The restoring and maximising of well-being in individuals disadvantaged or traumatised by physical, neurological, psychological or social causes therefore becomes

a significant issue for all professionals whether in life, social or information sciences. This poster presents a review of the literature to establish a prima facie case for investigating the role of the prefrontal cortex in predetermining outcomes of the with medicalised social orientation impairments such as autism, Bipolar, Schizophrenia, ADHD, as well as problems relating to occupation health and substance misuse. The characteristics of the pre-frontal cortex are identified from a number of journals and then these terms cross references with those impairments. Anseries of equations are presented on how one might look at representing differences in the pre-frontal cortex by using a post-cognitivist psychology paradigm to represent the psycho-analytical concepts of phantasies in a manner that allows for use in questionnaire, statistical analysis, and information system adaptation.

Cllr Jonathan Bishop BSc(Hons), MSc, MScEcon Centre for Research into Online Communities and E-Learning Systems Institute of Life Sciences, Singleton Park, Swansea, SA2 8PP

The role of the prefrontal cortex in social orientation construction: A pilot study
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It has been argued that on the basis of the existing anatomical and electrophysiological data, it is the prefrontal cortex of the brain that is the only area that can represent stimuli, responses and the interpretation of the outcome of these (Passingham, Toni & Rushworth 2000). The role of the environment and the structures within it are as big a part of our construction of our social-orientation as our physical make-up and genetics. Vygotsky (1930) points out that even when we are, or more appropriately especially when we are, infants, we want more and more on a not stop demanding cycle. The degree to which our goals are satisfied at this stage has an early effect on the nurture aspects of our social orientation, so that if a parent doesnt meet the needs of their child the child will experience a traumatic state of mind which might damage the prefrontal cortex. Nature impairments on the other hand are those that occur outside the infants control. This may be distressing amounts of testosterone in the womb that damages their prefrontal cortex in a pre-natal context, or a traumatic birth which damages it in a post-natal context.

The mind, the body and the world for the developing infant: Towards the concept of nimbus, nature and nurtured social orientation classifications

It is part of British culture to believe that we are in charge of our own destiny. It has been the view of the Anglican Church in the form of self-determination doctrine, and the notion of career planning has given recent generations a sense of control over their future, which they can determine based on their own perception of their abilities and interests. While on the face of this sounds like a panacea of choice and freedom in controlling ones future, it places undue pressure on actors with specific impairments to change things that are beyond their control. An extension of this difficulty is experienced by people with autism spectrum conditions, who may lack the ability to understand the emotions of others and experience them for themselves, which is a concept known as empathy (Martinotti et al. 2009). The personal context in which one perceives and responds to stimuli in the environment and the attitude to that response is called a social orientation by the author. Many things can make a social orientation, such as gender (Thompson, Panwar & Hansen 2010), sexuality (Hamilton, Armstrong 2009), cultural background (Varnum et al. 2010) and socio-economic status (Dass, Kumar 2011). The way we see ourselves in relation to the world around us is part of our social orientation and the artefacts and actors to which be direct our attention focus (Baron, Campbell 2010). It is well known that factors such as disability affect ones social functioning, whether due to a direct neurobiological factor such as autism (Kato et al. 2010) or as a consequence of the effects of a disability, such as asthma (Dean et al. 2010). Such difficulties will be referred to throughout this paper as a social orientation impairment (SOI). A SOI can be used as a broad term to reflect one or more defects in ones makeup that affects participation in an environment with other actors. The pre-frontal cortex is composed of several anatomical regions that are responsible for numerous functions including planning, language production, working memory, artistic expression, some aspects of emotional behaviour and attention among others (Convit et al. 2001). Neuroimaging studies have provided some of the most consistent evidence that dysfunction of the prefrontal cortex is a characteristic of schizophrenia (Heinz, Romero & Weinberger 2004). DSM-IV also makes it clear that one should not give a diagnosis for an autism spectrum condition where there are grounds for schizophrenia, which suggests an overlap in symptoms or causation. This leads one to suggest that the difficulties people with schizophrenia have with regards to constructing an accurate interpretation of the situation they are in, may be reflected in people with autism who have difficulty constructing an interpretation at all. Damage to the prefrontal cortex is associated with impaired emotional and social interactions such as angry outbursts, increased lability, interpersonal skills deficits, insensitivity, and sexual disinhibition (Bramham et al. 2009). Some of these have been found in people with autism and social phobia, and attempts have been made to develop technological interventions that help people with these disabilities overcome them (Bishop 2003). I argue that it is the poor or overworked emotional processing in the Amygdala for example that damages the pre-frontal cortex and causes autism rather than autism causing poor emotional functioning. I propose that the prefrontal cortex holds Dunbar memory, and in most people this means they can manage 150 people (interests/detachments) using their working memory. This is reduced by traumatic interaction between this, semantic memory (beliefs, values) and/or procedural memory (goals, plans). It creates negative Phantasies (p) in the form of mental blocks, as which may restrict their social/emotional functioning and therefore create a social orientation impairment. Not all phantasies are bad however, as the first row of Figs. (4-14) show, they can be mental maps and enhance cognitive performance if based on positive episodic memories rather than abusive ones.

The prefrontal cortex and its impact on the individual

Ranges Goal (from 0 to 9); Plan (from -2 to 2); Value (from 1 to 4); Belief (from -3 to 3); Interest (from 1 to 10); Detachment (from 0 to 6); Joinder (j) ranges from 0 to 1 representing the strength of the neural connections between each cognition (the higher the stronger). Phantasy (from -5 for reducing flow and increasing involvement to 5 for increasing flow and reducing involvement). Pression has a midpoint from 48 up to infinity the more positive Phantasies (pi) down to minus infinity for the more negative Phantasies.

Eqn 1. Calculating a phantasy

Eqn 2. Calculating Pression

Eqn 3. Calculating a knol

But also there are what I call nimbus social orientation impairments, which are ones caused by our selective or uncontrolled reduced ability to recognise or respond to social and emotional stimuli. An example of an uncontrolled one might be a child who hasnt coped very well with the terrible twos or adolescence. An example of a selective one us that a healthcare professional would be useless at their job if using the empathy that brought them into the profession meant they felt the pain of each one of their patients. So they construct voluntary or involutionary pre-formed situations which they can call upon to blot-out any stimuli they consciously or unconsciously want to avoid. This in itself, while necessary, could be considered a nimbus-derived social orientation impairment, as the actors have their head in the cloud and are ignorance of the social and emotional needs of those around them. The pre-frontal cortex is involved in the behavioural inhibitory mechanism besides participating in the behavioural excitatory mechanism (Watanabe 1986), something known to pay a big role in bipolar disorder (Hirshfeld-Becker et al. 2003), and this may also explain why some persons get less effective at the work when they have developed a thinking pattern of discarding any opportunities in the environment. Because the pre frontal cortex is involved in the organization of behaviour, abstraction, and consciousness, its disruption could also facilitate violent behaviour indirectly by interfering with the individual's perception of the situation (Volkow et al. 1995), which may be why persons with SOIs such as schizophrenia misinterpret others and therefore express inappropriate actions. The prefrontal cortex is responsible for the following functions, which are hypothesis to be linked to the phantasies identified in Table 1. Figures 1 to 13 show these phantasies outputted as brain imaging of the prefrontal cortex. Table 2 shows the number and proportion of these functions in the academic literature.

Table 1. Matrix for calculating phantasies and their hypothesised link to the prefrontal cortex

The role of the pre-frontal cortex in shaping social orientation

An SOI who suffered a traumatic assault as an infant might hold a belief that they were harmed by someone (y1=3) and then everytime someone holding characteristics resembling that person a detachment of 6 is attached to them creating a Flustered phantasy roughly measured in Fig. 11.

Example

Problem-solving - Mushiake et al. (2009); Fig. 2 shows that SOIs may have impatient phantasies that impair problem solving function and devoted ones, activated by special interests which if recognised can motivate SOIs through adaptive hypermedia systems can help overcome these. Table 2 shows problem solving as the most mentioned topic in the journals inspected (JADD, JOH, JSAT). Self-control - Figner et al. (2010); Fig. 4 shows that SOIs may have restless phantasies, such as when others make noises they find irritating, but equally they can have loving ones just like others which priority in inducing should be encourages. Table 2 shows there is not a great amount of research in this area regarding SOIs. Conscience - Blair (2007), Moll, Eslinger & Oliveira-Souza (2001); Fig. 6 shows conscience links to being ruffled, such as when the SOIs sees someone who is offensive to them. Encouraging the respectful ones on the contrary, such as by amending learning materials to contain content relating to such persons can aid SOIs in their learning. Conscience was discussed very little, which may explain why there are few adaptions that help SOIs in existence. These two are reflected in Figures 4 and 5 respectively. Working memory - Meyer et al. (2011), Zanto et al. (2011), Canuet et al. (2011); Fig. 8 shows SOIs can have Flustered phantasies, such as linking a traumatic event in childhood to the present (as in Figure10). Equally they can be trusting by assuming someone is telling the truth, and when these two occur together SOIs can be open to being deceived or led astray by others (as in Fig. 7). Empathy - Seitz, Nickel & Azari (2006), Shamay-Tsoory et al. (2003); Fig. 1 shows SOIs can feel pestered or equally can be cherishing, especially of pets as in Fig. 8, which reduces the level of being pestered (Fig. 10), and is prominent in the journals. Deception - Christ et al. (2009), Priori et al. (2008) Ito et al. (2010). As can be seen from Table 1 it is hypothesised that deception is linked to SOIs being distant from others (Fig. 12) and the opposite Affinity (Fig 12), as SOIs may either like or dislike someone else. Other - Fig. 13 shows what happens after intervention with music, and the Hawthorne effect after the novelty factor and Fig. 14

Table 2. Mean instances of terms in journals and weighting (%) for disability and other social orientation factors based on references to prefrontal cortex functioning

Using Eqn 1 gives a phantasy (pi) of -5, which on its own creates a Pression (P) of 47 as in Fig 2, which when the Baseline (B) for hours to receive tax credits is added (48-16)to the maximum recommended force (F) of 48, and divided by the Pression as in Eqn 3 gives a knol (k) of 0.5, below the recommended of 0.81 and the maximum prefrontal cortex potential of 0.98.

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Inside the prefrontal cortex of the autistic brain

Fig. 1 Devoted

Fig. 3 Loving

Fig. 5 Respectful

Fig. 7 Trusting

Fig. 9 Cherishing

Fig. 11 Affinity

Fig. 13 Post-impatience

Fig. 2 Impatient

Fig. 4 Restless

Fig. 6 Ruffled

Fig. 8 Flustered

Fig. 10 Pestered

Fig. 12 Distant

Fig. 14 Hawthorne effect