Tas Chowdhury Mr.

Smestad

WHAP Review Assignment

Explain how economic systems evolved and how they differed from place to place. Throughout history, economic systems have evolved into what it is today, which is a mixed economic system, where private and public enterprises are combined. It started out from basic trading within a region to across continents and then eventually around the world. Some economic systems include mercantilism, menorialism, communism, and capitalism. Some areas around the globe change from one system to the other, but in the end, the world today is mostly capitalist. In the early and classical civilizations, it was mostly a traditional or agricultural economy; the economy was based on farming and limited barter trade. The early civilization that benefited from trade the most was Egypt because of the Nile River. The main trade route during this time period was the Silk Road, but it was very dangerous because of banditry. Another major trade system was the Indian Ocean trade network, where trade took place between India, the Middle East, and China. During the time of the Middle Ages, the system of menorialism was in place. A lord would give land to a serf in exchange for loyalty. The serf would then farm on the land and provide some of their crops to the lord. This system was very self- sufficient. At this time, Japan was kept under isolation by Tokugawawa Shogunate because he didnt want any outside influences or ideas; so trade was only permitted from within. The only country he allowed were the Dutch because all they wanted to do was business. In China, during the Tang Dynasty, the Great Canal had been created, which connected Northern and Southern China so it allowed more flexible trade. Africa also had its own trade network known as the Trans-Saharan where they would trade with the Arabs. Between the 1400s and the 1500s European nations started to explore, searching for new trade routes and luxury items such as spices. Nations also sought new sources of wealth. To deal with this new-found wealth, new economic theories and practices were created. Because of competing national interest, nations had the desire for increased world power through their colonial empires. This was known as the Commercial Revolution, where it is marked by an increase in general commerce, and in the growth of non-manufacturing pursuits, such as banking, insurance, and investing. The Commercial Revolution led to the Global Trade Network, where the Europeans would hold ports of other nations. One example would be when the British economically took over India. The key to this domination was based on navy supremacy. The system used on colonies was known as mercantilism, where the colonies support the mother country and the mother country exports more than imports. In Africa the slave trade soon depleted the population, where they were sent to work in plantations in the Americas. In the 1870s, Japan industrialized, and the government passed laws to help their industry. There were also zaibatsus, which were large conglomerate companies supported by the government. After World War I, some countries had changed their economic systems. The two major ones were communism in the Soviet Union and fascism in Italy. In both these countries, the government heavily regulated the economy. Mussolini in Italy had a corporate system, where there were nine syndicates: four labor, four management, and one profession. In the Soviet Union, Lenin had complete control over all the industries. Both these countries were the few that didnt suffer from the Great Depression. Both these countries were, however, had returned to capitalism by

the 21st century mostly because of the influence the United States had with capitalism, where its mostly private enterprises. Today many nations are capitalists. Economic systems have changed as time has gone. Trade had gone from regional to global. The economy was first more traditional, then more of a market, then regulated by the government, and today it is a mix of all three with public and private enterprise. Select three turning points in history and explain how it changed the government or political situation of that region. It MUST be from a different area of the world and identify the time period. History has had major turning points that have changed the government or political situation in different areas of the world. One turning point is the Scientific Revolution, which introduced new ideas and changed the view of the world. Isaac Newton had said in his book, Principia Mathematica that the world operated under natural law. These new ideas soon led to the rise of absolutism, where the ruler had complete control. It was believed to be the most logical and efficient form of government. In France during the time period of 1450 to 1750, Louis XIV was known as the sun king, which meant he was the center of the universe and an enlightened monarch. To restrict the power of the nobles, he invited them to his Palace at Versailles and Louis XIV did all his business there. Another turning point is in Mexico, where they broke free of Spanish rule in the period of 1750 to 1914. Father Miguel Hidalgo encouraged creoles, mestizos, and Indians to work together. When General Augustine de Interbide tried to stop the rebellion, he lost Creole support because they feared the loss of their influence. So, he joined the rebels and overthrew the colonial government in 1821. But he made himself emperor of Mexico until he died in 1824 where Mexico then became a republic. A third turning point is the rise of Fascism in Italy in the time period of 1914 to the present. After World War I, Italy was very discontent with what they got in the Treaty of Versailles and there was much political discord. Benito Mussolini took advantage of this and started the Fascist Party and on October 31, 1922, he became Prime Minister of Italy. This is an example of a totalitarian state, where the ruler is an absolute dictator. Major turning points have changed the government or political situations all around the world. Select three law codes from different periods and then explain how these law codes met the need of their culture and the time period. Law codes have maintained peace and prosperity in different nations throughout history. Without them, there would be complete anarchy and disorder. One law code that dates back to the early civilization of Mesopotamia is Hammurabis Code. King Hammurabi of Babylon expanded on his idea of a code of laws by developing a code of extensive laws that dealt with every part of daily life. The code has been seen as an early example of a fundamental law regulating a government. The code is also one of the earliest examples of the idea of presumption of innocence, and it also suggests that both the accused and accuser have the opportunity to provide evidence. The code's provisions do not cover important areas of law and commerce, mostly because it wasnt that important back then. The occasional nature of many provisions suggests that the code may be better read as a codification of supplementary judicial decisions of the king. Rather than being a modern legal code or constitution, it may have as its purpose the self-glorification of Hammurabi by memorializing his wisdom and justice. Its

copying in subsequent generations indicates that it was used as a model of legal and judicial reasoning. In the Byzantine Empire, the emperors ruled with absolute authority, especially over the economy whose industries they monopolized. The Byzantines also used coined money, the value of which remained stable. Under Justinian, who reigned from 527 to 565, the former unity of the Roman Empire was somewhat restored in Constantinople. The region flourished in trade and arts. The Justinian period is perhaps most remembered for the Justinian Code, which was a codification of Roman law that kept ancient Roman principles alive. This code is the basis for todays international law. After the fall of the Roman Empire, these laws were unused for a period of time. The Byzantine Empire (East Roman Empire) was the successor of the Roman Empire and continued to practice Roman Law as collected in the Code of Justinian. This law was modified to be adequate for the new social relationships in the Middle ages. Thus the Byzantine law was created. New legal codes, based on the Code of Justinian, were enacted. When Napoleon became emperor of France in 1804, he initiated many reforms in agriculture, infrastructure, and public education. He also normalized relations with the church and restored a degree of tolerance and stability. Most importantly, his Napoleonic Codes recognized equality of French citizens and institutionalized some of the Enlightenment ideas that had served as the original inspiration for many of the revolutionaries. At the same time, the code was extremely paternalistic, based in part on ancient Roman law. The rights of women and children were limited under the code, for example. Still, the code was a huge step forward in the recognition of some basic rights. The code has been significantly modified to reflect more modern sensibilities, but it is still in effect today, and has served as the model for many other national codes, especially in Europe. It can be seen these law codes met the needs of their civilization and soon set the basis for todays laws. Over centuries, man has made substantial cultural progress. You may support and refute the argument. Throughout history, man has made cultural progress in some areas of the world, particularly in Europe. For example, during the time of the Renaissance, new methods of art and music were created. Another time period would be the Scientific Revolution which led to the Enlightenment. As time went on, man has made substantial cultural progress, with new ideas and new ways of living their lives. The Renaissance was a cultural movement that began in the 14th century in Italy because of its location in the center of the Mediterranean Sea and there was much wealth from trade. It soon spread to all of Europe. Key concepts in the Renaissance were humanism, secularism, and individualism. Humanism was a preoccupation with classical culture focusing on classical Latin and Greek; it was mostly a preoccupation with being a scholar or humanist. Secularism divided sacred from non-sacred, which changed the mind of many Europeans. It also changed businesses because before it was a sin to have too much money. Individualism was the notion that man may rise to the level of his talent or ambition. This led to political change as explained in the book The Prince by Machiavelli. Art and music during this time period drastically changed. Art began to look more realistic, while music started to be made in a certain structure like todays music. The Northern Renaissance focused more on reforming the church. One major reformer was Martin Luther, who started the Protestant Reformation. He believed faith and Gods grace was the only way to get salvation, not indulgences from the pope. The time of the Renaissance

led to new forms of art and music as well as reforms within the church and a new political philosophy. The Scientific Revolution began shortly after the Renaissance until the late 18th century. It was a period when new ideas in physics, astronomy, biology, human anatomy, chemistry, and other sciences, which led to modern science. Copernicus came up with the heliocentric theory, where the sun is the center of the solar system, not the Earth; this went against the Churches view that the Earth was in the center. Galileo Galilei developed many ideas in physics. He also realized the Earth rotated on its axis and planets arent perfect spheres. Isaac Newton wrote the book Principia Mathematica, which states the world operated according to natural law. This idea changed the entire view of the universe and people were able to predict when and why things happen. Social impacts of the Scientific Revolution included the eradication of super stations, changes in musical instruments, an increase in education and the questioning of religion. Religious impacts include Atheism, or the belief in no God, and Deism, where God is a celestial watchmaker and left man to understand natural law. The political impact was the rise of absolutism. People believed it was the most logical and efficient form of government. The Scientific Revolution eradicated older ideas that were replaced by more logical ideas. Both the Renaissance and the Scientific Revolution brought new ideas and got rid of old ideas that the Church primarily supported. Both these time periods show how much progress man has made over time. Select the most important technological innovations for each of the five periods. Technology has made the lives of people easier yet more complex today. The first major technological innovation occurred around 104 AD when paper was made. The person credited with inventing paper is a Chinese man named Ts'ai Lun. This knowledge of papermaking was used in China before word was passed along to Korea, Samarkand, Baghdad, and Damascus. This invention made it easier to write down records instead of marking them down on a clay tablet. It also allowed many records to be kept as well. In the 1400s, Johannes Gutenberg invented the movable type printing press. This allowed mass communication in Europe. Books became easy to produce and were far more affordable. The book industry flourished as well as others related to it such as paper making. Next, gunpowder was a very valuable item for the Ottomans in the Middle East. They were even able to take down Constantinople due to their cannons. In the Battle of Chaldiran, the Ottomans devoured the Safavids, which led to Sunni Islam being more dominant over Shia Islam. The Ottomans were so successful because of gunpowder. In 1769, the Scotsman James Watt patented an improved version of the steam engine that ushered in the Industrial Revolution. The idea of using steam power to propel boats occurred to inventors soon after the potential of Watt's new engine became known. The era of the steamboat began in America in 1787 when John Fitch made the first successful trial of a fortyfive-foot. The steamboat allowed people to get from place to place quicker which also allowed mass communication. The power of steam was then used to operate machines, which increased production and then led to the construction of factories. From 1914 to the present, the invention that shook the world was the atomic bomb. The only time this weapon was used was in August of 1945, when the U.S. bombed the cities of Hiroshima and Nagasaki in Japan to end the war in the Pacific. This weapon brought much fear in many nations, especially the U.S. and the Soviet Union. Both these countries built so many atomic bombs during the arms race that they couldve

blown the world up multiple times. Technology may make lives easier but sometimes it isnt for the best, bringing things like violence. Write a five entry diary of the worlds oldest woman. Each diary entry should explain the progress or lack of progress women have made in each of the five periods we have studied. Dear Diary, Women during the time period of the Han Dynasty (around 200 B.C.E to around 200 C.E.), have little to no rights. Arranged marriages were the norm and nobles as well as high officials were wealthy enough to support concubines as additional lovers. Daughters were not formally included in a father's will, although they did receive a portion of the family fortune through their marriage dowries. Women were expected to obey the will of their father, then their husband, and then their adult son in old age of cooking and cleaning. The most common occupation for women was weaving clothes for the family, sale at market or for large textile enterprises that employed hundreds of women. Other women helped on their brothers' farms or became singers, dancers, sorceresses, respected medical physicians, and successful merchants who could afford their own silk clothes. Some women formed spinning collectives, aggregating the resources of several different families. I hope women get more rights and play a bigger role in society later in time. Dear Diary, Women have still not made any progress during the Tang and Song Dynasties. Youd think after a few hundred years they would at least gain some basic rights but I guess not. One of the more incredible events during the Tang Dynasty was the rise of Wu Zhao, who became the first and only Empress of China at the death of her husband, Emperor Gaozong. She was ruthless toward her adversaries yet compassionate toward peasants. The vast majority of women in China, however, never gained that kind of power. Chinese men still consider women inferior and they considered a womans beauty and feminity as virtues worth protecting. During the Song Dynasty, foot binding became a widespread practice. A females feet would be bound shortly after birth in an effort to keep them small. Large feet were considered masculine and ugly. This practice which seems to be lasting for centuries, in elite families, was painful, deforming, and crippling. Women havent gained rights, but its good to see Wu Zhao be a role model for some women. Dear Diary, During the Ming Dynasty, women finally had the chance to have some power and have a better role in society. Just like the return of the scholar-gentry dominance, women were also driven to expand their career opportunities. At the court, they had much influence and played strong roles behind the scenes. Weak emperors such as Wanli, became involved in arguments between their wives, concubines, and allies that the rulers ability to govern was impaired. In the palace, hundreds of women were brought to the court in hope that they would catch the emperors fancy and become one of his concubines or his wife. Because few actually succeeded, many spent their lives in loneliness and inactivity, just waiting for the emperor to glance their

way. Although some women from non-elite classes worked in the fields, their best option was to become a courtesan or entertainer, which gave them independence and self-expression. In all, women had to settle for whatever status and respect they could win within the family. Its finally good to see women get some power in society. Dear Diary, After the Ming Dynasty, the Qing Dynasty came in next. The lives of women at all social levels still remain centered on or confined to the household. Male control has been enhanced by the practice of choosing brides from slightly lower statuses than those of the grooms. Daughters continued to be much less desirable than sons because they were a loss to their parents household at marriage and usually needed a dowry. There have also been indications that female infanticide rose. In the population as a whole, males considerably outnumbered females. Women in lower-class families continued to work in the fields and sell produce in the local markets. The best a married woman could hope for was strong backing from her father and brother after she had gone to her husbands home. In elite families they exercised control over other women and even younger men. It seems women have taken a step back in this time period. Dear Diary, Finally after all these years women have been given all the rights and freedom they deserve! The time period starts in 1949, during the rule of Mao Zedong in Communist China. One of the key causes taken up by the May Fourth intellectuals, who had a major impact on Mao, was womens rights. Their efforts put an end to foot binding and they also did much to advance campaigns to end female seclusion, win legal rights for women, and open educational career opportunities. Women can now serve as teachers, nurses, spies, truck drivers, and laborers on various projects. The victory of the revolution brought women legal equality with men; for example, women have the right now to choose their marriage partners without family interference. Since 1949, it has been expected now for women to work outside the house. Its great to see women play a bigger role in society and have some rights after so many centuries! Compare the following cultural/intellectual developments and how they impacted the area they developed. Cultural/intellectual developments have changed the way people lived their lives as time went on. Buddhism, Legalism, and Confucianism were all popular cultural developments that had a major impact in Asia. The Renaissance, Enlightenment, and Protestant Reformation were intellectual developments that mostly impacted Europe. Confucianism, Buddhism and Confucianism primarily dealt with peace and order in society; the Renaissance, Enlightenment, and the Protestant Reformation led to the questioning of religion. Buddhism was founded by a young Hindu prince named Siddhartha Gautama. Buddhists follow the Four Noble Truths, which is all about how suffering in life is caused by desires and one must give up desires to end all suffering. The ultimate goal is to reach nirvana, the state of perfect peace and harmony. These ideas show Buddhism is primarily about peace. It appealed strongly to the lower class because it didnt recognize social hierarchies of castes. When Ashoka

was appalled by too many bloody battles, he converted to Buddhism, which led to this religion to become a major force in Asia. In China, Japan, and Southeast Asia, Buddhism thrived as well. Confucianism as well managed to keep peace in society, but it was based on the class system. The major aspect of Confucianism was the Five Relationships, such as ruler to subject. When each person lives up to his or her obligations of those relationships, society is orderly and predictable. This is why many government leaders in China embraced it. This widespread acceptance eventually led to a distinctive Chinese culture in which communities became tightknit. The Chinese, during the Qin Dynasty, were the most notable for the practice of Legalism. Legalists didnt trust human nature, so they had to put in harsh laws to keep order. By adopting Legalism, the Qin Dynasty was able to unify China swiftly and build the Great Wall. However, the widespread resentment among the common people, who suffered under it, led to wider acceptance of Confucianism or Daoism. Confucianism, Buddhism, and Legalism all kept society in order but in different ways. The Renaissance was a time of great change in Europe, where the main aspects were humanism, secularism, and individualism. Secularism dealt with things in this world and had nothing to do with religion. This led to change in art, where paintings became more realistic, and music started to have a certain structure. Secularism also led to a questioning of religion. This ties to the Protestant Reformation where change was trying to be made within the church. One major reformer was Martin Luther, who began the sect of Protestantism. He believed faith and grace were the only ways to reach salvation; this led to conflict with the pope who was selling indulgences. Another major reformer was John Calvin who wrote Institutes of Christian Religion. It describes all of the Protestant beliefs and talked about Calvinism, where God exists out of time and knows what decisions someone will make. The Protestant Reformation led to the Church losing wealth and power. The Enlightenment was a French movement in which scientific method and reasoning were applied to the human society. The Enlightenment was primarily about natural law and how nothing happens that cant be explained by it. Impacts of the Enlightenment include the religions of Deism, where God is a celestial watchmaker and Methodism, which focused on tolerance and loyalty to civil authority. It also led to the rise of feminism and smaller families with less arranged marriages. The Renaissance, Protestant Reformation and Enlightenment led to a new way of thinking and changes in religion. Cultural/intellectual developments managed to change society at hand throughout history. Buddhism, Confucianism, and Legalism dealt with keeping peace and order within society while the Renaissance, Protestant Reformation, and Enlightenment led to the questioning and reforming of religion. Trace the change in the function of governments from the earliest foundations to the modern function of governments. The function of government systems started out first as protecting the people to more complex things such as regulating the economy or education. Tribal or clan systems were very simple while a communist state system had complete control over the government. It can be seen that as time went on, life became more complicated which means the governments had to meet with the needs of society at that time. Tribal or clan systems were dominant in the Neolithic and Paleolithic Age. They were mostly pastoral or foraging societies, where they would follow their food. Social statuses were very limited as well, so there really wasnt a real leader. Both societies also didnt have many

possessions. When agriculture was discovered, people started to settle down in places, but they werent a civilization yet. In order to be a civilization, these societies had to have buildings, an economy, social structure, etc. A monarchal system is when all political power is given to a ruler and its inherited. An example would be in China during the Han dynasty where the ruler was known as an emperor. The Han was heavily influenced by the political philosophy of Confucianism. The emperors were caring, just rulers and they had a bureaucracy. They also instituted the civil service exam, which allowed students to take part in the government. Feudalism was an old Roman tradition mixed with a German tradition that was used in the Middle Ages in Europe. It deals with giving land in exchange for loyalty to the lord. It was a very illiterate society and the manor was very self-sufficient. Feudalism also included knights, who were professional killers for the lords. The major problem with Feudalism was the lack of loyalty. During the Middle Ages, the Church became very important and was the one common factor in Europe. Absolutism is a form or a monarchy where the ruler is the head of the state and head of the government, leading to ultimate control without any opposition. An example of Absolutism would be in Russia with Peter I where he used his power to force Westernization of Russia. He believed in the idea of rising through the service to the state. He put talented individuals in government, which decreased the power of nobility. Peter also created a national army and a secret police to maintain loyalty. To help the economy, he developed mining and basic industry. Democracy is when the people have the power and it could be exercised directly or indirectly through a system of representation. This form of government is well presented in Mexico after they had gotten independence from Spain. The dominant form of democracy was liberalism, where they stressed personal freedom and the rights of individuals. Their main goal was to break colonial patterns. They were also influenced by positivism, where religion is outdated and should be replaced by science. One liberal leader was Benito Juarez, and Indian who rose to become a lawyer. He created a new constitution that abolished military and church privileges as well as land reform. As time went on, government systems became more complex and started to change. This occurred because societies started to have more needs and changes occurred. Todays nations are democracy or have some sort of parliament. Some countries, such as Libya, are trying to break free of their dictatorship and become a democracy through peaceful rebellions. Compare and contrast the 20th centurys most famous nationalists, Adolf Hitler and Mohandas K. Gandhi. Adolf Hitler and Mohandas K. Gandhi were two of the most famous nationalists in the 20th century. Hitler led the Nazi Party in Germany and soon became a dictator while Gandhi led peaceful rebellions to break free from the British in India. Both may have united the people under one group or party when they were going through tough times, but Hitler had a violent approach while Gandhi was more peaceful. Germany was going through tough times after World War I in 1919. The Treaty of Versailles had decolonized and demilitarized the once powerful nation. To make things worse, Germany had to pay $300,000,000,000 in war reparations which led to the unemployment being 50%. Using this to his advantage, Hitler managed to unite the people under the Nazi Party. People looked up to him as a strong, charismatic leader that could help glorify Germany once again. In 1933, Hitler became the Fuhr, or leader, and soon made Germany a world power again.

This is very similar to Mohandas K. Ghandi when India was under British control. After World War I, promises were made to India for more autonomy, but it really wasnt made. The post-war inflation also hurt many Indians economically. Gandhi started the Anti-Rowlatt Campaigne, where people put aside their religious and ethnic differences and look at themselves as Indians. It became so successful that Gandhi had to end it. Then he traveled around India and gave speeches. Gandhi managed to bring the people together and soon overthrew the British. Both Hitler and Gandhi were able to unite the people when they were going through harsh times. After becoming leader of Germany, Hitler stopped the payment of the war reparations and started to build up the military again. Then he started to expand Germany by invading countries such as Poland and annexed Austria. The most violent act was the Holocaust, which was genocide of Jews and other groups. Approximately six million Jews had died during the Holocaust. Hitler eventually led to the start World War II. This is very different from the approach Gandhi had. Gandhi used a practice known as Satyagraha or truth force. The three aspects included civil disobedience, passive resistance, and boycott. Civil disobedience is disobeying unjust laws and passive resistance is not striking back when someone hits you. This was a very peaceful approach Gandhi used to gain independence. The British couldnt really do anything against this kind of revolt, so eventually they left India. Hitler had a more violent approach while Gandhi had a more peaceful one. Adolf Hitler and Mohandas K. Gandhi were two of the most famous nationalists in the th 20 century. Both united their countries under harsh times, but one had a violent approach while the other had a peaceful approach. Nazism is still around today and Martin Luther King Jr. used Gandhis method to get the rights of African Americans in the United States.