
Beam Spacing
Beam spacing determine the number of girders Large Spacing
Fewer girder (faster to erect) Deeper and heavier girder (can it be transported?) Reduced redundancy Thicker slab
Materials
Steel Concrete
Cast-in-place Precast
Smaller Spacing
More girder Smaller girder More redundancy (but more beams to inspect) Thinner slab
Material choice depends on the cost of material at the bridge p g site S pp g Shipping cost from fabricators o ab cato s
Speed of construction
In urban areas, the construction of bridge may disrupt traffic
Prefabricated/ Precast member are the only choice Substructure construction may disrupt traffic more than the superstructure erection i may consider longer spans id l
Site Requirement
Is the bridge straight or curved
Precast I-Girder cannot be curved d Segmental prestressed can have slight curve Cast-in-place
Shipping of prefabricated pieces to site Is shi in channel re ired? shipping required? Is the temporary falsework required? C it b done with i d? Can i be d ih the site conditions?
Site Requirement
Site Requirement
In the Millau Aqueduct, the superstructure was completed inland and pushed into the span
Site Requirement
Aesthetics
An ugly bridge, however safe, serviceable, and inexpensive, is not a good bridge Long span bridge over a river can be a landmark; thus, aesthetics should be an important factor Bridge should blend with the environment g Smooth transition between members Avoid unnecessary decorations Bridge should have an appearance of adequate strength
Aesthetics
Determinant of bridges appearance (in order of importance)
Vertical and Horizontal geometry relative to surrounding topography and other structures Superstructure type: arch, girder, etc S h id Pier placement Abutment placement Ab t t l t Superstructure shape, parapet and railing Pier shape Abutment shape Color, Color surface texture, ornamentations texture Signing, Lighting, Lanscaping
Aesthetics
Aesthetics
Aesthetics