UNIVERSITI TUNKU ABDUL RAHMAN

Faculty Course : : Engineering & Science Bachelor of Engineering (Hons) Mechanical Engineering Year 1/ Semester 2 Unit Code Unit Title : : UEME1143 Dynamics

Year/ : Semester Session :

Lecturer

Experiment 5: Study of Ballistic Pendulum

B Legend A Period meter (to be used with DAQ) B Launcher track C Pendulum D Angle scale (for pendulum) E Angle pointer F Angle scale (for launcher) G Launcher rod H Standing panel

G F

Safety Precautions! 1. Ensure all launcher track is properly tighten for before running the experiment (for both pendulum system and projectile launcher). 2. Ensure the apparatus is held firmly before and after the launching. 3. Do not launch the ball to human body. 4. Ensure the launcher is pulled properly before launching it. Theory Projectile Motion We learn in our study of kinematics that two-dimensional motion is a straightforward extension of one-dimensional motion. Projectile motion under the influence of gravity is a subject with which we are all familiar. We learn to shoot basketballs in an arc to swish through the basket or to bounce off the backboard. These are examples of projectile motion. The force of gravity acts in the vertical direction, and air resistance acts in both the horizontal and vertical directions, but we often neglect air resistance for small objects. Consider a body with an initial speed vo at angle with respect to the horizontal axis. We analyze the bodys motion in two independent coordinates x (horizontal) and y (vertical). [As we are free to choose this origin of our coordinate system, we choose x = 0 and y = 0 when t = 0 so as to simplify our calculations]. Figure 1 shows that the components of the velocity vector along the x- and y-axes are respectively:

If we neglect air resistance, the only force affecting the motion of the object is gravity, which near the Earths surface acts purely in the vertical direction (Fg = mg). There is no force at all in the horizontal direction. Since there is no horizontally applied force, there is no acceleration in the horizontal direction; hence the x-direction of the velocity will remain unchanged forever. The horizontal position of the body is then described by the expression for constant velocity:

Figure 1

The force in the y (vertical) direction is gravitation (Fy = -mg). Since F = ma, ay = -g. Integrating this with respect to time yields the vertical component of the velocity:

The vertical component of the position can be obtained by integrating equation (3) with respect to time t, yielding the result:

We can use these equations to determine the actual trajectory of the body in terms of the x and y variables, with no explicit reference to the time t. The equation has a parabolic form:

where C1 = tan() and C2 = g / 2vo2cos2(). We are interested in the range R, the horizontal distance that the projectile travels on level ground. We can get the range from equation (5) by noting that y starts at zero when x = 0 and is once again zero when x=R. We get

Time of flight (T) is given by:

and the maximum height (reached when t = T/2) is given by

Conservation of Energy For an object with speed v and mass m, the kinetic energy (K.E.) is given by: K.E. = 1/2mv2 (9)

Notice that the units for kinetic energy are one kilogrammeter2/second2. This unit is similar to that for the force but with the length unit squared. (The MKS unit for energy is the Joule.).

Recall that the work done on an object by a force F displaced an amount x, is defined as: W = Fx or W = Fx if the force and the displacement are in the same direction. The potential energy describes the amount of work necessary to move an object of a given mass from one point to another when the object is subject to forces. The difference in the potential energy between the starting point and the ending point of the objects motion is the amount of work or energy necessary to move the object. For an object of mass m subject to a gravitational force of strength mg, the potential energy is simply: P.E. = mgh (11) (10)

where h is the vertical displacement between the final and initial positions. When the ball launched from the launcher, it will has the maximum kinetic energy. When it hit on the pendulum, the pendulum will swing and move to a maximum height where the velocity of the pendulum is zero. At this point, all the kinetic energy has been converted to the potential energy. Using, the conservation of energy principle, to find the initial velocity: Kinetic Energy = Potential Energy 1/2mbv2 = mpghdifferent vo = sqrt (2mpghdifferent)/mb Conservation of Momentum From the conservation of momentum, we can calculate the speed at which the pendulum will move after trapping the ball. For a totally inelastic collision, we have mbv0 = (mb + mp) v1 (13)

(12)

where mb and mp are the masses of the projectile ball and the pendulum, respectively, and the initial speed of the ball is v0. After the pendulum traps the projectile ball, both ball and pendulum move with speed v1. At the maximum swing height, the velocity of the pendulum is zero and all of the kinetic energy has been converted to gravitational potential energy. Using the principle of conservation of energy, we can relate the maximum swing height h to the velocity, v1: 1/2(mb + mp) v12 = (mb + mp) gh v1 = sqrt(2gh) (14) (15)

Combining equations (13) and (15), we can solve for the initial velocity of the launcher. v0 = ((mb + mp) / mb )sqrt(2gh) (16)

This equation shows that by measuring the masses of the pendulum, the ball, and the height of the pendulum swing, we can determine the initial speed of the ball before the collision. The vertical displacement h is measured by measuring the height from the table of the center of mass marked on the pendulum both before and after the collision. The difference between these is h.

Study of the Conservation of Energy and Momentum Objectives To understand the principles of conservation of energy and of momentum. To determine the initial velocity of a ball projectile motion. Experiment Procedures 1. 2. 3. 4. Set up the apparatus as pendulum system. Place the apparatus on a level platform. Place the pendulum (C) to the standing panel (H) of the apparatus. Place the launcher track (B) to the bottom stainless steel support. Tighten it in position by using the screw and nuts provided. 5. Place a 0.004 kg ball into the launcher track. 6. Set the angle pointer (E) to 0o reading by looking at the angle scale (D). 7. Pull the launcher rod (G) to the maximum pulling position. Ensure the apparatus is held firmly. 8. Release the launcher rod. Allow the ball to hit on the pendulum. 9. Wait till the pendulum comes to rest. Record down the angle reading from the angle scale (D) in Table 1. 10. Repeat the launching several times to get an average angle reading. (Reminder: You must set the angle pointer to zero reading before you start your new launching). 11. Repeat the experiment with 0.008 kg and 0.014 kg balls. 12. From the angle obtained, compute out the hdifferent and calculate the initial speed. Record the values in Table 2.

Ball mass, Angle reading Angle reading Angle reading Angle reading Average mb (kg) 1 (0) 2 (0) 3 (0) 4 (0) reading (0)

Table 1 Ball mass, mb (kg) Average Initial Speed (m/s)

Table 2

Useful Information Pendulum mass, mp = 0.211kg hdifferent = h - hcos Initial velocity, vo = sqrt (2mpghdifferent)/mb

255 mm 255 mm

Figure 1 Study of the Projectile Motion Objective To study the theory of projectile motion of a particle.

Figure 2

Experiment Procedures 1. Place the apparatus on a level platform. 2. Remove the pendulum (C) from the standing panel (H). 3. Loosen the screws and nuts of the launcher track (B). Remove the launcher track from the bottom stainless steel support. 4. Place the launcher track to the standing panel (H). Set the launcher track to an angle of 10o. 5. With the long screw provided, lock the launcher track to the standing panel (H). Ensure the launcher track is properly tightened. 6. Place a tray of sand in front of the apparatus. 7. Place a 0.004 kg ball into the launcher track. 8. Pull the launcher rod (G) to the maximum pulling position. Ensure the apparatus is held firmly.

9. Release the launcher rod. Allow the ball to project to the tray of sand. Measure and take down the distance traveled by the ball from the initial launching point to the landing point of the ball. 10. Repeat the experiment few more times to get the average reading. 11. Repeat the experiment with 0.008 and 0.014 kg balls. Angle of Launching, (o)

Ball mass, mb (kg) Distance 1 (m)

Distance 2 (m)

Distance 3 (m)

Average distance (m)

Table 3 Ball mass mb (kg) Experimental distance (m) Theoretical distance (m)

Table 4 Useful Information

where

vo g

= Initial velocity (m/s) = Angle of launching (o) = Gravity pull (m/s2)

Discussion 1. Compare the experimental results with theoretical results. Discuss the source may lead to the differences. 2. In the experiment, we are using the conservation of energy equation (from kinetic to potential) to find the initial speed of the ball. Can we use the conservation of energy and momentum equation to find the initial speed of the ball? Explain your answer. 3. Is there any other method to determine the balls initial speed? If yes, calculate the initial speed of the ball using the other method. 4. Assuming you are a javelin athlete, what are the factors you should consider in order to launch your javelin to as far as possible? Explain your answer. 5. Discuss any other findings from the experiment.