CERTIFICATE

This is to certify that Tanvi Garg student of Bachelors of Law 3rd semester, Amity University, ALS (U.P.) has satisfactorily prepared this project as Sixty years of Indian Republic: Lessons for the future under supervision and guidance. The present work incorporates the result of his independent study and research.

Supervisor Ms Geetanjali Chandra Lecturer ALS (AUUP) Amity University (U.P.)

ACKNOWLDGEMENT
Every individual in professional life is keenly aware of his sense of indebtness to many people who have stimulated and influenced his intellectual development ordinarily. This feeling is formally expressed in customary gesture of acknowledgement. I acknowledge my deep indebtness and gratitude to my project guide Ms Geetanjali Chandra (Faculty of Amity Law School). Her regular review and feedback has made this report possible. I am beholden to my family and friends for their blessings and encouragement. With warm regards Tanvi Garg

INTRODUCTION
India is a federal constitutional republic with a parliamentary democracy consisting of 28 states and seven union territories. A pluralistic, multilingual and multiethnic society, India is also home to a diversity of wildlife in a variety of protected habitats. The Indian economy is the world's eleventh largest economy by nominal GDP and the fourth largest by purchasing power parity. Since the introduction of market-based economic reforms in 1991, India has become one of the fastest growing major economies in the world; however, the country continues to face several poverty, illiteracy, corruption and public health related challenges. India is classified as a newly industrialized country and is one of the four BRIC nations. It is the world's sixth de facto nuclear weapons state and has the third-largest standing armed force in the world, while its military expenditure ranks tenth in the world. India is a regional power in South Asia. It is a founding member of the United Nations, the Non-Aligned Movement, the World Trade Organization, the South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation, the East Asia Summit, the G20 and the G8+5; a member of the Commonwealth of Nations; and an observer state in the Shanghai Cooperation Organization. India is a federation with parliamentary form of government, governed under the Constitution of India. It is a constitutional republic and representative democracy, "in which majority rule is tempered by minority rights protected by law." Federalism in India defines the power distribution between the centre and the states. The Constitution of India, the longest and the most exhaustive among constitutions of independent nations in the world, came into force on 26 January 1950. Its form of government was traditionally described as being 'quasi-federal' with a strong centre and weaker states, but it has grown increasingly federal since the late 1990s as a result of political, economic and social changes. The preamble of the constitution defines India as a sovereign, socialist, democratic republic.

Chapter I The Amendment of the Constitution

Necessity of Amending Provisions in the constitution:Provision for amendment of the constitution is made with a view to overcome difficulties which may encounter in future in the working if the constitution. No generation has monopoly of wisdom nor has it a right to place fetters future generations to mould the machinery of government according to their requirements. If no provisions were made for the amendment of the constitution, the people will have recourse to extra constitutional method like revolution to change the constitution. It has been the nature of the amending process itself in federation which has led political scientist to classify federal constitution as rigid. A federal constitution is generally rigid in character as the procedure of amendment is unduly complicated. The framers of the Indian constitution were keen to avoid excessive rigidity. They were anxious to have a document which could grow with a growing nation, adapt itself to the changing need and circumstances of a growing people. But the framers of Indian constitution were also aware of the fact that if the constitution was so flexible it would be a playing of the whims and caprices of the ruling party. They were, therefore, anxious to avoid flexibility of the extreme type. Hence, the adopted a middle course. It is neither too rigid to admit necessary amendments, nor flexible for undesirable changes.