William T.Sherman Robert E. Lee matter is that no one could have
pulled it off successfully. He commanded the Union army in The General of the Confederate Tennessee. In September of 1864 troops; he was prosperous in many George B. McClellan his troops captured Atlanta, battles; was defeated at Antietam in Georgia. He then headed to take 1862 when he retreated across the George B. McClellan was a general Savannah. This was his famous Potomac; this halt of Lee's troops for northern command of the Army "march to the sea.". His troops justified Abraham Lincoln's of the Potomac in 1861; nicknamed burned barns and houses, and Emancipation Proclamation; he was "Tardy George" because of his destroyed the countryside. His defeated at Gettysburg by General failure to move troops to Richmond; march showed a shift in the belief Mead's Union troops; surrendered lost battle vs. General Lee near the that only military targets should be to General Grant at Appomattox Chesapeake Bay; Lincoln fired him destroyed. Civilian centers could Court House on April 9, 1865. twice. also be targets. Thomas J. “Stonewall” Jackson William Seward Merrimack Lee's chief lieutenant, killed by own Senator from New York. Senator The Merrimack was a former men at Chancellorsville who was for antislavery, was very wooden warship. The Confederates religious, would not compromise. plated it with iron railroad rails. They Ulysses Simpson Grant Later became the major rival of renamed it the Virginia. The Virginia Abraham Lincoln for the presidency. easily wrecked Union Navy ships A Northern general who helped gain When Lincoln won the presidency, and threatened to destroy the whole victory for the union. His first he became the secretary of state for Navy. The Confederates later successful victories came at Fort him. Had a nickname called "Higher destroy the ship to keep it from the Henry and Fort Donelson on the Law" due to his religious beliefs in Union. This marks the end of Tennessee and Cumberland rivers Christianity. wooden ships. in February 1862. These victories opened a door for the Union to the Edwin M. Stanton Monitor (1862) rest of the south. Eventually Grant was given command of the Union He was a politician who seceded a small Union ironclad built in about forces attacking Vicksburg. This Simon Cameron as secretary of war 100 days to stop the Confederate would be his greatest victory of the c1860. He caused a kind of civil war ship, the Merrimack. The war. Grant was made General-in- within Congress by opposing Lincoln Merrimack, which was a former U.S. Chief after several more impressive at almost every turn. This only wooden warship destroyed two victories near Chattanooga. Grant's added to the problems that Lincoln wooden Union ships in the final victory came when he defeated had to deal with during the Civil Chesapeake Bay and threatened General Robert E. Lee. War. the Yankee's plan of blockading all Southern ports. The Union built the Jefferson Davis John Bell Monitor and transported it to the Chesapeake. On March 9, 1862, in From 1860-1865, he was the Nominated for presidency in 1860 4 hours, the Monitor, or the "Yankee president of the Southern by the Constitutional Union Party, cheesebox on a raft," fought the Confederate States after their which formed a split in the Union. Merrimack "to a standstill." succession from the Union. During He was a compromise candidate. this time he struggled to form a Thirteenth Amendment solid government for the states to Abraham Linc oln be governed by. From the beginning, This Amendment was made to he lacked the power necessary for a nicknamed "Old Abe" and "Honest forbid slavery, making slavery and strong government because the Abe"; born in Kentucky to involuntary servitude both illegal. It southerners believed in states impoverished parents and mainly could only be used as a punishment rights. Aside from being sick, he self-educated; a Springfield lawyer. for crime. This Amendment was worked hard with solidating the civil Republicans chose him to run ratified in 1865, after the war was government and carrying out against Senator Douglas (a over. The South had to ratify it to be military operations. The truth of the Democrat) in the senatorial readmitted to the Union. elections of 1858. Although he loss Unit VII Terms: The Civil War & Reconstruction 2 victory to senatorship that year, He was an unpopular senator from act knowing that Johnson would Lincoln came to be one of the most Mass., and a leading abolitionist. In break it - Johnson fired Stanton prominent northern politicians and 1856, he made an assault in the without asking Congress, thus giving emerged as a Republican nominee pro-slavery of South Carolina and Congress a reason to impeach him for president. Although he won the the South in his coarse speech, "The presidential elections of 1860, he Crime Against Kansas." The insult Military Reconstruction Act was a minority and sectional angered Congressmen Brooks of president (he was not allowed on South Carolina. Brooks walked up to It divided the South into five military the ballot in ten southern states). Sumner's desk and beat him districts that were commanded by unconscious. This violent incident Union generals. It was passed in John Crittenden helped touch off the war between 1867. It ripped the power away from the North and the South. the president to be commander in A Senator of Kentucky, that fathered chief and set up a system of Martial two sons: one became a general in Dred Scott Law the Union Army, the other a general in the Confederate Army. He is Scott was a black slave who had Fifteenth Amendment responsible for the Crittenden lived with his master for five years in Compromise. This augments the Illinois and Wisconsin territory. He An incorporation of black suffrage fact that the war was often between sued for his freedom on the basis of into the federal Constitution. The families, and its absurdity. Kentucky his long residence in free territory. Amendment was passed in and other states were split up The Dred Scott court decision was congress in 1869 and was ratified between the Union and handed down by the Supreme Court by the required number of states in Confederacy, and both in the North on March 6,1857. The Supreme 1870. Before ratification, Northern and South sent people to the other Court ruled that Dred Scott was a states withheld the ballot from the side. This makes it clear that the black slave and not a citizen. Hence, black minorities. The South felt that war is primarily over slavery. he could not sue in a federal court. the Republicans were hypocritical in insisting that blacks in the South Hinton Helper 1875 Ku Klux Klan should vote. The moderates wanted the southern states back in the book entitled 'Impending Crisis of In 1866, Tennessee formed one of Union, and thus free the federal the South' that stirred trouble. the most notable anti-black groups. government from direct Attempted to prove that indirectly They were against any power or responsibility for the protection of the non-slave holding whites were rights a black might have. They were black rights. the ones who suffered the most violent and often times they killed from slavery; the book was banned blacks "to keep them in their place." Civil Rights Act in the South but countless copies were distributed as campaign Force Acts In 1866 the Civil Rights Act was material for republicans created to grant citizenship to These acts were passed in 1870 blacks and it was an attempt to John Brown and 1871. They were created to put prohibit the black codes. It also a stop to the torture and prohibited racial discrimination on John Brown was a militant harassment of blacks by whites, jury selection. The Civil Rights Act abolitionist that took radical especially by hate groups such as was not really enforced and was extremes to make his views clear. In the Ku Klux Klan. These acts gave really just a political move used to May of 1856, Brown led a group of power to the government to use its attract more votes. It led to the his followers to Pottawattamie forces to physically end the creation and passing of the 14th Creek and launched a bloody attack problems. amendment. against pro-slavery men killing five people. This began violent Tenure of Office Scalawags retaliation against Brown and his followers. This violent attack against The Tenure of Office Act was passed Southerners who were former slavery helped give Kansas its nick by Congress in 1867 -stated that Unionist and Whigs who helped the name, "bleeding Kansas". the president cannot fire any radical Republicans in the South appointed officials without consent because they accepted the Charles Sumner of Congress - Congress passed this consequences of the war. Unit VII Terms: The Civil War & Reconstruction 3 Carpetbaggers jury, or renting or leasing land. No crisis. Preston S. Brooks was blacks were allowed to vote. offended by the insults and beat During the reconstruction period Sumner with a cane. Sumner had after the Civil War this nickname Sharecropping very serious injuries and had to was given to Northerners who leave for three and a half years to moved south to seek their fortune After the Civil War former recover. Mass. reelected Sumner. out of the destruction. landowners "rented" plots of land to This showed how emotional the blacks and poor whites in such a North and South were and how 10% Plan way that the renters were always in close they were to war. debt and therefore tied to the land. This was Lincoln's reconstruction Thaddeus Stevens plan for after the Civil War. Written Fourteenth Amendment in 1863, it proclaimed that a state Thaddeus Stevens was a radical could be reintegrated into the Union First called the Civil Rights Bill, then Republican congressman. He tried when 10% of its voters in the 1860 turned into the Fourteenth to impeach President Andrew election pledged their allegiance to Amendment proposed by Congress Johnson in 1868 the U.S. and pledged to abide by and sent to the states in June of emancipation, and then formally 1866. William Seward erect their state governments. This plan was very lenient to the South, Andrew Johnson Secretary of State under Lincoln would have meant an easy who purchased Alaska in 1867 for reconstruction. What: President after Lincoln's $7.2 million. It was referred to as assassination When: 1864-1868( "Seward's Folly" Moderate/Radical Republicans president) Why: " An accidental president" who was an ex- Freedman's Bureau 1865 Moderate republicans agreed with Tennessee Senator. Johnson was Lincoln's ideals. They believed that Lincoln's vice-president. He was a It was to be a welfare agency. It the seceded states should be Southerner who did not understand provided food, clothes, and restored to the Union swiftly and on the North, a Tennessee who had education to freedman and to white the terms of Congress, not the never been accepted by the refuge. Union General, Oliver O. President. The radical republicans Republicans, and a president who Howard founded the program. believed that the South should pay had never been elected to the Taught 200,000 blacks to read, dearly for their crimes. The radicals office. Republicans feared that expired in 1872. wanted to social structure of the Southerners might join hands with South to be changed before it was Democrats in the North and win Oliver O. Howard restored to the Union. They wanted control of Congress. If the South ran the planters punished and the Congress blacks might be enslaved Head of the Freedmen's Bureau blacks protected by federal power. once again. which was intended to be a kind of They were against Abraham Lincoln. primitive welfare agency for free Alexander Stephens blacks. Later founded and served as Black Codes President of Howard University in He was the vice-president of the Washington D.C. The Black Codes were laws that Confederacy until 1865 when it was were passed in the southern defeated and destroyed by the regimes in the south after the Civil Union. Like the other leaders of the War. The laws were designed to Confederacy, he was under regulate the affairs of the freed indictment for treason. blacks. They were aimed to ensure a stable labor supply and they sought Charles Sumner to restore, as closely as possible, the pre-freedom system of racial Charles Sumner was the Senator for relations. They recognized freedom Massachusetts. He was a leading and a few other rights, such as the abolitionist. He spoke against right to marry, but they still slavery and openly insulted Butler in prohibited the right to serve on a the wake of the Kansas-Nebraska