Lusaka Ecological Sanitation Final Report 2004hpm

Ecological Sanitation Advocacy Workshop Report Held at Mulungushi Conference Centre, Lusaka Zambia 21st 23rd January 2004
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Mr. Werchota, GTZ water sector, NWASCO OFFICES, Lusaka. WASAZA NWASCO OFFICES Lusaka 12th March 2004 Dear Mr. Werchota,
RE: SUBMISSION OF SUMMARY REPORT
THE
FINAL
ECOSAN
WORKSHOP
We hereby submit the final ecosan workshop summary report. Please bare with us for the delay this is due to the fact that we had not taken into account the contributions from the gtz ecosan team at the time we were estimating the time needed for the submission of the report. It is our sincere hope that the report is to your expectations and we hope to work with you again in future. Mr Braken and Mr Mang contributed to this report by indicating that it needed to capture the discussions that occurred during the Question and Answer times. These issues are covered but they are not directly reported as they were said or presented. With this in mind it is our hope that the summary we have made of these issues is substantial enough to enable anyone know what occurred at the workshop.
Yours in ecosan promotion,
Simataa Nakamboa
Charles Chisanga
____________________
___________________
Chisanga Charles and Simataa Nakamboa
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By: Simataa Nakamboa and Charles Chisanga March 2004
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Abbreviations
BMZ CBNRM CSIR DED DISS Ecosan GTZ MEWD MLGH NGO NRM ONEA SWSC IUCN UD UTH WASAZA WHO WSP WSS
-Federal Ministry for Economic Cooperation and Development -Community Based Natural Resources Management -Council for Scientific and International Research -Deutsche Entwicklungsdienst -Department of Infrastructure and Support Services -Ecological Sanitation -Deutsche Gesellschaft fuer Technische Zusammenarbeit -Ministry of Energy and Water Development -Ministry of Local Government and Housing -Non-governmental organisation -Natural Resources Management -IOffice National de IEau et de IAssainissement -Southern Water and Sewerage Company -The World Conservation Union -Urine Diversion -University Teaching Hospital -Water and Sanitation Association of Zambia -World Health Organisation -Water and Sanitation Programme (Worldbank) -Water Supply and Sanitation
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Acknowledgments The Authors of this report would like to take this opportunity to thank the organisations and individuals who helped in ensuring that the 1 st Ecological Sanitation Workshop in Zambia was a success. We would like to offer our particular heartfelt thanks to the following: GTZ-Lusaka and GTZ-Eschborn for various forms of financial and logistical support they rendered to the organisation of the workshop. WASTE (The Netherlands) and the World Bank (WSP) for sponsoring resource persons and all the financial contributions. CSIR in South Africa for providing some workshop materials. WASAZA for offering the secretarial services and the office space for the organisation of the workshop and the compilation of this report. Lastly we would like to thank all the participants who were present at the workshop for their contributions and positive engagement in the workshop deliberations. This workshop opened the door for ecosan in the country and the ball is now in our hands to walk through that door. To you all we would like to express our sincere gratitude.
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TABLE OF CONTENTS
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RE: SUBMISSION OF THE FINAL ECOSAN WORKSHOP SUMMARY REPORT ................. I ABBREVIATIONS .................................................................................................................... III ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ........................................................................................................ IV
1 INTRODUCTION .................................................................................................................... 1 2 BACKGROUND ..................................................................................................................... 2 3 WORKSHOP DELIBERATIONS............................................................................................ 4
3.1 DAY 1: INTRODUCTION, PILOT CASE STUDIES AND HYGIENE CONSIDERATIONS. ............................................................................................................................................... 4
3.1.1 INTRODUCTION ..................................................................................................... 4 3.1.2 OVERVIEW OF THE NATIONAL ENVIRONMENTAL SANITATION STRATEGY . 5 3.1.3 TOILETS AND URBAN AGRICULTURE INFRASTRUCTURE IN ETHIOPIA ........ 6 3.1.4 WATER BORN ECOLOGICAL SANITATION TECHNOLOGIES/ CLOSING THE LOOP ON-SITE-EXPERIENCES IN LESOTHO............................................................... 7 3.1.5 THE ECOLOGICAL SANITATION CONCEPT ........................................................ 8 3.1.6 OFFICIAL OPPENING SPEECHES ........................................................................ 8 3.1.7 EXPERIENCES IN PILOTING ECOSAN PROJECTS IN ZAMBIA ......................... 9 3.1.8 CBNRM-MISSING LINK-PILOTING ECOLOGICAL SANITATION IN BOTSWANA ........................................................................................................................................ 10 3.1.9 INSTITUTIONAL AND IMPLEMENTATION ASPECTS OF ECOLOGICAL SANITATION IN OUAGADOUGOU, BURKINA FASO .................................................. 10 3.1.10 DISEASES LINKED TO POOR SANITATION AND THEIR PREVENTION ....... 11 3.1.11 HEALTH ASPECTS OF ECOLOGICAL SANITYATION .................................... 13
3.2 DAY 2: OVERVIEW OF DIFFERENT ASPECTS OF ECOSAN .................................. 14
3.2.1 INTRODUCTION ................................................................................................... 14
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3.2.2 URBAN ECOLOGICAL SANITATION EXPERIENCES IN UGANDA ................... 14 3.2.3 EFFECTS OF UBAN EXPANSION ON GROUNDWATER QUALITY .................. 15 3.2.4 URBAN INTEGRATED SUSTAINABLE RESOURCE MANAGEMENT ................ 15 3.2.5 DESIGN OF FEASIBLE ECOLOGICL SANITATION TOILETS ............................ 15 3.2.6 SELLIING THE IDEAS AND GENDER ASPECTS OF ECOLOGICAL SANITATION ........................................................................................................................................ 17 3.2.7 AGRICULTRE ASPECTS OF ECOLOGICAL SANITATION................................. 17 3.2.8 TECHNICAL COMPONENTS FOR ECOLOGICAL SANITATION SYSTEMSWORLDWIDE EXAMPLES ............................................................................................. 18 3.2.9 GROUP WORK...................................................................................................... 19
3.3 DAY 3: THE WAY FORWARD FOR ECOLOGICAL SANITATION ............................ 20
3.3.1 INTRODUCTION ................................................................................................... 20 3.3.2 ECOLOGICAL SANITATION IN PERI URBAN AREAS-MAIN OPPORTUNITIES AND CONSTRAINTS .............................................................................................................. 20 3.3.3 THE REGULATOR AND ISSUES OF ECOLOGICAL SANITATION .................... 21 3.3.4 THE GENERAL WAY FORWARD FOR ECOLOGICAL SANITATION IN ZAMBIA21 4 WORKSHOP CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATION ............................................... 22
APPENDICES ......................................................................................................................... 24
APPENDIX 1 THE MINISTERS SPEECH.......................................................................... 25
APPENDIX 2 GROUP DISSCUSSION PRESENTATIONS ............................................... 29
APPENDIX 3 REMARKS FROM THE CLOSING SESSION .............................................. 33
APPENDIX 4 LIST OF PARTICIPANTS ............................................................................. 36
APPENDIX 5 REPORT ON THE GTZ-ECOLOGICAL SANITATION MISSION ................ 39
APPENDIX 6 WORKSHOP PROGRAMM .......................................................................... 42
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1.
INTRODUCTION
The Water and Sanitation Association of Zambia (WASAZA) with the support of the GTZ-Water Sector, Lusaka in collaboration with the supra-regional GTZ ecosan sector project, and with additional support from the World Bank-Water and Sanitation Programme (WSP) for East Africa and WASTE (The Netherlands) organised the Ecological Sanitation (Ecosan) workshop which took place from the 21st to the 23rd of January 2004 at the Mulungushi Conference Centre, in Lusaka, Zambia. The workshop took two and half days and consisted of an opening remark by the Honourable Minister, Ms Sylvia Masebo (MP), Ministry of Local Government and Housing, paper presentations by various speakers and discussions on ecosan by all the participants, an ecosan squat pan exhibition and a social event. The program is given as an appendix at the end of this document. WASAZA is a Zambian Non-Governmental Organisation (NGO) dedicated to the advancement of professional knowledge and improvement of water and sanitation management in an environmentally sustainable way. The main objectives of the Association are to provide a forum for the sector where people of different professional backgrounds in government, private sector and non-governmental organisations can come together and discuss issues affecting the sector; and promote best practice generally. The specific objectives of WASAZA are: To provide a forum for discussion on the management of water and sanitation; To encourage dialogue between the water and sanitation industry and the public; To assist in the development of professional competence and the best practice in water and sanitation management; To facilitate the exchange of information among those working in the water and sanitation sectors; To present to government and other related bodies the interests of those involved in the water and sanitation industry. The association promotes best practice and exchange of the latest skills, techniques and knowledge on all aspects of water and sanitation management services. The organisation seeks to disseminate the above by all possible means including meetings, expert networks, publications and electronic media. Its mission also includes advocacy and exchange of ideas with major stakeholders and promoting public awareness. WASAZA therefore provides a means whereby all the different types of organisations and professions in the water sector can exchange ideas and promote the advancement of the sector. WASAZA membership is open to a diverse range of professionals with a bearing on water and sanitation issues. For more information visit the web site:
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http://www.zambia-water.org.zm/wasaza_information.htm WASAZA was supported in its efforts of organising this workshop by, the Deutsche Gesellschaft fur Technische Zusammenarbeit (GTZ) GmbH which is a corporation for international co-operation owned by the federal government of Germany, working with more than 130 partner countries and supporting approximately 2,700 development projects and programmes. The GTZs aim is to improve the living conditions and perspectives of people living in developing countries. In accordance with the Johannesburg declaration on Sustainable Development one of the GTZs focus areas is in assisting in the provision of safe and sustainable sanitation to the estimated 2.5 billion people who do not have adequate sanitary and wastewater treatment facilities. Since May 2001, the GTZ, acting on behalf of the Germany Federal Ministry for Economic Co-operation and Development (BMZ), has been engaged in an international research and development project on ecosan - ecologically and economically sustainable wastewater management and sanitation systems. Its main objective include knowledge management and dissemination on a broad international level, the initiation, implementation and monitoring of appropriate pilot projects in co-operation with local and international partners and the development of concepts for the marketing and safe use of the end products of the process. In recent years, the concept of ecological sanitation, as an alternative to expensive, energy intensive, resource inefficient end of pipe conventional sanitation, has gained a great deal of recognition in the fields of politics, business and science from all over the world - especially among groups facing sanitation problems themselves. The GTZ is currently engaged in a number of international co-operations aimed at designing and implementing ecosan pilot projects, as well as supporting national and international networks, integrating the private sector into sanitation and embarking on strategic co-operations in this specific area. Additionally, over the last two years the ecosan project has become a fixed element in the network of international information and knowledge management and world-wide lobbying efforts, offering, among others, a bilingual web-site and an electronic newsletter published quarterly in four languages for the readership of 3,000. For more information visit: www.gtz.de/ecosan
2.
BACKGROUND
The idea for this workshop was born at the 2nd International Symposium on Ecological Sanitation that was held in Luebeck , Germany from the 7 th to the 11th of April, 2003 when it was said that Zambia was earmarked for ecosan activities, already proposed by a GTZ-KfW-Project Evaluation Team (PVK-Mission H. Lang, G. Specht, F. Kaeser) in January 2002,
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The workshop was organised with the objective of providing decision makers and other organisations involved in santation with information on the ecosan concept. It also aimed to serve as a discussion forum on ecological sanitation and to sensitise various stakeholders to start a process of implementation of ecosan concepts. The workshop would be used as a starting point for ecosan promotion in Zambia, which could be continued through national events, such as: 1) Copperbelt agriculture and commercial show (May) 2) The Zambia International Trade Fair (July) 3) Lusaka Agriculture and Commercial Show (August) The workshop had the following themes; The Eco-San concept. Perspectives and requirements/framework conditions for projects in urban areas in Zambia. Lessons learnt and perspectives from a national and international point of view. Dissemination of the ecosan approach. Ecosan - networking in Southern Africa and why ecosan now
The workshop looked at ecosan as comprising: Dry/source separated sanitation. ecosan-water borne systems. Design of feasible ecosan toilets. Rural, urban and peri-urban. Experiences in piloting ecosan toilets in Zambia.
The Lusaka workshop was attended by participants from the public and private sectors; academia; non-governmental organisations (NGOs), civil society and the donor agencies. This report summarises and highlights the proceedings of the Workshop. It is organised according to similarity of presentations during the three days:
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3. 3.1
WORKSHOP DELIBERATIONS Day 1: INTRODUCTION, PILOT CASE STUDIES AND HYGIENE CONSIDERATIONS.
3.1.1 INTRODUCTION
Chairmen: Mr. O.M.Chanda. The Director of NWASCO, for the morning session and Mr L Zulu the Chairman of WASAZA for afternoon session. The chairman saluted everyone and introduced himself before asking all the participants to introduce themselves one by one. The first speaker Mr. S. Nakamboa introduced the workshop and stated the workshop objective which was: To provide a forum for discussion on ecological sanitation among decision/policy makers, organisations and other agencies. The workshop will be used as a starting point for promotion of ecological sanitation in Zambia especially at the three annual events. 1) The Copperbelt Agriculture and Commercial Show (May) 2) The Zambia International Trade Fair (July) 3) The Lusaka Agriculture and Commercial Show (August) To achieve these objectives a number of themes where discussed including the ecosan concept, a description of the Zambian peri urban compounds, National and International experiences with regard to ecosan, dissemination of the ecosan concept and why ecosan now. Ecosan was described as a sanitation approach based on the recycling of nutrients in human excreta for agriculture such that ecological integrity is respected; fresh water sources are protected and conserved, while promoting health living by preventing the spread of diseases. It was said the case for ecosan was strengthened by the fact that conventional sanitation systems have failed to solve the sanitation crisis for the world as 2.2 million people die each year due to diseases associated with poor sanitation and contamination of drinking water. Mr Nakamboa also stated that even though ecosan appears to be a new concept its principal of nutrient recycling has been in practice for many years in countries like China and Vietnam. However, this principal of recycling has not been the reason for it evolving in some countries. For example in Sweden environmental concerns where the reason for people adopting it, in India it was convenience while in Mexico the main reason was water conservation. For this reason the promoters of ecological sanitation should be aware that the motivating factors for people to adopt ecological sanitation are different for different regions.
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3.1.2. OVERVIEW OF THE NATIONAL ENVIRONMENTAL SANITATION STRATEGY

Mr. C. Mulambo from the Ministry of Local Government and Housing (MLGH) gave the first power point presentation on the Overview of the National Environmental Sanitation Strategy. The national environmental sanitation strategy defines sanitation as a process of collection, treatment and disposal of human excreta and domestic waste in a safe and hygienic manner (behaviour) which is affordable and sustainable, and environmental sanitation as a set of interdependent factors, such as hygiene practices, faecal and solid waste disposal, safe water use and management and maintenance of a healthy community, which reduce health risks and increase well-being. The national environmental sanitation strategys objective is to create an enabling environment with support mechanisms to facilitate individuals, households and communities to effectively improve their environmental sanitation conditions and hygiene practices to prevent the transmission of disease. The relevant legal framework governing sanitation in Zambia are: Environmental Control 1990: pollution of water and air, solid waste Local Government Act 1991: rubbish removal, environmental health, sewerage and drainage and provision of public sanitation Public Health Act 1935 and National Health Services Act 1995: regulation relating to new/rehabilitated houses having a latrine, siting of latrines, outbreaks of infectious/ preventable diseases. Village Development Act: Chiefs power to instruct community to build latrines. Local Government Act 1974: Regularising of shanty compounds
Mr. Mulambo was asked if there was a deliberate policy on ecosan and he responded saying that there was none other than the National Environmental Sanitation Strategy. Among other issues raised during the questions and answer time was what penalty measures are there to punish residents in peri urban areas who do not have a toilet on their plot. The fact is that Laws/Regulations are there that compel each household to have a toilet but they are not enforced due to lack of capacity. Another issue that Mr Mulambo stated was that the strategy was done in 1997 by the government and gives advice on appropriate technology on toilets which if acceptable can be used. This also applies to ecosan toilets. Even though the strategy does not mention ecosan per say if the ecosan toilet is appropriate technology, it can be used.
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Comment: There is need for government to come up with a deliberate policy on the implementation and promotion of ecosan in the country so that projects can be guided by them.
3.1.3. TOILETS AND URBAN AGRICULTURE INFRASTRUCTURE IN ETHIOPIA

After Mr. Mulambo, Mr. Gunder Edstrm from SUDEA in Ethiopia gave a presentation on Toilets and Urban Agriculture Infrastructure in Ethiopia. He explained how residents have accepted the urine diverting toilets and are using a variety of materials for the super structure like poles, reed mats, mud bricks and iron sheets. Residents collect the urine in plastic containers and apply it directly to the soil after making a small furrow into which to pour the urine. The urine is diluted with water if applied on a planted field. If the field is not planted then the urine can be applied without diluting. Mr. Edstrm explained how easy it is to apply the urine since all you have to do is to take a deep breath before pouring the urine into the furrow. It is important to cover the urine immediately to reduce lose of nitrogen. The fertilising effect of urine is similar to that of a nitrogen rich fertiliser and urine should be used similarly. For this reason urine should be used for nitrogen demanding crops and vegetables. When it comes to faeces the composting process can be hastened by covering the compost with a plastic cover to prevent the loss of moisture. The maintenance of moist conditions in the compost increases the degradation of the organic matter as the microbial activities are encouraged. Gunder also stated that urban agriculture could be integrated with ecosan to make it more sustainable. During the question and answer time Mr Edstrm explained how at one Muslim house he tried to introduce a urinal and the man of that household refused entirely. However, at another Muslim household the man agreed and was happy that the urinal would ensure that the urine did not wet his feet when urinating in a standing position. From this example we can see that it is important to be aware of cultural issues when promoting ecosan, but also that cultural views are neither fixed nor constant in a society, and so we should never completely rule out certain options. Comment: The experiences from Ethiopia teach us that ecological sanitation can be an acceptable sanitation system in any culture everywhere in the world if the right approach is used in promoting it.
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3.1.4. WATER BORNE ECOLOGICAL SANITATION TECHNOLOGIES/ CLOSING THE LOOP ON-SITE-EXPERIENCES IN LESOTHO
Ms Mantopi Lebofa from DED Lesotho gave the last presentation before tea break, entitled Water Borne Ecological Sanitation Technologies/closing the loop on-site-experiences in Lesotho. Ms Lebofa explained how the conventional septic tanks wastes nutrients by storing them in tanks and soaking them away into the soil ending up polluting ground water. These nutrients are supposed to be returned to the soil where they originally came from. In Lesotho people are changing from using septic tanks as a way of treating their wastewater to using biogas digesters. During the question and answer time it was established that the motivating reason for this change is that biogas digesters are cheaper, as they do not need to be emptied. People also have the additional benefits of reusing the nutrients found in the effluent from the digester in their gardens and the gas produced in their kitchens. This is really encouraging many residents to adopt the biogas system as they cannot afford the cost of hiring a vacuum tanker to empty the septic tanks. Another issue that was raised was, what is fed into the biogas digester? Ms Lebofa explained that the biogas digester can take all the organic waste from the household including the effluent wastewater. This means the brownwater, yellowwater and greywater, including organic kitchen waste, yard waste and animal dung. The biogas digester also makes use of plastic bottles that are used to provide a surface area for bacteria to stick on that purify the effluent at the outlet. In her presentation Ms Lebofa also explained how the issue of nutrient recycling has become so wide spread that her organisation members move around with plastic bottles and pass it on to any man they find urinating on the road side informing him that he is wasting nutrients in his urine and he should collect it. Apparently, some residents have accepted to collect urine in plastic bottles even though it has to be noted that women have to use a funnel to properly collect the urine. This urine is used after diluting it with water in a 1:1 ratio. For a better management of wastewater and to overcome the problems of emptying the septic tanks the current situation in Lesotho is changing. Ecological sanitation principles designed to support natural cycles of plant nutrient and other natural components of excreta treatment are being implemented. Closed-loop wastewater and excreta management help preserve soil fertility and safe guard long-term food security hence they are being taken into consideration. The biogas technology is one such approach. Its objective is to break down organic material to its optimum uses, which are gas as an energy source and sludge in different viscosities as soil conditioner or fertilisers. Besides energy and fertiliser, other benefits of biogas technology are improved sanitation and environmental protection.
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Comment: From Ms Lebofas presentation it can be seen that what we consider as waste most of the time is actually a resource capable of earning us additional income.
3.1.5. THE ECOLOGICAL SANITATION CONCEPT

After tea break Heinz-Peter Mang from the GTZ-ecosan team in Eschborn, Germany gave a presentation on the ecological sanitation concept. Mr Mang explained the shortcomings of the conventional waste water systems in that they pollute surface water by discharging untreated wastewater in them. Word-wide only between 5-10% of the sewage wastewater is correctly treated. This results in the pollution of the rivers by pharmaceuticals, hormones, organics, bacteria and nutrients. He then gave the advantages of ecological sanitation in that there will be reuse of the grey water in irrigation as well as immediate reuse for purposes of toilet flushing, car washing, cooling etc after purification by root zone treatment, stabilisation ponds, or technical treatment. The urine will be used as a fertiliser for agriculture/forestry after hygienisation while the faeces and other organic waste can be used to produce biogas or compost. The presentation showed that the commonly applied ecosan strategy of separately collecting and treating faeces, urine, and grey water minimises the consumption of valuable drinking water and enables the treatment of the separate waste water treatment flows at a much lower cost. During the question and answer time the participants indicated that there is a potential avenue for economic gain. People/communities can use the treated excreta to produce food and hence ensure food security. Also it was pointed out that there already is a serious problem of vandalism because people know the nutrient value of sewerage wastewater. Comment: Most if not all wastewater treatment technologies are complicated by the practice of mixing different wastewater flow streams (i.e. urine and excreta, wash water from houses, industrial wastewater, storm run-off etc.).Adopting a no mix or source separating approach can therefore greatly simplify treatment processes, making it less expensive, more efficient, and easier to recover productive resources. However, even in the case where some of the flow streams are mixed it may still be possible to recover and use the resources if the right approach is adopted.
3.1.6 OFFICIAL OPENING SPEECHES

Mr Mangs presentation had to be stopped for a few minutes due to the arrival of the Honourable Minister Silvia Masebo (MP). The chairman of WASAZA Mr. Levi Zulu welcomed and introduced the Minister. He also introduced Ms Martina Bergschneider the GTZ Country Director. To entertain the Minister there was a performance by an arts group that did some traditional dancing and fire eating acts.
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Mr. L. Zulu gave the official opening address in which he talked about the objectives of WASAZA. He was followed by Ms M. Bergschneider who talked about the activities of GTZ in Zambia and its efforts to support the Water and Sanitation Sector Review Programme. Lastly the Honourable Minister Ms Masebo gave the final opening address in which she talked about the Zambian governments commitment to improving the sanitation situation in the country. (see appendix)
3.1.7. EXPERIENCES IN PILOTING ECOSAN PROJECTS IN ZAMBIA

After Lunch Mr Ernest Hamalila from Water Aid Zambia gave a presentation on Experiences in Piloting Ecosan Projects in Zambia. He explained how the people of Siavonga are adopting ecosan approaches of using the compost from their toilets in their gardens. Siavonga is a very rocky area and the digging of pits for pit latrines is very tedious and the residents have adopted the fossa alterna because the pits are permanent and are used alternately. Ash is added to the toilet contents after every visit so as to help reduce smell and prevent flies. They have accepted the use of the compost in their gardens as after one year the contents are just like soil and are happy with the results. Mr. Hamalila also showed us a video where a resident was appreciating the works of Water Aid in bringing these new toilets to them. However during the question and answer time Mr Hamalilas presentation was questioned as to how the system is different from the simple pit latrine as the urine and faeces are mixed. If the pit is not lined there still the possibility of groundwater pollution, and if it is lined it may fill rapidly due to the collection of urine. One participant responded by saying that what qualifies this system, as ecosan is the deliberate aim to reuse the contents of the toilet. In the traditional pit latrine there usually is no deliberate aim to reuse the contents as the pits are usually dug into deep. Also it was pointed out that the use of ash in pit latrines is an old traditional practice and should be respected that traditional knowledge is very important. The participants also wanted to know how wide the operational area for Mr Hamalila was to which he responded by saying they were currently operating in the peri-urban areas of Siavonga but will soon move to Choma as well. Comment: One of the reasons that qualifies a sanitation system to be ecosan is the deliberate aim to reuse the contents of the toilet as fertiliser and/or as soil conditioner and hence contribute to closing the loop. However, ecological sanitation aims to recover these nutrients with as little loss as possible in a manner that is socially, economically and environmentally acceptable to both the users of the sanitation systems and the recovered products. The fossa alterna, due to its relatively inefficient resource recovery, and potential for groundwater pollution was therefore seen by some of the participants as being a step in the right direction, but not yet ecosan.
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3.1.8. CBNRM-MISSING LINK-PILOTING ECOLOGICAL SANITATION IN BOTSWANA

After Mr. Hamalilas presentation Ms Cathrine Wirbelauer from IUCN in Botswana was next with a presentation on CBNRM-Missing Link-Piloting Ecological Sanitation in Botswana. She gave the background to the project as being longterm environmental sustainability, the need to get a better handle on how households and communities utilise their environment and identify the resources used at household and community level, and integrated management of resources. The aspects taken on board with a lot of community participation during the execution of this project are, living natural resources (e.g. veld products, forestry, agriculture, gardening, animal husbandry etc.),non-living natural resources (e.g. water, waste) and ecological sanitation (conservation/reuse link). The goal of the project is to develop, test and demonstrate a holistic/integrated approach to environmental management, sanitation and waste management at household and community level in selected communities To achieve this goal the main activities of the project are: Assess past and present natural resources management (NRM) and environmental management practices. Pilot and develop environmental management approaches at household Level. Pilot and develop environmental management approaches at community level. Document project approach, methodology and experiences.
3.1.9. INSTITUTIONAL AND IMPLEMENTATION ASPECTS OF ECOLOGICAL SANITATION IN OUAGADOUGOU, BURKINA FASO
After Cathrine, Patrick Bracken from the GTZ ecosan team gave the Institutional and Implementation aspects of ecological sanitation in Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso. Mr. Bracken stated that, ecological sanitation requires an interdisciplinary approach; sanitation, health, socio-economic aspects, agriculture, energy, and water supply should be considered together. It also involves a multitude of stakeholders - governments (local and national), sanitation users, users of the products, private sector etc. for suitable institutional arrangements to accommodate this interaction. In Burkina Faso there are a wide range of national and communal bodies with an official mandate for sanitation.
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At Ministerial level more than 9 ministries have an official mandate for sanitation; Ministry for Water; Ministry for Health and Social Action; Ministry of the Environment and Tourism; Ministry for Equipment; Ministry for Primary Education; Ministry for Secondary and Tertiary Education and Scientific Research; Ministry for Territorial Administration; Ministry for Communication; Ministry for Plans and Co-operation. Ministries work through executive agencies for sanitation and these include: ONEA (for the Ministry of Water). The direction for pollution prevention and the improvement of living conditions. The direction of preventative medicine. The direction for sanitary action. The need for improved sanitary facilities and to protect scarce water resources; active agricultural sector; possibility of creation of income generating activities has created a great deal of interest in an ecosan system among the population. During the discussions one important issue that was raised was who played the lead role in the implementation of sanitation in Bukina Faso. As explained above more than 9 ministries have an official mandate for sanitation. This creates confusion, as there might be duplication of work by the various ministries. Comment: It is very important for the successful implementation of ecosan that the relevant ministries and institutions are identified so that works can be coordinated effectively.
3.1.10.
DISEASES LINKED TO POOR SANITATION AND THEIR PREVENTION
Dr Mbewe from UTH gave a talk on Diseases linked to poor sanitation and their prevention after tea break. Presentations like this one are what could kill or sell the idea of using human excreta as a fertiliser. Dr Mbewe pointed out that urine could be infectious as Salmonella and Schistosomiasis are some of the parasites that are passed in urine. However, it has to be pointed out that only 20% of all infections from human excreta are found in urine the majority of all infections (80%) are transmitted through faecal matter. Among the diseases transmitted through faecal matter are cholera, dysentery, diarrhoea and hepatitis A. A number of protozoa are passed through faeces and cause several diarrhoeal diseases e.g. cryptosporidium, giardia, entamoeba, and histolitic. There are also many bacterial forms that are transmitted through faeces and these are salmonella, compylobacter, e-coli, and enterohaemorrhagic. During the question and answer time some of the issues raised where how safe is urine to be used for irrigating vegetables. The fact is that different bacteria/protozoa/viruses take varying die off times. There is a correlation
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between climate/temperature and time for pathogens to die off. In the case of urine a relatively high pH (9) as well as temperature, dilution and storage time are factors that are considered to affect the concentration and survival of pathogens in a urine solution. A study by L.T. Jorgensen et al from The Royal Veterinary and Agricultural University in Denmark on the Survival of faecal indicators and bacterial and parasitic pathogens in source separated human urine resulted in the following conclusions; Three numbers of enterococci were reduced to below the detection limit (<10 per ml) in the urine tank after 3 to 4 months storage. A small increase in numbers of total viable counts at 37degrees centigrade and enterococci after 4-5 months storage, suggests bacteria re-growth in the tanks. Viable and infective C. parvum oocysts appear to survive in urine storage tanks even after prolonged storage. In laboratory experimental survival studies, the numbers of all bacterial pathogens tested were reduced to below the detection limits of 10 bacteria per ml within a 20-days period.
(Source: Proceedings of the 2nd international symposium on ecological sanitation. p 424) With regard to faeces thermophilic composting effectively reduces the numbers of faecal bacterial indicators and pathogens. Most studies indicate that 6 Months should be the minimum period for storage of both urine and faeces to ensure adequate sanitisation. Most pathogens cannot survive the harsh conditions out side the human body and die off quickly. Worm eggs survive longer out side the human body than the worms themselves so care should be taken to ensure that they have died before the excreta can be used as fertiliser or compost. Dr. Mbewe also pointed out, after being queried, that it is not possible for HIV to be transmitted through human excreta. For more information on the above topic referee to the Proceedings of the 2nd international symposium on ecological sanitation on page 397. Yet another participant also asked if bilharzia could be transmited through fertilising food crops with infected urine. To which she said it is not possible as bilharzia germs has to enter the blood stream and not the gut. It was in the middle of the questions and answer time that one participant who had just arrived cautioned the participants to ask real question that address real issues. He said that we should be more concerned with the pathogen die off times as we all know that bacteria can not move or be absorbed by the plant roots. It is the pathogen die off times that matter and ensure that the products from ecological sanitation are safe for use in agriculture.
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Comment: Whatever the stigma with regard to the handling of human excreta, ecosan offers the most sustainable, economical and ecologically friendly option of sanitising human excreta before being released into the environment.
3.1.11.
HEALTH ASPECTS OF ECOLOGICAL SANITATION
Aussie Austin from CSIR in South Africa was the last presenter of the day with a presentation entitled, Health Aspects of Ecological Sanitation. He raised the following points with regard to sanitation. Safe disposal of human excreta alone does not necessarily mean the creation of a healthy environment. Sanitation goes hand in hand with an effective health care programme. Sanitation is not just a matter of building toilets. Technology by itself cannot break the cycle of disease transmission if hygiene awareness in a community is at a low level.
Aussie stated that pathogenic organisms cause diseases and there are four groups of pathogens that are found mainly in faeces, as urine is virtually sterile: Bacteria Viruses Protozoa Helminths (worms).
Aussie noted that good sanitation prevents excreta from entering the domestic environment and getting into water and that good hygiene prevents the transmission of microbes from the environment into the human body via hands. Adequate excreta disposal and safe hygiene practices together effectively prevent almost all gastro-intestinal infections. Certain environmental conditions are favourable for survival of pathogens and these are a cool temperature, adequate moisture content and a neutral pH. Therefore, to kill the pathogen we must create unfavourable/ hostile conditions in the vault. This implies good design & management that will result in hot dry conditions with an elevated pH. He concluded by saying that appropriate treatment of faeces is important for peoples health and that people need to be convinced that additional time and effort are warranted. It is also essential that an educational strategy must include awareness of health/hygiene issues and finally we should keep handling of excreta simple and easy. Mr. Austin was asked if the reuse of excreta was accepted in South Africa to which he said there was no culture of excreta reuse in South Africa and people are using ecosan for the convenience of an inside toilet, and the absence of bad smells in urine diverting toilets when managed correctly. The dried excreta is
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sometimes thrown into the field or incinerated. The urine is simply soaked into the soil. He also noted during the discussions that people should have a basic understanding of ecosan before any promotion activities are carried out. People should be made aware that ecosan offers a basic pathogen transmission barrier because there no flies. Also it is easy to build a simple hand washing facility even in areas were there is no running water. Comment: Ecological sanitation if properly applied is by far more healthy than the conventional sanitation in that it ensures that excreta is sanitised as close as possible to the source of generation before release into the environment. 3.2 Day 2: OVERVIEW OF DIFFERENT ASPECTS OF ECOSAN
3.2.1. INTRODUCTION
Chairmen: Mr Patrick Bracken from the GTZ ecosan team for the morning session and Mr S. Nakamboa, an environmental sanitation consultant with GKWConsult for the afternoon session. Mr Nakamboa gave a summary of the previous days presentations and that of the present days presentations.
3.2.2. URBAN ECOLOGICAL SANITATION EXPERIENCES IN UGANDA

Mr Austin Ali Tushabe of the Directorate of Water Development in Uganda gave the first presentation of the day entitled Urban ecological sanitation experiences in Uganda. Mr Tushabe explained how some communities in Uganda are siting on top of their water supply and end up contaminating it and hence the need for ecosan in these areas. He explained how initially it was difficult to get people on board but slowly they started to accept ecosan due to the fact that the toilets produced no smell if properly used. Mr Tushabe stated that human excreta belong to the soil and hence the Ministry of Agriculture should be a major player in the promotion of ecosan. During the question and answer time Mr. Tushabi explained how difficult it was to convince people. The first time the vault of one toilet was opened the people around stepped back quickly but however they slowly started to come back towards the vault to see what was inside as they could not smell anything. He explained how his boss was against ecosan but slowly convinced him that they have an ecosan toilet built in their office. He showed slides of several examples of existing ecosan toilets at public places such as markets, collages and office blocks Comment: Convincing people to change is not easy and practical ecosan examples are needed for the success of any ecosan project in Zambia.
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3.2.3. EFFECTS OF UBAN EXPANSION ON GROUNDWATER QUALITY

After Mr Tushabe, Mr. H. Mpamba from MEWD gave the second presentation of the day called Effects of urban expansion on groundwater quality. Mr. Mpamba showed us disturbing pictures of the pathetic situation as regards solid waste management in the city of Lusaka. He explained that these heaps of solid waste coupled with other activities like illegal quarrying contribute to the contamination of groundwater. He also pointed out that the emergence of squatter communities and the uncontrolled use of pit latrines also contributes to the contamination of groundwater by faecal coli forms. During the question and answer time Mr.Mpamba was asked what the deliberate Zambian strategy is towards the management of solid waste. To this he responded by saying that at the moment the government is trying to decentralise and commercialise the management of solid waste through private sector participation as the councils are incapacitated. Comment: The fact is that our groundwater resources are greatly under pressure of contamination and efforts should be made to check the situation.
3.2.4. URBAN INTEGRATED SUSTAINABLE RESOURCE MANAGEMENT

Mr Gert de Bruinje from WASTE in the Netherlands was the first to present after tea break with a presentation entitled Urban Integrated Sustainable Resource Management. Mr. Gert pointed out that knowing the problem is already half the solution. We now know that wastewater is a mess therefore we should avoid it as much as possible. But how do we avoid wastewater? The treatment of wastewater involves an element of separation so why mix the constituents of wastewater only to separate them later. To achieve this there should be source separation (no mixing) of the waste components. The organic part of the waste should be composted and recycled in agriculture while some of the inorganic components should be reused or recycled where possible. Another tactic is to reduce generation at source by avoiding disposal. In other words the solid waste hierarchy should be observed of Reduce-Reuse-Recycle. Whatever falls through this hierarchy should then be taken to the landfill as a last resort. Comment: The solid waste hierarchy if correctly applied can reduce the amount of materials that we have to actually dispose off as waste is a resource thereby reducing transportation costs in waste management.
3.2.5. DESIGN OF FEASIBLE ECOLOGICL SANITATION TOILETS

Mr. Aussie Austin from CSIR in South Africa gave his second presentation in the workshop with a title, Design of Feasible Ecological Sanitation Toilets. Mr. Austin gave five main criteria for a good sanitation structure and these are
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reliability, appropriateness, sustainability, acceptability and affordability. He also gave a sixth one in that it should not collapse. A sanitation facility should be of simple design so that local crafts men can build or repair it. It should be easy to operate and maintain by the household members using it. It should be built by locally available traditional materials and should have a simple hand washing facility. To put his points across he showed several designs and explained their weaknesses and strengths. He further stated that the sanitation systems should: - be compatible with the social, cultural and economic conditions of the target area; - be comprehensible to the users; - exploit locally available resources; - be simple and easy to operate and maintain. Aussie listed the characteristics of a well-designed UD toilet to be; No pit - can be indoors No odours Very low operating cost Suitable for high-density settlements Easy to recycle excreta
Additionally he said the main criteria for a good ecosan toilet are; Systems must isolate or destroy faecal pathogens. Systems must protect the environment. Systems must be robust and easy to use and maintain.
To build the toilets various superstructures and materials are used ranging from, brick, wood, thatch, wattle & daub, mud block and pre-cast concrete. He concluded by stating simplicity of design is important thus; easy to operate and maintain, use of local/traditional materials, and availability of hand washing facilities. The important points to note during the discussions where that we should keep the toilet simple and easy to operate by the end users. We should avoid designs that make handling of excreta difficult. Another important query that was raised was, what was the cost on an ecosan toilet. It was explained that the cost of constructing an ecosan toilet can be the same as that for a pit latrine or even cheaper in the long term because it is permanent. To reduce the cost it is recommended that locally available materials are used that do not have to be imported from other countries. The use of local artisans is also recommended so that they can easily repair/maintain the toilets.
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Comment; No technological formula is appropriate for all situations ecosan toilets should be modified to suit culture/customs, and environmental/climatic conditions while being affordable by the local people.
3.2.6. SELLIING THE IDEAS AND GENDER ASPECTS OF ECOLOGICAL SANITATION

Selling the ideas and gender aspects of ecological sanitation was presented by Ms Almaz Terrefe from SUDEA in Ethiopia as the last presentation before lunch. She started her presentation with two questions. The first one was-is there any one opposed to the practice of no mixing of urine and faeces. Apparently no one in the house was opposed. The second question was do we accept urine and faeces as a fertiliser. Only three people out of about fifty participants raised their hands confirming that they would not accept. Ms Terrefe explained that ecosan has empowered families in Ethiopia as they are able to produce food on their small plots without the need to buy artificial fertilisers. She explained that in selling the ideas of ecosan we need to be well informed about the whole aspect of ecological sanitation and the possible questions that people may pose. We also need to be humble and respectful in the way we approach communities and be prepared for a challenge. Promoters of ecological sanitation should be generous when sharing their tricks with regard to ecosan while being honest and genuine. We need to explain to the communities how to close the loop from the toilet to agro-forestry to composting to energy production to nutrition then finally to the toilet again. Ms Almaz Terrefe explained how they have managed to convince communities to adopt ecosan. Both women and men are agreeable to the idea of collecting the urine in jelly cans and using the urine in their gardens. Comment: The right argument should be used when promoting ecosan as different communities will be motivated by different reasons to adopt a new idea.
3.2.7. AGRICULTRE ASPECTS OF ECOLOGICAL SANITATION

After lunch Mr Heinz-Peter Mang gave two presentation in a row. The first one was to do with the Agriculture aspects of ecological sanitation. In this presentation Mr Mang explained how minerals are exported from the agriculture field to the cities and towns when crops are harvested. Therefore ecological sanitation tries to bring or take these minerals back to the soil where they belong and not in our water bodies. He also pointed out that a human being can fertilise his own food requirements. More of this information can be found in the document by Aussie Austin and Louiza Duncker of CSIR entitled Urine-diversion ecological sanitation systems in South Africa on page 12. Mr. Mang also explained how the Triple Win is achieved through ecosan thus water conservation and protection, agricultural reuse of nutrients in human excreta and
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the hygiene benefit through the sanitised human excreta before being released into the environment. Mr. Mang also explained that the current reserves of phosphorus that can economically be extracted will be exhausted within the next 100 years. During the discussions one participant wanted to know the fertilising effect of urine from a drunken person. It was explained that it is the fertilising effect is more or less the same. Another participant wanted to know the best way to use urine. It was explained that urine needs to be diluted with water if applied to a field with growing crops. However, the urine must be worked into the soil to reduce the loss of nitrogen. Comment: Ecological sanitation offers the best means of reusing the nutrients in human excreta for food production after adequately being sanitised.
3.2.8. TECHNICAL COMPONENTS FOR ECOLOGICAL SANITATION SYSTEMS-WORLDWIDE EXAMPLES

Mr. Mang continued with his second presentation of the day entitled, Technical Components for Ecological Sanitation Systems-world-wide examples. In this presentation Mr. Mang showed the participants examples of ecological sanitation systems the world over. Examples from Afghanistan, Sweden, Ecuador, Vietnam, El Salvador, Mexico, Bolivia, China, South Africa, Uganda, Botswana and Germany where shown. What was evident from Mr Mangs presentation was the fact that ecological sanitation offers a wide range of options from simple low tech to highly sophisticated and mechanised systems like the vacuum sewers and the incinerating toilets. During the discussions it was established that some ecosan technologies are actually water borne with water saving devices incorporated in the design. Comment: There are a wide variety of ecosan toilet models to suite different regions and economies in the world and this should be born in mind when promoting ecosan.
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3.2.9. GROUP WORK

After Mr Mangs presentation, before the participants went for tea break Mr Patrick Bracken introduced the group work which was derived from the participants observations on what they thought was missing in the workshop. Their observations were grouped under three topics namely: Group-1 Group-2 Financing of Ecosan - Facilitated by Mr. P. Bracken. What would be the ideal Sanitation System - Facilitated by Ms. C. Wirbelauer. How to get from the idea of ecosan to large scale implementation Facilitated by Mr. S. Nakamboa.
Group-3
After tea break the participants re-organised themselves into three groups according to the topic they had chosen to discuss. The results of the group work can be found in Appendix 2.
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3.3.
Day 3:
THE WAY FORWARD FOR ECOLOGICAL SANITATION
3.3.1. INTRODUCTION
Chairman: Mr. I. N. Banda the Vice-Chairman of WASAZA. The chairman for the day Mr. Banda greeted everyone and summarised the presentations for the day before introducing the summariser of the each days presentation Mr. Nakamboa who gave a recap of the previous days presentations.
3.3.2. ECOLOGICAL SANITATION IN PERI URBAN AREAS - MAIN OPPORTUNITIES AND CONSTRAINTS
Mr Brian Hangoma of SWSC gave the first presentation of the day entitled Ecological Sanitation in Peri urban Areas-main Opportunities and Constraints. In his presentation Mr Hangoma noted the experiences he and his team encountered in the duty of promoting ecosan. Among the serious issues that where discussed where: How people do not regard sanitation a priority and that a greater percentage of them regard water a priority. The criteria used to came up with this conclusion was questioned by the house and this fact was rejected. Another issue that came out of the presentation was that one participant felt that ecosan would not be accepted by the people due to the fact that the peri-urban residents are not farmers and farming is not their priority. However, it was established that in fact peri-urban residents though not necessarily farmers do practice some form of gardening or farming. It was also pointed out by one participant that currently both in Lusaka and on the Copperbelt water companies are experiencing vandalism to their pipes due to residents deliberately breaking them to obtain nutrient rich wastewater for irrigating their farming plots. For this reason it was thought that ecosan was the way forward as it would reduce vandalism since people would have properly sanitised excreta for fertilising and improving the soil structure. One participant also pointed out that ecosan should be seen as a way of life and as a way of living with our environment. Another yet also pointed out that it would be foolish for us as leaders to stop promoting something that is good for people just because we meet a few who are refusing. We should try by all means using different approaches to convince people that ecosan is the only solution for sanitation now and for the future. Comment: The sanitation situation in most peri-urban areas is pathetic but ill promoted and implemented ecosan projects by ill qualified facilitators/social workers will only worsen the situation.
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3.3.3. THE REGULATOR AND ISSUES OF ECOLOGICAL SANITATION

After tea break Mr. O. M. Chanda gave a presentation on The Regulator and Issues of Ecological Sanitation. Mr. Chanda pointed out that NWASCO was the regulator of water supply and sanitation service delivery. It is mandated by law to develop guidelines, establish and enforce standards for efficient and sustainable service delivery. All the water supply and sanitation service providers are required by law to obtain an operators licence from NWASCO. According to Mr Chanda there are ten Commercial Utilities in the country. Four of them service almost entire provinces while two service towns thus Lusaka and Chipata. The Copperbelt has four water utility companies operating in it. Central and Luapula Province have no Commercial water utility yet. Mr. Chandas presentation received no questions at all. Comment: The presence of a regulator would ensure that all sanitation projects are implemented acceding to the Water and Sanitation Act and the National Environmental Sanitation Strategy.
3.3.4. THE GENERAL WAY FORWARD FOR ECOLOGICAL SANITATION IN ZAMBIA

After Mr. Chandas presentation, Ms Pamela Chisanga with the assistance of the Chairman for the day, Mr. Banda chaired the next two sessions which were merged into one. The group presentations and recommendations from the work groups where given to define the general way forward for ecological sanitation in Zambia. The first group to present was group 3, the second group was group 2 and the third group was group 1. (See Appendix 2)
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4.
WORKSHOP CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATION
It can be concluded from the workshop deliberations that ecosan offers an extremely promising sanitation option for now and the future as it is economically affordable and environmentally sustainable. It represents a holistic approach towards the issue of sanitation with the aim of closing the nutrient and water cycles with as little loss of nutrients and energy as possible. Ecosan is a systemic approach and an attitude whose technologies are not an end in themselves but are a means to an end. These technologies may range from near-natural wastewater treatment techniques to composting toilets, simple household installations to complex, mainly decentralised systems. Ecosan systems are more than just technical infrastructure as they address several issues such as agriculture, environmental issues, landscaping and urban planning, hygiene and health. In the promotion of these systems we have to bear in mind that the closed loop approach to sanitation is still relatively unknown, not only amongst the general public, but also among the professionals; planners, engineers, consultants, politicians, and local and regional authorities. The public has to be informed about the possible options when it come to sanitation so that they can make an informed decision. People should be made aware of the fact that the quality and quantity of water resources is greatly being compromised by the current sanitation systems. Indications are that the situation is getting worse and we are facing a serious world water crisis that will affect us all. We should all realise that even though the act of attending to the call of nature is a private thing, where it is done and what happens to the excreta once deposited is of public concern. Gone are the days when we assumed nature would purify whatever we dispose off in the environment. We should take pride in ensuring that we do not deliberately contaminate the environment hoping that things will take care of themselves. We have to adopt a kind of living that is ecologically friendly and does not put unnecessary pressure on the environment. This calls for us to try and mimic the laws of nature of recycling. In the natural environment organisms and the excreta they release are recycled into the environment. Civilisation and urbanisation has destroyed this cycle of recycling that existed in nature. It is thus time we put up deliberate measure to mimic the recycling of matter that existed in nature before we disturbed it. Ecological sanitation is one practice that tries to bring back that order of recycling in the lives of civilised man so that he can live humbly with his environment. It ensures that the nutrients found in human excreta are returned to the soil where they belong and initially came from instead of being deposited in our water bodies where they cause all sorts of complications associated with eutrophication. Ecosan is the sanitation solution for the present and the future as it is a sustainable system that recognises ecological integrity and respects human
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dignity. It should not be seen as an option but as the only way to proceed in terms of sanitation from now onwards. Ecosan has the potential of not only improving the sanitation situation the world over but also of improving food security as the nutrients in human excreta can be used in agriculture. The workshop recommendation can be summarized into one paragraph to be: The establishment of a task force to push the promotion of ecosan further through awareness raising/advocacy on ecosan, and the establishment of legal and institutional arrangement to guide the implementation of pilot projects in the country. For further remarks from the closing session of the workshop see Appendix 3
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APPENDICES
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APPENDIX 1 THE MINISTERS SPEECH -THE PERMANENT SECRETARY -OFFICIALS FROM THE MINISTRY OF LOCAL GOVERNMENT HOSING -OFFICIALS FROM THE WATER UTILITIES -REPRESENTATIVES OF VARIOUS ORGANISATIONS AND MINISTRIES INVITED -INVITED SPEAKERS FROM OTHER COUNTRIES -OFFICIALS FROM GTZ-LUSAKA AND GTZ-ESCHBORN -MEMBERS OF WASAZA -INVITED GUESTS -LADIES AND GENTLEMEN IT IS MY HONOUR AND PRIVILEGE TO OFFICIATE AT THIS IMPORTANT TWO AND HALF DAYS ECOLOGICAL SANITATION ADVOCACY WORKSHOP. AS YOU MAY BE AWARE, ZAMBIA IS UNDERGOING MAJOR REFORMS IN VARIOUS MINISTRIES INCLUDING THE MINISTRY OF ENERGY AND WATER DEVELOPMENT AND THE MINISTRY OF LOCAL GOVERNMENT AND HOUSING. THE WATER SECTOR THEREFORE HAS UNDERGONE MAJOR CHANGES IN RECENT YEARS STARTING WITH APPROVAL OF THE NATIONAL WATER POLICY IN 1994 WHICH ADOPTED AN INTEGRATED APPROACH AND RECOGNISED WATER AS AN ECONOMIC GOOD, AND SEPARATED THE RESPONSIBILITIES OF RESOURCE MANAGEMENT FROM SUPPLY AND DEVOLUTION OF SUPPLY FROM CENTRAL GOVERNMENT TO LOCAL AUTHORITIES. UNDER THE CURRENT ARRANGEMENTS, THE RESPONSIBILITY FOR DEVELOPING WATER RESOURCES IN THE COUNTRY LIES WITH MEWD. THE MLGH IS THEREFORE RESPONSIBLE FOR DEVELOPING AND RUNNING URBAN WATER SUPPLY AND SANITATION SCHEMES THROUGH LOCAL AUTHORITIES, WATER COMMERCIAL UTILITIES AND OTHER PRIVATE OPERATORS. IN THIS VEIN, THE DEPARTMENT FOR INFRASTRUCTURE AND SUPPORT SERVICES (DISS) IN MY MINISTRY IS BEING STRENGTHENED TO CAPACITATE IT TO NOT ONLY MEANINGFULLY UNDERTAKE THE RURAL WATER SUPPLY AND SANITATION ROLE BUT TO EQUALLY SPEARHEAD THE RESPONSIBILITY FOR DEVELOPING THE URBAN WATER SUPPLY SUB-SECTOR. LADIES AND GENTLEMEN, IT IS NOT MY INTENTION TO BELABOUR THE SIGNIFICANCE OF WATER IN VIEW OF THE FACT THAT THIS WORKSHOP IS MAINLY DIRECTED TO THE ISSUE OF SANITATION AT THIS JUNCTURE, I WISH TO NOTE THAT ZAMBIA IS ONE OF THE MOST RAPIDLY URBANISING COUNTRIES IN AFRICA, WITH ABOUT 40% OF ITS POPULATION LIVING IN URBAN AREAS. LUSAKA, THE COUNTRYS
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CAPITAL CITY, HAS EXPERIECED ONE OF THE MOST RAPID GROWTHS, AVERAGING ABOUT 4% PER ANNUM. ABOUT 60-70% OF THIS POPULATION LIVE IN HIGH-DENSITY, LOW-INCOME SETTLEMENTS, WHICH ARE CHARECTERISED BY A HIGH POPULATION DENSITY, OVERCROWDING, HAPHAZARDLY-DEVELOPED FORMS OF HOUSING INFRASTRUCTURE AND POOR WATER SUPPLY AND SANITATION SERVICES. ALTHOUGH THESE AREAS INITIALLY DEVELOPED AS SQUATTER (ILLEGAL) SETTLEMENTS ON THE PERIPHERY OF THE CONVENTIONAL URBAN SETTLEMENTS, CITY GROWTH HAS NOW BROUGHT THEM WITHIN THE LOCAL AUTHORITY BOUNDARY. ALMOST ALL THE LOW-INCOME HOUSEHOLDS USE PIT LATRINES TO DISPOSE OF THEIR EXCREMENT, WHILE WASTEWATER IS MADE TO FLOW INTO OPEN CHANNELS BECAUSE OF INADEQUATE OR COMPLETE LACK OF PLUMBING NETWORKS. IN SPITE OF THIS SCENARIO, MOST OF THESE COMMUNITIES RELY EXCLUSIVELY ON GROUNDWATER FROM WELLS, BOREHOLES, AND SHALLOW HAND-DUG WELLS. UNFORTUNATELY MOST OF THESE WATER SOURCES ARE INADEQUATELY PROTECTED FROM CONTAMINANTS, THEREBY RESULTING IN THIS WATER BEING OF POOR MICROBIOLOGICAL QUALITY. ALTHOUGH WATER SECTOR REFORMS, WHICH STIPULATE POLICIES AND PRINCIPLES FOR THE WATER SUPPLY AND SANITATION (WSS) SERVICE DELIVERY SYSTEM, HAVE BEEN IN EXISTENCE SINCE 1993, SPECIFIC REQUIREMENTS FOR THE LOW-INCOME SETTLEMENTS HAVE REMAINED UN-ADDRESSED. THE NOTICEABLE EFFORTS THAT HAVE BEEN MADE TO WARDS THE IMPROVEMENT IN THE DELIVERY OF WATER SERVICES TO LOW-INCOME SETTLEMENTS HAVE EMANATED FROM SOME PERTINENT NON-GOVERNMENTAL ORGANISATIONS (NGOS0, BUT THESE EFFORTS HAVE ONLY BEEN SUCCESSFUL TO A LIMITED EXTENT. AN ANALYSIS OF THE CURRENT SITUATION IN THE CITY HAS REVEALED THAT WATER SUPPLY AND SANITATION SERVICES IN THE LOW-INCOME SETTLEMENTS ARE POOR, INADEQUATE, AND UNRELIABLE. AVAILABLE STATISTICS INDICATE THAT ONLY ABOUT 55% OF THE LOW-INCOME POPULATION HAVE ACCESS TO SAFE WATER SUPPLY, WHILE MORE THAN 90% HAVE NO ACCESS TO SATISFACTORY SANITATION FACILITIES. THEREFORE THERE IS NEED TO INTRODUCE, WITHOUT UNDUE DELAY, SOME INTERVENTIONARY MEASURES THET ARE AIMED AT ARRESTING THIS WORRISOME SITUATION.
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IT IS WORTH NOTING THAT THE DEMAND FOR IMPROVED FACILITIES TENDS TO VARY AMONGST VAROUS COMMUNITIES IN VIEW OF THE DIFFERENCESIN THE CUSTOMARY BEHAVOUR OF DAFECATION ANDLEVELS OF ACCESSIBILITY TO SOME FORM OF WATER SUPPLY. THEREFORE, IN ORDER TO MATCH THE DEMAND AND SUPPLY OF WATER AND SANITATION FACILITIES, IT IS IMPERATIVE THAT ALL STAKEHOLDERS SHARE A CLEAR UNDERSTANDING OF THE PROBLEMS AND POTENTIAL SOLUTIONS. THE OVERALL GOAL OF THE STRATEGY IS THEREFORE TO ENSURE THAT LOW-INCOME AREAS, IN GENERAL, AND THE DEMONSTRATION AREA IN PARTICULAR, HAVE ACCESS TO ADEQUATE AND SUSTAINABLE WATER SUPPLY AND SANITATION SERVICES THAT WILL ACCRUE TO IMPROVED QUALITY OF LIFE FOR THE RESIDENTS. THE DEVELOPED STRATEGY SETS FORTH A FRAMEWORK FOR EFFECTIVE AND EFFICIENT PLANNING, SYSTEMATIC IMPLEMENTATION, AND SUSTAINABLE MANAGEMENT OF WSS SERVICES IN LOW-INCOME AREAS. ECOLOGICAL SANITATION, WHICH IS THE THRUST THIS WORKSHOP, IS ALL ABOUT STRIVING TO PROTECT OUR WATER SOURCES FROM CONTAMINATION BY POOR SANITATION PRACTICES. MANY OF US ARE AWARE OF THE CONVETIOINAL FLUSH AND DISCHARGE TOILETS WHICH INEVITABLY POLLUTE SURFACE WATER BODIES IF CONNECTED TO A SEWER NETWORK AND POLLUTE GROUND WATER SOURCES IF CONNECTED TO A SEPTIC TANK. THE TRADITIONAL PIT LATRINE DOES NOT EQUALLY SPARE WATER SOURCES FROM CONTAMINATION. AGAINST THIS BACKGROUND, THE OBJECTIVE OF THIS WORKSHOP IS TO PROVIDE A FORUM FOR DISCUSSION ON ECOLOGICAL SANITATION AMONG DECISION/POLICY MAKERS, ORGANISATIONS AND OTHER DONOR AGENCIES. THE WORKSHOP DELIBERATIONS SHOULD THERFORE BE USED AS A STARTING POINT FOR PROMOTION OF ECOLOGICAL SANITATION IN ZAMBIA, ESPECIALLY AT THE COUNTRY,S MAIN ANNUAL EXHIBITIONS, NAMELY: THE COPPERBELT AGRICULTURE AND COMMERCIAL SHOW (MAY 2004) THE ZAMBIA INTERNATIONAL TRADE FAIR (JULY 2004) LUSAKA AGRICULTURAL AND COMMERCIAL SHOW (AUGUST 2004) ADDITIONALLY, THE CURRENT GOVERNMENT POLICY ON WATER AND SANITATION SERVICES IS AIMED AT ENSURING THAT THE MLLENNIUM DEVELOPMENT GOALS ARE ACHIEVED.
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IT IS A WELL KNOWN FACT THAT THE CATALOGUE OF DISTURBING FACTS ABOUT THE CURRENT WATER SUPPLY AND SANITATION STATUS IN THE COUNTRY IS ENDLESS. WE THEREFOR ENEED TO FOCUS ON HOW BEST TO CORRECT THIS SITUATION? LADIES AND GENTLEMEN, IT IS IN VIEW OF THIS REALISATION THAT THIS WORKSHOP IS HELD, ADDITIONALLY, I AM AWARE THAT THE WORKSHOP DELIBERATIONS WILL ALSO TAKE INTO ACCOUNT THE FACT THAT THE GTZ- ECOSAN PROJECT STRIVES TO CONTRIBUTE TO THE DEVELOPMENT AND GLOBAL DISSEMINATION AND APPLICATION OF ECOSAN APPROACHES AND ESTABLISH THESE INTERNATIONALLY AS STATE -OF -THE ART TECHNOLOGIES. IT IS THEREFORE INCUMBENT UPON US TO SUPPLEMENT THEIR EFFORTS IN WHATEVER WAY POSSIBLE SO THAT THE LOCAL AS WELL AS THE GLOBAL SITUATION WITH REGARD TO WATER SUPPLY AND SANITATION CHANGES FOR THE BETTER. I HAVE TO REPORT THAT OVER THE PAST 2 TO 3 MONTHS THE GTZ ECOSAN PROJECT HAS BEEN WORKING WITH THEIR LOCAL GTZ OFFICE AND WASAZA TO SEE THIS WORKSHOP TAKE PLACE. IT HAS NOT BEEN EASY TO CO-ORDINATE ACTIVITIES ESPECIALLY THAT ECOSAN IS VIRTUALLY UNKNOWN IN ZAMBIA. MANY THANKS TO THEM. LADIES AND GENTLEMEN I AM GLAD TO LEARN THAT A CONSIDERABLE AMOUNT OF TIME HAS BEEN EXPENDED BY GTZ-ECOSAN PROJECT AND THE WATER SUPPLY AND SANITATION ASSOCIATION OF ZAMBIA (WASAZA) IN PREPARING THIS WORKSHOP. I HAVE BEEN IMFORMED THAT THESE PREPARATIONS HAVE NOT BEEN EASY TO CO-ORDINATE BECAUSE ECOSAN IS NOT YET POPULAR IN ZAMBIA. THEY INDEED DESERVE OUR APPLAUSE. IN THE SAME VEIN, I WISH TO THANK GTZ ESCHBORN, GTZ LUSAKA AND THE WATER AND SANITATION ASSOCIATION OF ZAMBIA (WASAZA) AND THE MULUNGUSHI CONFERENCE CENTRE FOR THE VARIOUS FORMS OF FINANCIAL AND LOGISTICAL SUPPORT THAT THEY HAVE RENDERED TOWARDS THE HOSTING OF THIS WORKSHOP. ABOVE ALL, I WISH TO THANK ALL OF YOU IN PRESENT HERE FORFINDING TIME TO ATTEND THIS WORKSHOP. LASTLY, I HOPE YOU WILL HAVE FRUITFUL DELIBERATIONS AND TO OUR FOREIGN PARTICIPANTS, I WISH YOU A JOYOUS STAY IN LUSAKA. WITH THESE REMARKS, IT IS NOW MY HONOUR AND PRIVILAGE TO DECLARE THIS WORKSHOP OFFICIALLY OPENED. THANK YOU AND MAY GOD BLESS YOU ALL.
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APPENDIX 2 GROUP DISSCUSSION PRESENTATIONS Group 3: HOW CAN WE GET FROM THE IDEA OF ECOSAN TO LARGE SCALE IMPLEMENTATION
STEP 1 Formation of task force to formulate; a)Terms of reference for the national workshop. b)Identifying key stakeholders. e.g. Ministry of Local Government and Housing. Ministry of Health Ministry of Agriculture and Co-operatives Ministry of Energy and Water Development Ministry of Tourism Environment and Natural Resources NGOs/CBOs Community Representatives The Private Sector
The time frame for this to be done was set at eight weeks from the date of the workshop. STEP 2 a)Conducting follow up workshops for lead Ministry/Institution. b)Carry out ecological sanitation demonstrations. STEP 3 a)Conducting Provincial Workshops. b)Conducting District workshops. STEP 4 Creating awareness through; a)Drama b)Radio c)Media coverage and d)Leaflets STEP 5 Training of trainers at all levels starting from step 1
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Group 2: WHAT WOULD BE THE IDEAL SANITATION SYSTEM? An ideal sanitation system is a system that is; * User friendly * Cost effective * Has no long term effects on the environment * Low maintainance costs * Durable * Socially acceptable * Confortable * One that promotes health and is safe to use * One that is accessible, durable and affordable * One with little or no water/enegy use * A system with end product resource value * Produces safe reusable end products * Appropriate for the circumstances WHY NOT THE CONVETIONAL SANITATION SYSTEM? Although chosen as ideal it poses a number of challenges:* It is not dynamic and does not grow with the growing population. The National population growth rate is 2.7% on average and that for Lusaka is 3.5%. * Rapid urbanisation causes pressure on the social system thus, water supply, sanitation system, and the health aspects. * It lacks capacity/room for expansion. * The proliferation of unplanned settlements depends on pit latrines which are a main source of ground water contamination. Therefore, new city developments and new settlements have no choice but to go for ecological sanitation. WHY CHOOSE ECOSAN? * Ecosan is a win-win situation * There is no waste * It is environmentally friendly * Added nutrient value * Ecosan solves three main problems:food shortage, environmental degradation and sanitation. RECCOMENDATION The group made the following reccomendation; * Establishment of a task force to push the promotion of ecosan further -Awareness raising / advocacy on ecosan
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-Establishment of legal and institutional arrangement -Pilot projects
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Group 1: FINANCING OF ECOSAN Mr Gert de Bruinje gave a power point presentation of what the financial aspects of an ecosan project: -It was pointed out that for it to be sustainable the users must be willing to pay for the services the toilet is offering. -Ecosan can create market for the agriculture products that may came about due to the use of excrement as a fertiliser and thereby sustaining the maintenance and operations of the sanitation system. The possible means of financing where listed as; 1)Direct stakeholder investment 2)Commercial financing 3)Non-commercial through credit and loan programmes 4)Through revenue from selling composted/dehydrated toilet products 5)Special national development funds eg DTF 6)International financing institutions eg ADB When coming up with a sanitation program we should consider -Peoples willingness to pay for the services to be offered -The communitys average income -Affordability of the sanitation system -Cost; lifecycle cost / Investment cost -Economic viability It is important to also consider environmental performance in terms of acceptability, efficiency in returning nutrients to the soil, pollution threat, effect on public health, ecological balance, agreement with national guidelines and compliance with national laws
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APPENDIX 3 REMARKS FROM THE CLOSING SESSION Some final remarks from the floor: Mr. Mali: The workshop has raised the profile of ecosan, now we have to think how we can move it forward. For example WASAZA could act as a facilitator to help us bring ecosan forward and to introduce it at grass root level. Aussie Austin: Considering the costs to organise such a workshop it would be a great pity if after it nothing was to happen. In South Africa they have installed 4000 urine diversion toilets in 6 years driven through by the commitment of two individuals. Geoffrey Chama: Would like to believe that now ecosan has been broadly accepted. He has been working with ecosan alone for 3 years and appreciates support. Closing remarks from the organisers: Heinz-Peter Mang: Thanks to WASAZA and Simataa for their work as well as the other organisers. All the other participants were also thanked for a fruitful discussion. GTZ is happy to have been able to be involved. We would also be willing to help, but we need a Zambian motor to drive the initiative and decide on a strategy. Many issues may prove to be decisive (such as the internal rate of return as demonstrated from the Lesotho presentation). The basis is definitely in place to be able to do something. The GTZ ecosan team is working to promote ecosan and will be willing to work with anyone working to promote ecosan. Gert de Bruinje: Thanks for the very warm welcome and for being allowed to contribute to such a splendid event. Having had no expectations of what might happen, I was very pleased with the discussions and the openness of all, and also with the large audience that remained throughout the workshop. I do not think this workshop has been a waste of time (agreement from the floor), but now a phase has ended and its time to start things. Its an obligation to society and to our children. T.C. Chanda (standing in for Mr. Lubambo): Ive always worked in the private sector mainly in mining before coming to water. Miners have a saying action matters, so now we have to change our good intentions to action. Earnings are falling, our population is increasing we have problems. So we must be open to innovation, and even if I do not understand all technical aspects I have to use logic to help me make a decision, trusting professionals who can help. This workshop has introduced an innovation which can help solve our sanitation problems, relieve poverty and generate income. We know that people are already
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breaking up our sewer pipe to access untreated sewage for irrigation, and we all know that is easier to swim with the current than against, so rather than fight this (which costs millions) we can make sure it is performed as safely as possible. We have to consider the possibilities offered by ecosan. We should let the workshop recommendations be turned into something feasible and implementable. There is need to convert the workshop resolutions into action/results. This workshop has addressed the problems faced by the majority of the Zambian community through better sanitation. The knowledge gained from this workshop is very important and we should use it for the betterment of the nation Zambia does not seem to be able to reach its Millennium Development Goals, and any advances are based on donor aid. Ecosan will let us take charge and plan for ourselves to improve sanitation. This may not be easy as it may challenge existing values, but it is possible. This workshop has been the starting pistol and we are all in the race. It would be a shame to let this die here. We need to lobby to make ecosan legal, as it contradicts existing laws, and even if at first we only have one pilot project, we have a success. We need to acknowledge the benefits offered by ecosan systems and think how we can reap them. We have had many workshops for the water sector, but none of them have addressed providing a solution for the majority this one has. I would like to thank all the foreigners for their presence and assistance, but now it is our responsibility. Simataa Nakamboa: I would like to thank the chairman and all the sponsors of this workshop. I am overwhelmed with excitement and appreciate all the contributions we have had over the last 3 days. We are in a real water crisis as our water sources are contaminated. If we look at the Kafue river from which Lusaka City draws its water we can see that it is polluted all the way from its source. The mines on the Copperbelt and all the residential areas are discharging wastewater into it. I challenge all those with boreholes to have their water tested as it is true that some of them might actually be contaminated by faecal matter. In our work we have found bore holes contaminated up to a depth of 20 meters. Traditionally urine and faeces were not mixed as the pit toilet was separate from the bathing structure. The toilet was only used for defecation while the bathing structure was used for both bathing and urinating. The urine and grey water was usually directed to a plant like a banana or sugar cane but this has all changed. We cannot solve problems by using the same thinking that created them. Ecosan can allow us to return the nutrients back to the soil where they belong. The flush toilet is ecologically mindless and the pit toilet is not sustainable in most periurban areas due to space limitation. Also the traditional principles over which the pit toilet was built are ignored. In most peri-urban areas it is common practice to bath in pit toilets which is not the case traditionally.
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Finally it is important that the promoters of ecosan are knowledgeable about ecosan and they should us the right argument as situations are different in different countries/cultures.
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APPENDIX 4 LIST OF PARTICIPANTS

1ST NATIONAL ECOLOGICAL SANITATION CONGRESS MULUGUSHI CONFERENCE CENTRE- LUSAKA/ REGISTRATION OF NAMES
First date attended 21.01.2004 21.22.2004 21.01.2004 21.01.2004 22.01.2004 21.01.2004 21.01.2004 21.01.2004 21.01.2004 21.01.2004 21.01.2004 21.01.2004 21.01.2004 23.01.2004 21.01.2004 21.01.2004 21.01.2004 23.01.2004 21.01.2004 21.01.2004 21.01.2004 21.01.2003 22.01.2004 21.01.2004 21.01.2004 21.01.2004 21.01.2004 21.01.2004 Organization/ Address MTENR SUDEA Daily mail NWWSC Box 160 CSIR South Africa Rankin Eng UNZA School of Agriculture. COPATHAZ SWSC MLGH DISS IUCN / DED FOCE UNZA WRAP KCC WASAZA WRAP Waste Institute MISA-Zambia NWSC GTZ NWSC GKW consult ZIS WASAZA B + L news AHC- MMS 097 802837 08821330 27 12 8412568 293156/ 096785094 295421/097 889076 097 754543 032-20002 097 847527 00267 1 3931885 096-724055 095 888065 243543/095 909296 097-816888 095 885667 243543 095 855071 292096/7 02 224091 229281 224091 097 847837 097 795333 238439 234584 245088 nwwater@zamnet.zm Laustin@CSIR.co.za rankin@zamnet.zm bchishala@agric.unza.zm bernardmiti@yahoo.com
No 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28
Name Allan Dauchi Almas Terrefe Angela Chisimba Arnot S. Chiluwesa Augustine Mukuka Aussie Austin B.K Aluurahia Benson H.Chishala Bernard Miti Brian Haangoma Bruno Hamsonde Cathrine Wirbelauer Chama Lupupa Chibesa Pensulo Chila Kashinga Chileshe Mwiko Chisanga Charles Chris Kachinga Daniel Mukonde Danstan Kunda David M Silondwa Dirk Schaefer DM Silondwa Stefan Drner Doreen Nakapzye Doris Kajoba Elias Shilangwa Emmanuel Chipulu
Positions Environmental officer Country Director Reporter M.D Coordinator Engineer Project Manager Senior Lect. Chairman Community Relations Officer Assistant Director Coordinator Coordinator Student Tasie Team Leader Health officer Executive Secretary TTL Coordinator Journalist Associate Export Project Manager Camera person Accountant Journalist Head Maintenance
Tel/cell No 095 758092
E-mail Dnchi45@yahoo.com
Country Zambia Ethiopia Zambia Zambia Zambia South Africa Zambia Zambia Zambia Zambia Zambia
Cathrine.Wirbelauer@iucn.org chipupa@yahoo.co.uk cpensulo@yahoo.com ckashinga@yahoo.com cmwiko@:yahoo.co.uk wasaza@zamnet.zm
Botswana Zambia Zambia Zambia Zambia Zambia Zambia Zambia Zambia Zambia Zambia Zambia Germany Zambia Zambia Zambia Zambia
gtz@zamnet.zm stefanD@gkw.co.zm wasaza@zamnet.zm
chipulue@coppernet.zm
29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36
21.01.2004 21.01.2004 21.01.2004 21.01.2004 21.01.2004 21.01.2004 21.01.2004 21.01.2004
Enerst Hamalila Etambuyu Siwale Evans Sinbela Friday V.Banda G.Kantumoyo Geoffrey Chama Gert de Bruijne Gunder Edstrom
Program Advisor Specialist sociologist Journalist Treasure Reporter Technical officer Program Manager Project Manager
Water Aid MLGH Radio QFM COPATHAZ ZANA Agriculture WASTE
290698 221128 221441/42 097 754543 095 752276 095 780507
Zambia Zambia Zambia Zambia Zambia Zambia The Netherlands Sweden
alpek@yahoo.com chamagn@yahoo.co.uk
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No 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 70 71 72 73 74 75 76 77 78 79
First date attended 23.01.2004 21.01.2004 21.01.2004 21.01.2004 21.01.2004 21.01.2004 22.01.2004 21.01.2004 21.01.2004 21.01.2004 21.01.2004 21.01.2004 22.01.2004 21.01.2004 21.01.2004 21.01.2004 21.01.2004 21.01.2004 21.01.2004 22.01.2004 21.01.2004 22.01.2004 21.01.2004 21.01.2004 21.01.2004 21.01.2004 21.01.2004 21.01.2004 21.01.2004 21.01.2004 21.01.2004 21.01.2004 21.01.2004 21.01.2004 21.01.2004 21.01.2004 21.01.2004 21.01.2004 21.01.2004 21.01.2004 21.01.2004 21.01.2004 21.01.2004
Name Han Seur Heinz-Peter Mang Henery Loongo Ian Banda Irene Wakunyamba J.Mulenga Jackson Mulya Jawan Nkhosi Johnson Phiri Joseph Musukwa Katoka Oswell Katrin Bruebach L.Siwale Laura Sustersic Laurence Chisesa Levi Zulu Lillian Lwenje Liteta Martin Lushi Muyambango M.M Kanyemba M.Mubiana Mbewe Mantopi Lebofa Marriot Nyangu Mbilima Z.Chonde McDonald Chipenzi Michael Musenga Micheal Matakata Moses Mumba Moses Nkhata Moses Zeggetti Mr Mukuka Muchelenganga C.G N.H Mpamba Nason Mofya Kunda Ngabo Muleba Noah H.Banda Nsondo Hamunuka Nundwe C.D O.Kawanga O.M.Chanda Oscar M Silembo Owen Siyeto Pamela Chisanga
Positions Engineer Advisor Senior Program Manager Vice chairman WASAZA N/A Water Engineer Water Engineer Engineer Community development officer Manager Water works Specialist sociologist Civil Engineer Student GTZ Advisor Branch Manager Director Member Prison Officer Managing Director
Organization/ Address GKW GTZ-ecosan Care International WASAZA
Tel/cell No 097 762136 097 706036 02 620112/3 095 885865 097-865242
E-mail
Country The Netherlands Germany Zambia Zambia Zambia Zambia Zambia Zambia Zambia
heinz-peter.mang@gtz.de loongo@zamnet.zm msinje@zamtel.zm irenewakunyambo@ yahoo.co.uk kafubuws@zamnet.co rankin@zamnet.zm
KWSC KWSC Rankin GKW Chipata W.S.C MLGH GKW Consult UNZA Box RW 37X MWSC Zulu Barrow LWWG Box 30133 MWSCO MACO UTH DED Lesotho UPLIFT ZAMBIA LWWG WASAZA Africa Review Care International BCHOD Information Center Box 160 NISIR Box 50288 Lusaka Chainama College WASAZA M.O.E FOCE DCI CSO NWASCO Box 30530 UNZA Water aid
095 959390 095 959390 293156 097-751225 095 916062 221128 095-950543 238156 243748 096-947965 095 887285 097 716433 07-221019 097 780754 095 883075 266 22313301 097-787198 226941/2 097 874198 03-323790 292096 221382 228 460 097 764214 097 774737 2810085/096 729573 097 829150 096952976 095/097 783411 01-250340 097 894715 291124 01 253455 226941 095 863089 097 833154 097 777226
joseph-musukwa@yahoo.com okatooka@lwsc.com.zm lensiw@yahoo.com smwater@zamtel.zm N/A
Zambia Zambia Germany Zambia Zambia Zambia Zambia Zambia Zambia Zambia Zambia Zambia Lesotho Zambia Zambia Zambia Zambia Zambia Zambia
kanyembam@hotmail.com Mwagelwam@yahoo.co.uk mantopi@yahoo.com Uplift zambia@yahoo.co.uk
Medical Officer Project manager National coordinator Member Reporter Reporter Technical Coordinator Engineer Desk officer Coordinator Head Research Coordinator Principal Manager Lecture member Senior ED STDS Officer Board Member Manager coordinator Statistician Director Senior Water Quality officer student ACG Country Representative
mmusenga@yahoo.com
monkhata@hotmail.com
Zambia Zambia Zambia
awinisir@coppernet.zm mpamba@hotmail.com
Zambia Zambia Zambia Zambia Zambia
nsoham@11@yahoo.co.uk
Zambia Ireland
okawanga2001@yahoo.com ochanda@zamnet.za
Zambia Zambia Zambia Zambia
Pamelachisanga@wateraid.org.zm
Zambia
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No 80 81 82
First date attended 21.01.2004 21.01.2004 21.01.2004
Name Paschalina Phiri Patrick Bracken Patrick Shawa
Positions Journalist GTZ ECOSAN Educator Officer Community Relation Officer Sector Coordinator Journalist WASAZA publicity Sec. Forestry Journalist Journalist Senior Engineer Community Dept Officer ASAIO Managing Director NCZ Zambia ATM Journalist Manager PEP DWD Uganda STD
Organization/ Address Media Enviro forum GTZ ECOSAN WECSZ
Tel/cell No 097 761421
E-mail chandale@yahoo.co.uk pocb123@yahoo.com
Country Zambia Ireland Zambia
097 780770
shawapatric@gmail.com
83 84 85 86 87 88 89 90 91 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99
21.01.2004 21.01.2004 21.01.2004 21.01.2004 21.01.2004 21.01.2004 21.01.2004 21.01.2004 21.01.2004 21.01.2004 21.01.2004 21.01.2004 21.01.2004 23.01.2004 21.01.2004 21.01.2004 21.01.2004
Precious Simasiku Reuben Chisanga Roland Werchota S.Musumba S.Mwale Simataa Nakamboa Somanje Matilder Stephan Kata Steven Mulambo Steven Phiri Stubbs Malambo Sundford Mweene Talent Ngandwe Tommy Mwamba Tanecisio C.Chanda Tushabe A.A W.M Mwanza
SWSC ltd CWSC GTZ ZIS NWSC Kitwe GKW consult ZIS ZIMA MLGH MCDSS MACO SWSC ltd Box 2008 BOX 33611 AHA LTD Uganda WRDC W/Eng
032-20001 097-713428 229281 095 431244 095 814918/096 734030 097 795333 096 905920 252385 097 894715 095 887252 032-20433 097 895020 232666 02 245005/097 787523 077443308 cwsc@zamnet.com gtzwater@zamnet.zm
Zambia Zambia Germany Zambia Zambia Zambia Zambia Zambia Zambia Zambia Zambia Zambia Zambia Zambia chanda@coppernet.zm tushabe@dwd.co.org Zambia Uganda Zambia
Stevenmwale@yahoo.com
cmulambo@yahoo.com Nsoham11@yahoo.co.uk
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APPENDIX 5 Report on the GTZ-ecological sanitation mission
Reporters: Date of Trip: Destination:
Patrick Bracken and Heinz-Peter Mang 15 29 January 2004 Lusaka and Choma, Zambia
th th
Objective and Expectations
Purpose of trip:
Organisation (with local partners) and attendance at the 1 National st rd Congress on ecological sanitation in Lusaka from the 21 23 January 2004 an advocacy workshop for ecosan; Visit sites for which demands have been received since 2002 for the implementation of an ecological sanitation pilot system and discuss the possible ways forward for such activities Identify, and exchange with, the actors currently involved in sanitation / ecological sanitation in Zambia and establish the current level of awareness of ecosan concepts among these groups Identify the willingness among decision makers in the water supply and sanitation commercial utilities to consider and adopt more sustainable approaches to sanitation Obtain an initial impression of the sanitary situation, particularly in peri-urban areas Establish the possibility of introducing ecological sanitation in these areas in response to demands that had already been received for such pilot activities
st
Knowledge or Learning Target:
Short Summary
Most import aspects (gtz relevant), most important followups:
The workshop was attended by 100 participants from a wide range of organisations and fields (including private companies, governmental and non-governmental organisations, professional organisations and international donors). To most of the participants the concept behind ecological sanitation was new, however by the third day, a rather large number of participants were extremely vocal in expressing their belief that it could prove to be the solution for poor sanitary conditions in many areas where conventional solutions have failed. To date issues of sanitation have been rather overlooked by the relatively newly formed water and sanitation commercial utilities and the international donor community, however recent outbreaks of cholera in Lusaka and several areas of the southern province have served to highlight its importance. Sanitation will be a major theme at the next donor meeting, currently planned for march 2004. A national sanitation strategy may also be developed over the coming year, with ecosan included in it as an appropriate solution.
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There is a great deal of interest in launching ecosan pilot activities. Before the conference, 5 requests for assistance with pilot activities had been received (in southern, north western and central province), and more are expected to follow. Financial assistance may be needed for some of these activities. This may become available through the Devolution Trust Fund (managed by NWASCO), through bilateral co-operation, or possibly through the EU Water Facility when it has been established.
The visit to Choma, in the southern province, and discussions with Clemens Mauel of GTZ/RODECO, and Mr. Brian Haangoma and Ms. Precious Simasiku, the Community Relations Officers of the Southern Water and Sanitation Company (SWSC), led to a direct request for assistance in carrying out a baseline study for ecological sanitation in the 4 peri-urban compounds surrounding Choma (i.e. Chandamary approx. 2000 inhabitants, Zambia the largest with 6000 inhabitants, Mapona and Kamunza).
Procedure, Basic condition/framework, and Topics
Topics, Programm and Lectures:
15.01: Arrival in Lusaka; Meeting with local organisers of the conference Simataa Nakamboa (freelancer) and Charles Chisanga (WASAZA) 16.01 20.01: Preparation of workshop; Evaluation of project proposals received; organisation of visit to the southern province after the workshop 21.01 23.01: See congress programme attached 24.01: Feedback meeting on the 3 day workshop with Roland Werchota, GTZ Water Sector, Simataa Nakamboa, Heinz-Peter Mang (GZ ecosan), Patrick Bracken (GZ - ecosan), Cathrine Wirbelauer (DED / IUCN), Aussie Austin (CSIR), Gert de Bruijne (WASTE) 25.01: Travel to Choma, southern province, via: Soloboni - peri-urban compound where residents association 120 members - has built a piggery for 150 pigs, a hen house, a fish pond and a fossa alterna (non-functional) on a plot of land, surrounded by gardens. Have submitted a demand to the government for assistance with sanitation which has to date not been forthcoming. Mazabuka very densely populated peri-urban area near to a large sugar plantation. Monze, Zambia and Freedom Compounds less densely populated area, with large amount of agriculture practised, where Southern Water and Sewage Company have begun the pilot implementation of a series of water kiosks (selling water for 18 Kwacha for 20 Litres = 0.18 Euro per m). 26.01: Visit to Choma and surrounding peri-urban compounds, including Chandamary, Zambia, Mapona and Kamunza; Visit to the local GTZ project working with agriculturists in rural areas, to make initial contacts should any pilot activities begin. An interest was expressed in receiving more information regarding ecosan with the possibility of their participation in a local workshop, possibly with the participation of local or regional experts in ecosan; Visit to the garden of Mr. George Chama,
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an ecosan practitioner identified during the course of the workshop; Evening meeting with Clemens Mauel, RODECO/SWSC 27.01: Visit to the headquarters of SWSC and discussions with Clemens Mauel, Brian Haangoma, Precious Simasiku, Johnson Phiri. Outline for a possible support of ecosan activities in the area from the GTZ ecosan sector project (see initial suggestion above); Return to Lusaka 28.01: Visit to Zimbabwe compound, Chisamba, central province. Classed as peri urban but with a very rural appearance, with houses widely spaced from one another, and with maize as the main crop. Had been suggested as an ecosan pilot area in a feasibility study for central province carried out by GKW on behalf of the ADB. A total of US$49 800 has been foreseen in the implementation phase for sanitary measures in the central province; Evening, final meeting with Roland Werchota to discuss possible ways forward in the light of recent budgetary adjustments. 29.01: Departure of Patrick Bracken; Meeting at GKW between HeinzPete Mang and the GKW team in Lusaka (Stephen Dollery, GKWBroleiter, Han Seur, Katrin Bruebach, Simataa Nakamboa)
Participant:
See List of participants attached
Knowledge and learning experience
Professional:
Sanitation in Zambia would appear to rely on a combination of central sewage treatment plants, septic tanks and pit latrines. Pit latrines are by far the most common form of sanitation in rapidly growing peri-urban areas. Vandalism of sewage pipes is costing commercial water utilities millions every year as people break open pipes to access raw sewage for agricultural purposes and there is recognition of the benefits of the use of sewage in agriculture. People often say that the best sugar cane is produced in areas where raw sewage has been used to irrigate the crops. Additionally sewage sludge is sold in Lusaka to householders who use it on their lawns. Current sanitary systems seen by many decision makers as being insufficient and inappropriate to the needs of users and the geological conditions (rocky underground, high groundwater levels).
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APPENDIX 6
WORKSHOP PROGRAMME Final PROGRAMME1 National Workshop ON ECOLOGICAL sanitation, lusaka, zaMbia January 21st 23rd, 2004 Venue: Organiser: Mulungushi Conference Centre Organised by GTZ-Lusaka and WASAZA, sponsored by GTZ-ecosan
st
with additional support from the World Bank - Water and Sanitation Programme (WSP) for East Africa and WASTE (The Netherlands) Contact persons: Charles Chisanga WASAZA, P.O. Box 33493, Lusaka. Zambia Tel: +260-1-238439; +260-95-885667 (Zambia) Email: wasaza@zamnet.zm www.zambia-water.org.zm/wasaza_information.htm Or Simataa Nakamboa GKW Consult, Postnet 333, Private Bag E891, Lusaka. Zambia Tel/Fax: +260-1-225768; +260-96-854033 Email: simataa@eudoramail.com Or Roland Werchota GTZ Water Programme, C/O NWASCO, P.O. Box 34358, Lusaka. Zambia. Tel: +260-1-226941/2, 238438/9, Fax: + 226904 Email: gtzwater@zamnet.zm (Germany) Heinz-Peter Mang Ecological Sanitation Project Team Deutsche Gesellschaft fr Technische Zusammenarbeit (GTZ) GmbH Postfach 5180, D-65726 Eschborn, Germany Tel: +49-6196-79-4222; +260-97-706636, Fax: +49-6196-79-80 4222 Email: heinz-peter.mang@gtz.de www.gtz.de/ecosan Workshop themes: 1. The ecological sanitation concept. 2. 3. 4. 5. Perspectives and requirements/framework conditions in urban areas in Zambia. Lessons learnt and perspectives from a national and international point of view. Dissemination of the ecological sanitation approach. Ecosan networking in Eastern and Southern Africa and why ecological sanitation now
The workshop will look at ecological sanitation comprising: Dry/source separated sanitation. Ecological sanitation-water borne systems. Design of feasible ecological sanitation toilets. Rural, urban and peri-urban. Experiences in piloting ecological sanitation systems in Zambia. Workshop objective: To provide a forum for discussion on ecological sanitation among decision/policy makers,
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organisations and other donor agencies. The workshop will be the starting point for the promotion of ecological sanitation in Zambia. Future promotional activities are planned to take place at the following three events: 1) Copperbelt Agriculture and Commercial Show (May) 2) The Zambia International Trade Fair (July) 3) Lusaka Agriculture and Commercial Show (August)
Day 1: Wednesday, 21st of January 2004 Introduction, Official opening, pilot case studies, hygiene considerations 08:00 09:00 09:00 09:15 09:15 10:00 10:00 10:45 10:45 11:30 11:30 12:00 12:00 12:25 Registration Introductions Overview of the National Environmental Sanitation Strategy Toilets and Urban Agriculture infrastructure / Ethiopia Water borne ecological sanitation technologies/ closing the loop on-site experience in Lesotho Tea / Coffee break Ecological sanitation concept an introduction
Simataa Nakamboa C. Mulambo Gunder Edstrm Mantopi Lebofa Heinz-Peter Mang Levi Zulu Martina Bergschneider Sylvia Masebo
GKW Consult MLGH/DISS SUDEA - Ethiopia DED - Lesotho GTZ-ecosan WASAZA Chairman GTZ Country Director Minister of Local Government and Housing (MLGH) GTZ-ecosan WaterAid Zambia IUCN Botswana GTZ-ecosan UTH - Zambia CSIR South Africa
12:30 13:00
Official Opening Address
13:00-13:15 13:15 - 14:15 14:15 15:00 15:00 15:45 15:45 16:30 16:30 17:00 17:00 17:45 17:45 18:30 18:30 20:00
Ecological sanitation concept an introduction contd after the speeches Lunch Experiences in piloting ecosan projects in Zambia CBNRM-missing link-piloting ecological sanitation in Botswana Institutional and implementation aspects of ecological sanitation in Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso Tea / Coffee Break Diseases linked to poor sanitation and their prevention Health aspect of ecological sanitation Cocktails, discussion and open market space for ecological sanitation components with invited companies
Heinz-Peter Mang Ernest Hamalila Catherine Wirbelauer Patrick Bracken Dr. M. Mbewe Aussie Austin
Day 2: Thursday, 22nd of January 2004 Overview of different aspects of ecosan 08:30 08:45 08:45 09:30 09:30 10:15 10:15 10:45 10:45 11:30 11:30 12:15 12:15 13:00 13:00 14:00 14:00 14:30 14:30 15:30 Summary of the previous day and presentation of the present day Urban ecological sanitation experiences in Uganda Effects of urban expansion on groundwater quality. Tea / Coffee break Urban Integrated Sustainable Resource Management Design of feasible ecological sanitation toilets Selling the ideas and gender aspect of ecosan Lunch Agricultural aspects of ecological sanitation Technical components for ecological sanitation systems world-wide examples Simataa Nakamboa Austin Ali Tushabe H. Mpamba Gert de Bruinje Aussie Austin Almaz Terrefe Heinz-Peter Mang Heinz-Peter Mang GKW Consult Directorate of Water Develop. Uganda DWA WASTE (NL) CSIR South Africa SUDEA - Ethiopia GTZ-ecosan GTZ-ecosan
43
WASAZA/GTZ
Final Report
15:30 15:45 15:45 16:15 16:15 18:00
Introduction in group work Tea / Coffee Break Group discussions Three themes
Simataa Nakamboa Patrick Bracken, Catherine Wirbelauer
GKW Consult GTZ-ecosan IUCN Botswana
Day 3: Friday, 23rd of January 2004 The way forward for ecosan in Zambia 09:00 09:30 09:30 10:15 10:15 10:45 10:45 11:30 11:30 12:15 12:15 13:00 Summary of the previous day and presentation of the present day Ecological sanitation in peri-urban areas main opportunities and constraints Tea / Coffee break The Regulator and issues of ecological sanitation The General Way Forward for ecological sanitation in Zambia Group presentation and Recommendations from workshop participants on ecological sanitation development in Zambia Simataa Nakamboa Brian Hangoma, O. M. Chanda Pamela Chisanga GKW Consult SWSC NWASCO WaterAid Zambia
13:00 14:00 14:00 15:00
Closing remarks
Heinz-Peter Mang Gert de Bruinje T. C. Chanda stood in for P. Lubambo Simataa Nakamboa
GTZ Ecosan WASTE (NL) MLGH/DISS GKW Consult
Lunch
44

Lusaka Ecological Sanitation Final Report 2004hpm

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Ecological Sanitation Advocacy Workshop Report Held at Mulungushi Conference Centre, Lusaka Zambia 21st 23rd January 2004

RE: SUBMISSION OF SUMMARY REPORT

Chisanga Charles and Simataa Nakamboa

By: Simataa Nakamboa and Charles Chisanga March 2004

Chisanga Charles and Simataa Nakamboa

Chisanga Charles and Simataa Nakamboa

Chisanga Charles and Simataa Nakamboa

3.2 DAY 2: OVERVIEW OF DIFFERENT ASPECTS OF ECOSAN .................................. 14

3.2.1 INTRODUCTION ................................................................................................... 14

Chisanga Charles and Simataa Nakamboa

3.3 DAY 3: THE WAY FORWARD FOR ECOLOGICAL SANITATION ............................ 20

APPENDIX 1 THE MINISTERS SPEECH.......................................................................... 25

APPENDIX 2 GROUP DISSCUSSION PRESENTATIONS ............................................... 29

APPENDIX 3 REMARKS FROM THE CLOSING SESSION .............................................. 33

APPENDIX 4 LIST OF PARTICIPANTS ............................................................................. 36

APPENDIX 5 REPORT ON THE GTZ-ECOLOGICAL SANITATION MISSION ................ 39

APPENDIX 6 WORKSHOP PROGRAMM .......................................................................... 42

Chisanga Charles and Simataa Nakamboa

Chisanga Charles and Simataa Nakamboa

Chisanga Charles and Simataa Nakamboa

Chisanga Charles and Simataa Nakamboa

Chisanga Charles and Simataa Nakamboa

3.1.2. OVERVIEW OF THE NATIONAL ENVIRONMENTAL SANITATION STRATEGY

Chisanga Charles and Simataa Nakamboa

3.1.3. TOILETS AND URBAN AGRICULTURE INFRASTRUCTURE IN ETHIOPIA

Chisanga Charles and Simataa Nakamboa

Chisanga Charles and Simataa Nakamboa

3.1.5. THE ECOLOGICAL SANITATION CONCEPT

3.1.6 OFFICIAL OPENING SPEECHES

Chisanga Charles and Simataa Nakamboa

3.1.7. EXPERIENCES IN PILOTING ECOSAN PROJECTS IN ZAMBIA

Chisanga Charles and Simataa Nakamboa

3.1.8. CBNRM-MISSING LINK-PILOTING ECOLOGICAL SANITATION IN BOTSWANA

Chisanga Charles and Simataa Nakamboa

DISEASES LINKED TO POOR SANITATION AND THEIR PREVENTION

Chisanga Charles and Simataa Nakamboa

Chisanga Charles and Simataa Nakamboa

HEALTH ASPECTS OF ECOLOGICAL SANITATION

Chisanga Charles and Simataa Nakamboa

3.2.2. URBAN ECOLOGICAL SANITATION EXPERIENCES IN UGANDA

Chisanga Charles and Simataa Nakamboa

3.2.3. EFFECTS OF UBAN EXPANSION ON GROUNDWATER QUALITY

3.2.4. URBAN INTEGRATED SUSTAINABLE RESOURCE MANAGEMENT

3.2.5. DESIGN OF FEASIBLE ECOLOGICL SANITATION TOILETS

Chisanga Charles and Simataa Nakamboa

Chisanga Charles and Simataa Nakamboa

3.2.6. SELLIING THE IDEAS AND GENDER ASPECTS OF ECOLOGICAL SANITATION

3.2.7. AGRICULTRE ASPECTS OF ECOLOGICAL SANITATION

Chisanga Charles and Simataa Nakamboa

3.2.8. TECHNICAL COMPONENTS FOR ECOLOGICAL SANITATION SYSTEMS-WORLDWIDE EXAMPLES

Chisanga Charles and Simataa Nakamboa

3.2.9. GROUP WORK

Chisanga Charles and Simataa Nakamboa

THE WAY FORWARD FOR ECOLOGICAL SANITATION

Chisanga Charles and Simataa Nakamboa

3.3.3. THE REGULATOR AND ISSUES OF ECOLOGICAL SANITATION

3.3.4. THE GENERAL WAY FORWARD FOR ECOLOGICAL SANITATION IN ZAMBIA

Chisanga Charles and Simataa Nakamboa

WORKSHOP CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATION

Chisanga Charles and Simataa Nakamboa

Chisanga Charles and Simataa Nakamboa

Chisanga Charles and Simataa Nakamboa

Chisanga Charles and Simataa Nakamboa