1 Npa

Non Performing Assets
CHAPTER: 1 EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
B.M. Collage of Business Administration
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Non Performing Assets Executive Summary

A project has been prepared under the title of Non Performing Assets in Surat. First of all the information regarding the banking industry is given. In that various facts regarding the bank industry is being provided. Also the various types of non performing assets. The brief introduction of non performing assets is given. In this the definition, various benefits, objective, limitation etc. are mentioned. Then a analysis of data is made. Then the objective of doing the project is mentioned. After that analysis comes. At the last me find Conclusion & Suggestion. Then comes facts and finding part. In this part first of all the details about the non performing assets by me is given. Then a comparison is made among the three companies selected by me on various parameters.
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CHAPTER: 2 RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
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RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
Research is a one kind of process to get knowledge about some topic. Research is done so that systematic analysis can be done and problem can also be solved. TITLE OF STUDY Here it is NON-PERFORMING ASSETS BENEFITS FROM THE STUDY . It helps me to know more about NPA and the situation of NPA in bank. . It helps me to know the strategies adopted by banks to reduce the NPA level and to understand the NPA provisions norms in bank. RESEARCH PROBLEM NPA always affect the profit of bank and also the prestige of bank. So here the research problem is to identify the causes for the NPA and to identify the action plan to reduce the NPA. RESEARCH DESIGN Here the research design is exploratory which helps me to explore the NPA problem of bank.
RESEARCH INSTRUMENT As a research instrument I have taken guidance from the CEO of City bank and also my faculty of college. DATA COLLECTION Primary Data B.M. Collage of Business Administration Page 4

Secondary Data Hence it is an exploratory research their is not any dependence on primary data. Sources of secondary data 1. Annual report 2. Journals 3. Websites 4. Books ANALYSIS AND REPORT WRITING Here I have done ratio analysis and used various charts for analysis purpose. And also I have written report on it.
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CHAPTER: 3 OBJECTIVE OF PROJECT
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Some objectives for the selection of this project are as follows
. To study and understand the concept of NPA
. To analyze the banks policy to recover the level of NPA
. To understand the effect of NPA on banks profit and its prestige
. To understand how corrective measures taken by bank for NPA
. To understand RBIS rules and regulations for the control of NPA
. To understand the credit appraisal policy and NPA recovery policy of bank
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CHAPTER: 4 LIMITATION
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LIMITATION OF PROJECT Some times bank officer was hesitant to give all data on NPA. I have selected only one bank for NPA which is very small sample size. I face difficulty in doing proper analysis as I dont have prior experience for making project report.
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CHAPTER: 5 INTRODUCTION OF BANKING INDUSTRY
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DEFINITION OF BANK
An organization, usually a corporation, chartered by a state or federal government, which does most or all of the following: receives demand deposits and time deposits, honors instruments drawn on them, and pays interest on them; discounts notes, makes loans, and invests in securities; collects checks, drafts, and notes; certifies depositor's checks; and issues drafts and cashier's checks.
DEFINITION OF BANKING
In general terms, The business activity of accepting and safeguarding money owned by other individuals and entities, and then lending out this money in order to earn a profit So we can say that Banking is a company, which transacts the business of banking. The Banking Regulations Acts defines the business as banking by stating the essential function of a banker. The term banking is defined as Accepting for the purpose of leading or investment, deposits of money from the public, repayable on demand or otherwise and withdrawal by cheque, draft, order or otherwise.
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HISTORY OF BANKING IN INDIA

Without a sound and effective banking system in India it cannot have a healthy economy. The banking system of India should not only be hassle free but it should be able to meet new challenges posed by the technology and any other external and internal factors. For the past three decades India's banking system has several outstanding achievements to its credit. The most striking is its extensive reach. It is no longer confined to only metropolitans or cosmopolitans in India. In fact, Indian banking system has reached even to the remote corners of the country. This is one of the main reasons of India's growth process. The government's regular policy for Indian bank since 1969 has paid rich dividends with the nationalization of 14 major private banks of India. Not long ago, an account holder had to wait for hours at the bank counters for getting a draft or for withdrawing his own money. Today, he has a choice. Gone are days when the most efficient bank transferred money from one branch to other in two days. Now it is simple as instant messaging or dials a pizza. Money has become the order of the day. The first bank in India, though conservative, was established in 1786. From 1786 till today, the journey of Indian Banking System can be segregated into three distinct phases. They are as mentioned below: . Early phase from 1786 to 1969 of Indian Banks .Nationalization of Indian Banks and up to 1991 prior to Indian banking sector Reforms B.M. Collage of Business Administration Page 12

. New phase of Indian Banking System with the advent of Indian Financial & Banking Sector Reforms after 1991To make this write-up more explanatory, we divide scenario in Phase I, Phase II and Phase III PHASE
I
The General Bank of India was set up in the year 1786. Next were Bank of Hindustan and Bengal Bank. The East India Company established Bank of Bengal (1809), Bank of Bombay (1840) and Bank of Madras (1843) as independent units and called it Presidency Banks. These three banks were amalgamated in 1920 and Imperial Bank of India was established which started as private shareholders banks, mostly Europeans shareholders. In 1865 Allahabad Bank was established and first time exclusively by Indians, Punjab National Bank Ltd. was set up in 1894 with headquarters at Lahore. Between 1906 and 1913, Bank of India, Central Bank of India, Bank of Baroda, Canara Bank, Indian Bank, and Bank of Mysore were set up. Reserve Bank of India came in 1935. During the first phase the growth was very slow and banks also experienced periodic failures between 1913 and 1948. There were approximately 1100 banks, mostly small. To streamline the functioning and activities of commercial banks, the Government of India came up with The Banking Companies Act, 1949 which was later changed to Banking Regulation Act 1949 as per amending Act of 1965 (Act No. 23 of 1965). Reserve Bank of India was vested with extensive powers for the supervision of banking in India as the Central Banking Authority.
PHASE II
Government took major steps in this Indian Banking Sector Reform after independence. In 1955, it nationalized Imperial Bank of India with extensive banking facilities on a large scale especially in rural and semi-urban B.M. Collage of Business Administration Page 13

areas. It formed State Bank of India to act as the principal agent of RBI and to handle banking transactions of the Union and State Governments all over the country. Seven banks forming subsidiary of State Bank of India was nationalized in 1960 on 19th July, 1969, major process of nationalization was carried out. It was the effort of the then City Minister of India, Mrs. Indira Gandhi. 14 major commercial banks in the country were nationalized. Second phase of nationalization Indian Banking Sector Reform was carried out in 1980 with seven more banks. This step brought 80% of the banking segment in India under Government ownership. The following are the steps taken by the Government of India to Regulate Banking Institutions in the Country: . 1949: Enactment of Banking Regulation Act. . 1955: Nationalization of State Bank of India. . 1959: Nationalization of SBI subsidiaries. . 1961: Insurance cover extended to deposits. . 1969: Nationalization of 14 major banks. . 1971: Creation of credit guarantee corporation. . 1975: Creation of regional rural banks. . 1980: Nationalization of seven banks with deposits over 200 crore. Banking in the sunshine of Government ownership gave the public implicit faith and immense confidence about the sustainability of these institutions.
PHASE III
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This phase has introduced many more products and facilities in the banking sector in its reforms measure. In 1991, under the chairmanship of M Narasimham, a committee was set up by his name which worked for the liberalization of banking practices. The country is flooded with foreign banks and their ATM stations. Efforts are being put to give a satisfactory service to customers. Phone banking and net banking is introduced. The entire system became more convenient and swift. Time is given more importance than money. The financial system of India has shown a great deal of resilience. It is sheltered from any crisis triggered by any external macroeconomics shock as other East Asian Countries suffered. This is all due to a flexible exchange rate regime, the foreign reserves are high, the capital account is not yet fully convertible, and banks and their customers have limited foreign exchange exposure.
RESERVE BANK OF INDIA (RBI)

The central bank of the country is the Reserve Bank of India (RBI). It was established in April 1935 with a share capital of Rs. 5 crores on the basis of the recommendations of the Hilton Young Commission. The share capital was divided into shares of Rs. 100 each fully paid which was entirely owned by private shareholders in the beginning. The Government held shares of nominal value of Rs. 2, 20,000 Reserve Bank of India was nationalized in the year 1949. The general superintendence and direction of the Bank is entrusted to Central Board of Directors of 20 members, the Governor and four Deputy Governors, one Government official from the Ministry of Finance, ten nominated Directors by the Government to give representation to important elements in the economic life of the country, and four nominated Directors by the Central Government to B.M. Collage of Business Administration Page 15

represent the four local Boards with the headquarters at Mumbai, Kolkata, Chennai and New Delhi. Local Boards consist of five members each Central Government appointed for a term of four years to represent territorial and economic interests and the interests of co-operative and indigenous banks. The Reserve Bank of India Act, 1934 was commenced on April 1, 1935. The Act, 1934 (II of 1934) provides the statutory basis of the functioning of the Bank. The Bank was constituted for the need of following:
. To regulate the issue of banknotes
to maintain reserves with a view to
securing monetary stability and . To operate the credit and currency system of the country to its advantage
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ORGANISATION STRUCTURE OF RBI THE BANKING SYSTEM

Almost 80% of the business is still controlled by Public Sector Banks (PSBs). PSBs are still dominating the commercial banking system. Shares of the leading PSBs are already listed on the stock exchanges. The RBI has given licenses to new private sector banks as part of the liberalization process. The RBI has also been granting licenses to industrial houses. Many banks are successfully running in the retail and consumer segments but are yet to deliver services to industrial finance, retail trade, small business and agricultural finance. The PSBs will play an important role in the industry due to its number of branches and foreign banks facing the constraint of limited number of branches. Hence, in order to achieve an efficient banking system, the onus is on the Government to encourage the PSBs to be run on professional lines.
BANKING SECTORS IN INDIA

BANKS
Public
Private
Co-operative bank
Regional Rural bank
Foreign bank
Sector bank sector bank
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CO-OPERATIVE BANKS
The Co-operative banks have a history of almost 100 years. The Cooperative banks are an important constituent of the Indian Financial System, judging by the role assigned to them, the expectations they are supposed to fulfill, their number, and the number of offices they operate. The co-operative movement originated in the West, but the importance that such banks have assumed in India is rarely paralleled anywhere else in the world. Their role in rural financing continues to be important even today, and their business in the urban areas also has increased phenomenally in recent years mainly due to the sharp increase in the number of primary co-operative banks. Some of the co-operative banks are quite forward looking and have developed sufficient core competencies to challenge state and private sector banks. According to NAFCUB the total deposits & landings of Co-operative Banks is much more than Old Private Sector Banks & also the New Private Sector Banks. This exponential growth of Co-operative Banks is attributed mainly to their much better local reach, personal interaction with customers, and their ability to catch the nerve of the local clientele. Though registered under the Co-operative Societies Act of the Respective States (where formed originally) the banking related activities of the co-operative banks are also regulated by the Reserve Bank of India. They are governed by the Banking Regulations Act 1949 and Banking Laws (Cooperative Societies) Act, 1965.
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CO-OPERATIVE BANKS FINANCE RURAL AREA AS UNDER
. Farming . Cattle . Milk . Hatchery . Personal finance
CO-OPERATIVE BANKS FINANCE URBEN AREA AS UNDER

. Self-employment . Industries . Small scale units . Home finance . Consumer finance . Personal finance
FACTS ABOUT CO-OPERATIVE BANK

. Some cooperative banks in India are more forward than many of the state and private sector banks. . According to NAFCUB the total deposits & landings of Cooperative Banks in India is much more than Old Private Sector Banks & also the New Private Sector Banks.
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. This exponential growth of Co operative Banks in India is attributed mainly to their much better local reach, personal interaction with customers, and their ability to catch the nerve of the local client.
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CHAPTER: 6 INTRODUCTION OF CITY CO-OP. BANK LTD
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CITY BANK
INTRODUCTION OF BANK B.M. Collage of Business Administration Page 22

City is a name of the bank where the bank is ready to serve its banking services to all customers. The bank is governed by the Gujarat co-operative societies act, a legislation enacted by the state of Gujarat in India. The bank have follows continues A Grade Audit systems and it is the Grade A bank till now. The city co-operative bank was started in 1996.City co-operative bank ltd was promoted by an experienced and visionary entrepreneur named Mr. MANOJ PATEL; he is the Founder Chair person of the bank and continues to supervise its growth and development. The Bank started off with exemplary combination of talented Board & potential staff team, stuffed with extreme professionalism and well designed contours of working method. The bank started as a paperless unit employing Tele-banking, Remote banking, Off-time banking, Sunday banking, Holiday banking and many more allied methodologies from the very beginning right from the D-day. The bank emerged as an exemplary unit offering a wide range of specialized services in various sectors. Unlike majority of the banks where working timings are linked with employee-convenience, CITY BANK decided to hold timings as per convenience of the cluster of clients whom it caters. In the line with the same philosophy some of their branches in the residential area work all the seven days of the week, without a break. They work on Sundays w/o any alternative drop during the week. Likewise to focus special attention on the senior citizens the bank offers to credit monthly interest in their account with any bank before 5th day of every month. SOCIAL OBLIGATIONS B.M. Collage of Business Administration Page 23

City bank does not lag behind in offering contribution for the social activities, particularly in the field of education and medicines. Out of activities particularly in the field of education and medicines, Out of the substantial profits earned by the City bank every year after the year, several goodwill gestures are made such as, . City Bank conference Hall at KP college of Commerce Surat . City Bank computer Center at the Engineering College runs by the Sarvajanik Education Society of Surat . Contribution for relief services under the auspices of the service organization Chhaydo offered at the civil medical campus for patients and their caretakers coming from the surrounding villages. . Charity Contribution towards Mahavir Cardiac Hospital of Rs. 11,25,000/in the year 2000-01 BANKS SERVICES LIFE INSURANCE Bank has tied with Aviva Life Insurance Co ltd. It is joint venture between Dabur Indian FMCG Co & AVIVA UKs No 1 & worlds No 5 insurance co. All the branches are offering all the insurance products of AVIVA viz for child education, daughters marriage, retirement solution, term plan etc.
GENERAL INSURANCE Bank has tied with IFFCO-TOKIYO General Insurance. It is joint venture between IFFCO a big fertilizer company in co-operative sector & TOKIYO General Insurance Japans No 1 & worlds No 5 General Insurance Co. All B.M. Collage of Business Administration Page 24

the branches are offering all the products viz Mediclaim, Accident insurance, Vehicle Insurance, House Insurance, factory & Shop keeping Insurance. MUTUAL FUND Bank has tied with Principal PNB Mutual Fund, UTI, Benchmark, ICICI Prudential, SBI Mutual Fund, Lotus India, Reliance Mutual Fund, Kotak Mahindra, Birla Sunlight, Sundram BNP Pari Bar Mutual. LOCKERS Rent free locker facilities are available in Baroda at Kareli Baug, at Bharuch, Navsari & at following branches of Surat 1. Ring Road Branch 2. Abhishek Branch 3. City Light Branch 4. Puna Kumbharia Road Branch 5. Udhna Magdalla Branch 6. Ved Road(Katargam)Branch 7. Patel Park Branch(Adajan)
BOARD OF DIRECTORS
NO.
NAME
DESIGNATION
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1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Shri. Piyushbahi Patel Shri. Balvanbhai Patel Shri. Manojbhai Patel Shri. Dharmeshbhai Patel Shri. Anandbhai Kalgude Shri. Amaratbhai Brachmabhatt Shri. Dineshbhai Tamakuwala Shri. Gaurang Rushi Shri. Jayshreeben Talati Shri. Umeshabhai Patel Chairman Vice Chairman Director Director Director Director Director Director Director Director
ORGANISATION STRUCTURE
(CHAIRMAN)
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(DIRECTORS)
(CEO) (CHIEF MANAGER) (DIVISIONAL MANAGER) (AREA MANAGER) (BRANCH MANAGER) (OFFICER/CLERK)
BALANCE SHEET
(Rs. in lacs)
Liabilities
Share Capital
2006
293.23
2007
340.79
Assets
Cash & Bank
2006
1919.33
2007
1822.38
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Reserve Profit & Loss a/c Deposits Borrowing Other Liab. & Prov. 1987.08 305.76 15449.44 0.11 639.43 18675.05 2282.11 236.37 19946.37 69.38 1327.75 24202.77 18675.05 24202.77 Investment Advances Fixed Assets Other Assets 9326.22 7093.63 154.86 181.01 11106.55 10340.26 284.70 648.88
PROFIT & LOSS ACCOUNT

(Rs. in lacs)
Income
Interest & Comm. Other Income
2006
2007
Expenses
Interest paid Operating Exp. Depreciation Provisions Profit for the year
2006
816.59 390.48 46.45 12.86 305.76 1572.14
2007
956.84 526.34 46.52 112.94 236.37 1879.01
1443.10 1769.56 129.04 109.45
1572.14 1879.01
BRANCHES
1 Main Branch 20, Belgium Chamber, Delhi Gate Ring Road Suart-3. B.M. Collage of Business Administration Page 28
2. Rander Branch 11, Patel Park, Tadwadi,Rander Road, Surat-9. 3. Adajan Branch 2, River Park Row House, Adajan Surat-9. 4 Ved Katargam Branch 24 Ground Floor Parth Building,Singapoor (ved) Katargam, Surat. 5. Abhishak Branch 1,Balaji Market , Ring Road, Surat 2. 6. Udhana Magdalla Branch 11,Udhana Magdalla Road, Surat 7. 7. City Light Branch UG-14 Hira Panna Shopping Mall, City Light Road Surat- 7.
8. Puna Kumbharia Branch 6,Trapti Plaza, Nr.Sahara Darwaja,Puna KumbhariaRoad Surat .
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CHAPTER: 7 INTRODUCTION OF NON-PERFORMING ASSETS
NON-PERFORMING ASSETS
. MEANING
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An asset becomes non-performing when it ceases to generate income for the bank. Earlier an asset was considered as non performing asset based on the concept of past due.
. DEFINITION A NPA was defined as credit in respect of which interest and/or installment of principal has remained past due for a specific period of time. The specific period of time was reduced in a phased manner as under:
Year ended March,31 1993 1994 1995 2004
Specific Period 4 Quarters 3 Quarters 2 Quarters 1 Quarters
An amount is considered as past due, when it remains outstanding for 30 days beyond the due date. However, with effect from March31, 2001 the past due concept has been dispensed with and the period is reckoned from the due date of payment.
. NORMS FOR IDENTIFICATION OF NPA
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With an intense to use the international best practice and to ensure greater transparency, 90 days overdue norms are accepted for the identification of NPA from the year ended March 31, 2004. With effect from March 31, 2004, a NPA shall be counted on loan and advances where: A. Interest and / or installment of principal remain overdue for a period of more than 90 days in respect of a term loan. B. The account remains out of order for a period of 90 days, in respect of an Overdraft/ Cash Credit (OD/CC). C. The bill remains overdue for a period of more than 90 days in the case of bills purchased and discounted. D. Any amount to be received remains overdue for a period of more than 90 days in respect of any other accounts.
Tier 2 bank like all the Urban Co-Operative Banks (UCBs) other than the Tier 1 bank i.e. Unit bank shall classify their loan accounts as NPA as per 90 day norm as hitherto.
FACTORS RESPONSIBLE FOR NPA

. Improper selection of borrowers activities B.M. Collage of Business Administration Page 32

. Weak credit appraisal system . Industrial problem . Inefficiency in management of borrower . Slackness in credit management & monitoring . Lack of proper follow up by bank . Recession in the market . Due to natural calamities and other uncertainties
INDIAN ECONOMY AND NPA

Gross NPAs (non-performing assets) in Indian banking sector have declined sharply to close to 3.0 per cent in 2006 (15.7 per cent at end-March 1997). Net NPAs of the banking sector are now at close to one per cent and the gap between the gross and net NPAs has narrowed over the years. Recovery of dues is also more than the fresh slippages. The decline in NPAs is particularly significant as income recognition, asset classification and provisioning norms were tightened over the years. For instance, banks now follow 90-day delinquency norm as against 180-day earlier. Banks are also required to make general provisioning (0.40 per cent) for standard advances. According to Reserve Bank of India, improved profitability, underpinned by robust macroeconomic environment and upturn in interest rate cycle, has enabled banks to reduce the backlog of NPAs.
NARSIMHAN COMMITTEE
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. FIRST COMMITTEE The committee on financial system, also known as Narsimhan Committee, under the chairmanship of Shri M. Narsimhan, appointed by the RBI recommended the introduction of these prudential accounting norms by Indian Banks in its report submitted in December 1991. The committee was of view of that A. If banks want to know the true and fair financial health of bank then they should observed the prudential accounting norms while making balance sheet and profit & loss account. B. Classification of assets has to be done on the basis of objective criteria. C. Provisioning should be made on the basis of classification into four different categories. The income recognition, Assets Classification and provisioning norms also known as Prudential Accounting Norms, provided that a bank should not show profit which is merely a book profit by resorting to practice like debiting interest to a loan account irrespective of its chance of recovery and booking the same as income or by not making provisions towards loan losses. . NARSIMHAN COMMITTEES RECOMMENATIONS @. Committee has suggested that banks should operate on the basis of financial autonomy and operational flexibility. @. It has recommended Capital Adequacy Norm of 8% @. These norms are applicable to all UCBs from 1st April, 1992. . SECOND COMMITTEE
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The first committee had made recommendations in 1991, which had resulted in basic changes in the matter of treatment of income, assets classification and provisioning norms, etcit was considered necessary for government to continue the improvement with striker rules in future also and for that second committee was made to continue changes with certain modifications. The second committee includes the following points: 1. If bank is working in foreign countries at presently then for them the Capital Adequacy Norm is 9% which was 8% earlier. 2. Banks cant classify the account as NPA which are guaranteed by the Central / State government, effective from the year 2000-2001. 3. As per the existing norms, no provisions for standard assets but from March 31st 2000, there is a norm of 0.25 percent on standard assets. 4. Banks have to make a provision of 2.5% on their investment in Government securities with effect from the year ending 31st March, 2000. In future, this provision is likely to be raised to 5%. 5. The present norm is of 180 days for the account to be treated as NPA but after 31st March, 2000, this period is reduced to 90 days only. 5. Banks have been asked to reduce the level of NPA to 5% of their total advances till 31st March, 2000. The percentage has to be brought down to less than 3% with effect from 31st March, 2002.
ASSETS CLASSIFICATION
. CHART OF ASSETS CLASSIFICATION B.M. Collage of Business Administration Page 35
ASSETS
PERFORMING ASSETS OR STANDERED ASSETS
NON-PERFORMING ASSETS
SUB-STANDERED ASSETS
DOUBTFUL ASSETS
LOSS ASSETS
LESS THAN 1 YEAR
1 TO 3 YEARS
ABOVE 3 YEARS
. DEFINITION AS PER THE CLASSIFICATION OF ASSETS
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Reserve Bank of India (RBI) has issued guidelines on provisioning requirement with respect to bank advances. In terms of these guidelines, bank advances are mainly classified in to following categories: 1. STANDARD ASSETS: Standard assets are one which does not carry any problems and which does not carry more than normal risk attached to the business.Such assets should not be an NPA. 2. SUB-STANDARD ASSETS: These assets involved the two types of view as follows In respect to the norms of March 31, 2005 an asset would be classified as Sub standard if it remained NPA for a period less than or equal to 12 months. An assets where the terms of the loan agreement regarding interest & principal have been regenerated or rescheduled after commencement of production, should be classified as sub-standard and should remain in such category for at least 12 months of satisfactory performance under the renegotiated terms. 3. DOUBTFUL ASSETS: In respect to the norms of March 31, 2005 an asset is required to be classified as doubtful, if it has remained NPA for more than 12 months. A loan which is classified as doubtful has all the weaknesses inherent as that classified as Sub-standard with the added characteristic that the weaknesses make collection or liquidation in full, on the basis of the currently known facts, conditions and values, highly questionable and improbable. Some types of these assets are
A. Less than 1 year B. 1 to 3 year B.M. Collage of Business Administration Page 37

C. 3 year and above 4. LOSS ASSETS A loss asset is one where loss has been identified by the bank or internal or external auditors or by the Co-operation department or by the RBI inspection but the amount has not been written of, wholly or partly.
READY RECKONER FOR ASSET CLASSIFICATION


NO. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. WHEN DATE OF NPA ASSET FALLS? Between 1-10-2006 & 31-032007 Between 1-10-2005 & 30-092006 Between 1-10-2003 & 30-092002 On or before 30-09-2003 No NPA date No security or salvage value of security is less than 5% Chance of realization of dues 7. from all available sources is practically negligible or zero. Account has been identified by the bank or internal/external 8. auditors or RBI inspectors as loss assets, which has not been written off. CLASSIFICATION
AS ON 31-03-2007 Sub-Standard assets Doubtful up to 1 year Doubtful asset of 1 year to 3 year Doubtful asset of more than 3 year Loss asset
GUIDELINES FOR CLASSIFICATION OF ASSETS

The guidelines are as follows 1. BASIC CONSIDERATION: B.M. Collage of Business Administration Page 39
In simple terms the classification of assets should be done by considering the well defined credit weaknesses & extent of dependence on collateral security for realization of dues. In accounts where there is a potential threat to recovery on account and existence of other factor such as fraud committed by borrowers it will not be prudent for bank to classify that account first as sub-standard and then as doubtful. Such account should be straight away classified as doubtful asset or loss asset, as appropriate, irrespective of the period for which it has remained as NPA. 2. ADVANCES GRANTED UNDER REHABILITATION
PACKAGES: Banks are not permitted to do classification of any advances in respect of which the term have been re-negotiated unless the package of re-negotiated terms has worked satisfactory for a period of one year. A similar relaxation is also made in respect of SSI units which are identified as sick by banks themselves and where rehabilitation packages programs have been drawn by the banks themselves or under consortium arrangements.
3. INTERNAL SYSTEM FOR CLASSIFICATION OF ASSETS AS NPA: Banks should establish appropriate internal systems to eliminate the tendency to delay or postpone the identification of NPAs, especially in respect of high value accounts. The banks may fix a minimum cut-off point to decide B.M. Collage of Business Administration Page 40

what would constitute a high value account depending upon their respective business levels. The cut-off point should be valid for the entire accounting year. Responsibility and validation level for proper assets classification may be fixed by bank. The system should ensure that doubts in asset classification due to any reason are settled through specified internal channels with in one month from the date on which the account would have been classified as NPA as per extant guidelines.
INCOME RECOGNITION POLICY

According to the act of 1st April, 1992 the income recognition policy is as follows The policy of income recognition has to be objective and based on the record of recovery. Income from non-performing assets is not recognized on accrual basis but is booked as income only when it is actually received. Therefore, banks should not take to income account interest on non-performing assets on accrual basis. However, interest on advances against term deposits, NSCs, IVPs, KVPs, and Life policies may be taken to income account on the due date, provided adequate margin is available in the accounts. Fees and commissions earned by the banks as a result of re-negotiations or rescheduling of outstanding debt should be recognized on an accrual basis over the period of time covered by the re-negotiated or rescheduled extension of credit.
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If Government guaranteed advances becomes overdue and there by NPA, the interest on such advances should not be taken to income account unless the interest has been realized.
PROVISIONING NORMS
According to the norms the provisions should be made on the nonperforming assets on the basis of classification of assets as we have already discussed. Taking in to account this provisioning norms the banks have to make provision on different assets like Loss Assets, Doubtful Assets and Standard Assets as below :-> ( | ). LOSS ASSETS The entire assets should be written off after obtaining necessary approval from the competent authority and as per the provisions act of C0-operative society Act. If the assets are permitted to remain in the books for any reason, 100% of the outstanding should be provided for. If expected salvage value of the loss asset is negligible then 100% provision should be made on it.
( || ). SUB-STANDARD ASSETS A general provision of 10% on the total outstanding should be made on the advances given. B.M. Collage of Business Administration Page 42

( ||| ). DOUBTFUL ASSETS On doubtful assets provision is made from 20% to 100% as per the period of asset. The table below shows the provision on doubtful assets.
Period for which the advance has remained in doubtful category Up to one year One to Three year More than Three year ( | ) Outstanding NPA as on March 31,2007
Provision Requirement 20% 30% - 50% as on March 31, 2007 - 60% as on March 31, 2008 - 75% as on March 31, 2009 - 100% as on March 31, 2010
( || ) Advances classified as doubtful for more than three years on or after April1, 2007
-100%
( |V ). STANDARD ASSETS From the year ended March 31, 2000, the banks should make a general provision of a minimum of 0.25% on the standard assets. However, Tier 2 banks are required to do higher provisioning on standard assets as under:A. General provisioning requirement is 0.40% from the present level of 0.25%. But incase of agriculture or in SME investors the provisioning rate is required to be 0.25%. ( V| ). HIGHER PROVISIONS B.M. Collage of Business Administration Page 43
There is no objection if the banks create bad and doubtful debts reserve beyond the specified limits on their own or if provided in the respective State Co-operative Societies Acts.
MANAGEMENT OF NPA
t is very necessary for bank to keep the level of NPA as low as possible. Because NPA is one kind of obstacle in the success of bank so, for that the management of NPA in bank is necessary. And this management can be done by following way: . Framing reasonably well documented loan policy and rules. . Sound credit appraisal on well-settled banking norms. . Emphasizing reduction in Gross NPAs rather then Net NPAs . Pasting of sale notice/ wall posters on the house pledged as security. . Recovery effort starts from the month of default itself. Prompt legal action should be taken. . Position of overdue accounts is reviewed on a weekly basis to arrest slippage of fresh account to NPA. . Half yearly balance confirmation certificates are obtained from the borrowers regularly. . A committee is constituted at Head Office, to review irregular accounts. . Due to lower credit risk and consequent higher profitability, greater encouragement is given to small borrowers. . Recovery competition system is extended among the staff members. The recovering highest amount is felicitated. . Adopting the system of market intelligence for deciding the credibility of the borrowers . Creation of a separate Recovery Department with Special Recovery Officer appointed by the RCS
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RECOVERY OF NPA
. IMPORTANCE OF RECOVERY: 1. Increase in the income of bank. 2. Increase in the trust of share holder in bank. 3. Level of NPA reduces as the recovery done. 4. Decrease in provisioning requirements.
. STEPS TAKEN BY GOVERNMENT TO RECOVERING NPA: 1. SECURITIZATION ACT @. Now this act is also applicable to all Urban Co-Operative Banks. @. According to this act Bank can take direct possession of the movable and immovable property mortgages against loans and sell out the same for such recovery, without depending on legal process in the court. 2. Gujarat state has also by amending under co-op soc, act empower co-op bank to appoint their staff as recovery officer on getting order from the board of nominees. Above both act are benefited to bank for the recovery of NPA.
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CHAPTER: 8
CITY BANK & NON-PERFORMING ASSETS
CREDIT APPRAISAL POLICY AT CITY BANK

. INTRODUCTION At the time of registration of bank, Loan rules were framed and approved by the DRCS, Surat. Thereafter with the approval of Board, loan rules were changed considering guidelines issued by RBI from time to time. Now in view to increasing branch network in numbers of geographically also, one common document viz. Appraisal policy is framed. B.M. Collage of Business Administration Page 47
. POLICY ON PRE-SANCTION 1. Application for loan should be in standardized form as devised by the bank. 2. Branch to collect all the papers/information/documents as suggested in the respective application form. 3. Branch to visit the borrowers office/factory/residence and to satisfy themselves before recommending any loan to higher authority and to keep record of such visit. 4. If applicant maintains loan/current/saving account with any other bank/financial institutions, branch to verify such account statement and to satisfy them. 5. Branch to ascertain the promptness of applicant in making payment of Power bill/Property Tax/LIC Premium/Existing loan interest or installment, before recommending the proposal to higher authority.
. APPRAISAL A. WORKING CAPITAL FACILITY 1. Working capital requirement to be assessed properly considering past performance, holding period for debtors as also for inventory at various level, sales, etc 2. Working capital facilities beyond Rs. 5 lacs should not be considered in the form of overdraft. B.M. Collage of Business Administration Page 48
3. Margin for CC against stock be 30% and for receivables 50%. B. TERM FINANCE 1. term loan limit to be arrived @ 25% margin in respect of Machinery/Equipment and Vehicles while 50% against land & building, electrification, furniture fixtures. 2. Sources for margin money to be ascertained. 3. Repayment capacity, considering existing earning to be ascertained. 4. Moratorium period to be fixed considering time required going in for commercial production. C. GENERAL 1. Credit facilities should not exceed segment wise, individual as also group exposures.
2. in case of switch over from other bank, branch to obtain credit information report from the concerned bank. 3. In case of existing borrower/group borrower, branch to satisfy themselves about their dealing with the bank. . EXPOSURE As per the RBI guidelines per party exposure is restricted to 15% of share capital and Free Reserves and group exposures it is 40%. RBI has given liberty to recalculate the exposure on the basis of profitability of September
Page 49

half. However irrespective of these it is restricted at lower level i.e. Rs.1.55 crore for individual and Rs.3.50 crores for group. . SANCTIONING AUTHORITY 1. AGM Rs.1.00 lac for all types of fresh loan except staff loan and lacs for renewal 2. CEO Rs.2.00 lacs for all types of fresh loan except staff housing loan and Rs.4.00 lacs for renewal 3. COE Committee of executives comprising of all the executives shall have authority to grant all type of fresh loan up to Rs.15.00 lacs except loan against FDR/LIC/GOVT. security and staff housing loan as also renewal of all working capital facilities irrespective of limit. 4. Chairman/Vice Chairman/Founder Chairman Loan against FDR/LIC/GOVT. security and any adhoc request. Rs.2.00
5. LOAN COMMITTEE All types of loans to single borrower up to Rs.77.50 lacs and Rs.1.75 crores for group borrower. 6. BOARD All types of loan within exposure ceiling for individual and group borrower.
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. DISBURSAL FORMALITIES A. WORKING CAPITAL FACILITY 1. Fresh/additional limit against stock to be released only after party obtains adequate insurance for stock and submit stock/book debts statement. 2. In case of new unit, working capital facility to be released, only after the unit starts commercial production. B. TERM FINANCE 1. So far as possible, disbursement to be made by direct payment to seller. 2. At every time of disbursement, matching contribution to be made by the borrower. 3. Immediately after disbursement, branch to follow up insurance policy, receipt for payment made, invoice etc C. GENERAL 1. Disbursement to be made only after complying with all the terms and conditions of sanction, complete documentation and obtaining disbursal authority. 2. In case of Private Ltd. Company, charge with ROC to be registered immediately on disbursal of credit facility. 3. Before disbursal branch to ensure that borrowers/guarantors become member of the bank. . POST SANCTION A. TERM FINANCE
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1. On installation of machineries branch to inspect the unit and to ensure that machineries as per sanction is received & place the inspection report on record. 2. At least twice a year, branch to inspect the unit to ensure that machineries financed by the bank are in running condition. B. WORKING CAPITAL 1. No finance to be considered against inter-firm receivable and for the receivables of more than 90 days. 2. Drawing power to be arrived at regularly every month on the basis of stock statement/book debt statement submitted by the party. 3. Branch to ensure that receipt and payment through CC/OD accounts represent genuine business transactions. 4. Branch to carry out inspection of the unit at least on quarterly basis.
@. Renewal of working capital facility 1. Personal balance sheet of proprietor/partner/directors is also to be obtained. 2. Branch to submit the renewal papers along with memorandum for renewal to higher authority for renewal, with its comments on performance with the bank, financial performance viz. sales, profit etc
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3. If financial performance does not justify the limit at current level, branch to persuade the party to reduce the limit. 4. Where the accounts are statutorily required to be audited, branch to obtain audited accounts at the time of renewal.
NPA NORMS OF CITY BANK

. CLASSIFICATION: 1. SUB STANDARD ASSETS Overdue of 90 days and for loan up to Rs.1.00 lacs overdue for 6 months NPA up to 12 months remain in sub standard assets. 2. DOUBTFUL ASSETS NPA for more than 12 months is doubtful assets. . PROVISION: 1. STANDARD ASSETS 0.25% of standard assets in SME and direct agriculture advances. 0.40% in case of all other standard loans 1.00% for personal loan, Commercial Real Estate Loan, Loan against shares And for housing loan up to Rs.20.00 lacs the provision is 2.00%. 2. SUB STANDARD ASSETS 10% of sub standard assets 3. DOUBTFUL ASSETS 20% for NPA from 13 months to 24 months B.M. Collage of Business Administration Page 53

30% for NPA from 25 months to 48 months 50% for NPA from 49 months and above 100% for loss assets
RECOVERY POLICY AT CITY BANK

. BANKS POLICY: At present they are making recovery but procedure for the same is not documented in the form of policy. Although the bank is committed to collection/recovery of its dues but the dignity of and respect for the customer is central to their recovery policy. The policy is framed on the principal of courtesy, fair treatment and persuasion. . GUIDELINES FOR BRANCH/RECOVERY STAFF: All the branches of City bank have to follow the following guidelines 1. Branch to continuously inform the borrower about the due date of repayment schedule. Recovery efforts to starts from the first month of default itself. 2. Position of overdue account to be reviewed on the monthly basis to arrest slippage of fresh accounts to NPA category. 3. If the branch does not get response from the borrower for paying the amount, they have to visit the unit and meet with the borrower. During visit to customers place for collection of dues, decency and decorum would be maintained and customers privacy would be respected as far as practicable. B.M. Collage of Business Administration Page 54
4. If the branch does not get any favorable response, during personal visit, they should write a notice letter to borrower. 5. If borrower still behaves irresponsible, they should meet the guarantor and ask guarantor to peruse the borrower. Guarantor must be informed about legal complication to arise if borrower fails to repay the dues. 6. On failure of all the recovery steps, branch to contact Area office/Control centre. 7. Area office/Control centre to call the borrower along with guarantor and try to find out the reason for overdue. If borrower is in genuine difficulty, problem to be resolved in a mutually acceptable and in an orderly manner. 8. If party behaves indifferent, legal actions must be initiated. In such case prompt legal action and seizure action to be taken. Preference to be given for steps under Securitization Act rather than go for filling a case in the court of Board of Nominees. 9. Reasonable notice would be given before Repossession of Security and its realization, unless the borrower is about to dispose of/remove the whole or any part of the security from the locality where it ordinarily remained or by whom it is used or caused to be remained or used, as the case may be, at the time of creation of security. 10. The aim of possession under Securitization or State co-op. Act will be to recover the dues and will not be aimed at whimsical deprivation of the property. The bank shall resort to repossession of B.M. Collage of Business Administration Page 55

the security only when the collection/recovery of dues is not forthcoming in spite of request made and the policy for repossession shall be in accordance with the terms and conditions of the loan documents and with in the legal framework. The policy fairness and transparency in repossession, valuation and realization of security.
CHAPTER: 9
ANALYSIS OF DATA
YEAR WISE NPA AT CITY BANK

. YEAR 2003 (RS. IN LACS) Details STANDARD ASSETS SUB-STANDARD ASSETS DOUBTFUL ASSETS LOSS ASSETS Amount 5912.67 189.75 316.69 14.64 %of Total 91.90084 2.949291 4.922324 0.22755
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TOTAL 6433.75 100
N P A OF 2003
LO S S A S S E TS 2755 0.2 D O U B TF U L A S S E TS 4.922324 % of Total S U B -S TA N D A R D A S S E TS 2.94929 1 S TA N D A R D A S S E TS 0 20 40 60 91.90084 80 100
ASSETS-->
V A L U ES -->
. YEAR 2004 (RS. IN LACS) Details STANDARD ASSETS SUB-STANDARD ASSETS DOUBTFUL ASSETS LOSS ASSETS TOTAL B.M. Collage of Business Administration Amount 6923.74 143.60 291.00 10.84 7369.18 %of Total 93.95 1.95 3.95 0.15 100 Page 58
N P A O F YE AR 2004
LO S S A S S E TS.1 5 0 D O U B TF U L A S S E TS.9 5 3 % o f To ta l S U B -S TA N D A R D A S S E TS5 1 .9 S TA N D A R D A S S E TS 0 20 40 60 9 3 .9 5 80 100
ASSETS-->
V A L U E S -->
. YEAR 2005 (RS. IN LACS) Details STANDARD ASSETS SUB-STANDARD ASSETS DOUBTFUL ASSETS LOSS ASSETS TOTAL Amount 7266.63 156.65 278.40 1.04 7707.72 %of Total 94.28 2.03 3.61 0.01 100
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N P A O F YE A R 2 0 0 5
LO S S A S S E TS 0.01 D O U B TF UL A S S E TS 3.61 % of Total S U B -S TA N D A RD A S S E TS 2.03 S TA ND A R D A S S E TS 0 20 40 60 80 94.28 100
ASSETS-->
V A L UES -->
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N P A OF YE AR 2006
L O S S A S S E TS 0 D O U B TF U L A S S E 3 .0 1 TS % o f To ta l S U B -S TA N D A R D A S S0 .1 7 E TS S TA N D A R D A S S E TS 0 9 6 .8 2
ASSETS-->
20 40 60 80 100 120 V A L U E S -->
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N P A O F YE A R 2 0 0 7
LO S S A S S E TS1.5 4 D O U B TF U L A S S E TS.5 2 % of To ta l S U B -S TA N D A R D A S S E1.16 TS S TA N D A R D A S S E TS 0 20 40 60 94.78 80 1 00
ASSETS-->
V A L U ES -->
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SEGMENTWISE CLASSIFICATION OF NPA
(RS. IN LACS)
2005 SEGMENT NO OF A/C 267 AMOUNT TOTAL ADVANCES 752.63 NPA 17.69 NO OF A/C 248
2006 AMOUNT TOTAL ADVANCES 641.90 NPA 20.21 NO OF A/C 343
2007 AMOUNT TOTAL ADVANCES 802.03 NPA 76.81
RETAIL TRADE
SMALL BUSINESS
31
46.48
4.38
25
44.17
20.15
122
88.02
50.93
SMALL SCALE IND
582
4021.55
210.74
642
3832.29
44.88
975
6323.86
180.86
CONSTRUCTION & REPAIRS
246
323.43
21.02
231
343.86
2.70
345
459.76
22.43
AGRICULTURE
3.72
0.00
0.00
0.00
517
115.64
0.12
SMALL ROAD & TRANSPORTATION
10
5.23
0.00
0.00
0.00
34
8.18
1.90
PROFESSIONAL
84
89.81
5.00
7.33
0.00
80
72.52
3.10
EDUCATION OTHER PRIORITY SECTOR OTHE NON PRIORITY SECTOR TOTAL
10.71
0.00
3.41
0.00
7.26
0.00
0 375 1599
0.00 2454.16 7707.72
0.00 177.26 436.09
55 285 1496
41.82 2178.85 7093.63
3.47 134.41 225.82
326 310 3055
68.05 2394.94 10340.26
16.42 186.20 538.77
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RATIO ANALYSIS To analyzed the NPA situation in bank and from that to know about the banks credit appraisal system and level of risk in bank I have done the ratio analysis. Ratio analysis is the tool which will help us to do financial analysis of bank. Some names of ratio are as follows:
1. GROSS NPA RATIO. 2. NET NPA RATIO. 3. PROBLEM ASSETS RATIO. 4. SHAREHOLDERS RISK RATIO. 5. PROVISION RATIO. 6. SUB-STANDARD ASSETS RATIO. 7. DOUBTFUL ASSETS RATIO. 8. LOSS ASSETS RATIO.
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1. GROSS NPA RATIO Gross NPA is the sum of the total assets which are classified as the NPA by bank at the end of every year. Gross NPA is the ratio of Gross NPA to Gross Advances. It is expressed in percentage form. Gross NPA Ratio = Gross NPA Gross Advances (RS. IN LACS) GROSS NPA RATIO (%) 8.10% 6.04% 5.68% 3.18% 5.21% * 100
YEAR 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007
GROSS NPA 521.08 445.44 436.09 225.82 538.77
GROSS ADVANCES 6433.75 7369.18 7707.72 7093.63 10340.26
G R O SS NPA R AT IO 9 .0 0 % 8 .0 0 % 7 .0 0 % 6 .0 0 % 5 .0 0 % 4 .0 0 % 3 .0 0 % 2 .0 0 % 1 .0 0 % 0 .0 0 % 8 .1 0% 6.0 4 % 5 .68 % 3 .18 %
PERCENTAGES-->
5 .2 1% R AT IO
2 0 03
20 0 4
2 00 5 Y EAR -->
2 0 06
20 0 7
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. ANALYSIS
Gross NPA ratio shows the banks credit appraisal policy. High Gross NPA ratio means bank have liberal appraisal policy and vice-versa. In city bank this ratio was 8.10% in March-2003 and it has been decreased from year 2003 to 2006 from 8.10% to 3.18%. But again in March-2007 this ratio reach at 5.21%. This variation was come because City bank has merged with Baroda dist. Co-op. bank in the financial year 2006-2007. However it is revels from the chart that banks Gross NPA ratio is continuously decreasing which is positive trend for bank and we can say that bank have good appraisal system.
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2. NET NPA RATIO The Net NPA Ratio is the ratio of net NPA to Net Advances. This ratio shows the degree of risk in banks portfolio. Net NPA ratio can be obtain by Gross NPA minus the NPA provisions divided by Net advances. Net NPA Ratio = Net NPA Net Advances (RS. IN LACS) NET NPA RATIO (%) 4.82% 0.00% 0.00% 0.00% 0.00% *100
YEAR 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007
NET NPA 299.13 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
NET ADVANCES 6211.80 6888.84 7236.74 6622.57 9733.62
Net NPA = Gross NPA Provision for NPA Net Advances = Gross NPA Provision for NPA
NET NPA RATIO 6.00% PERECNTAGE--> 5.00% 4.00% 3.00% 2.00% 1.00% 0.00% 2003 0.00% 2004 0.00% 2005 YEAR--> 0.00% 2006 0.00% 2007 NET NPA RATIO 4.82%
. ANALYSIS
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Net NPA ratio shows the degree of risk in portfolio of bank. High net NPA ratio means banks dont have enough fund to do provision against the Gross NPA. In City Bank Net NPA ratio was 4.82% in year March-2003 which shows that in that year bank had not enough fund for provisions. But after that from March-2004 to March2007 Net NPA ratio is 0.00% which shows that bank has now enough provision capacity. So, here the degree of risk is less. City bank has done more provision every year which is good at one side but at other side it also reduces the profit of bank. And shareholder will get fewer dividends. When all bank will do provision then Net NPA will become zero but if we want to know the true and fair situation of bank we must consider the Gross NPA of bank.
3. PROBLEM ASSETS RATIO This ratio is also known as the Gross NPA to Total Assets ratio. This ratio shows the percentage of risk on the total assets of the bank. High ratio means high risk for bank. Problem Assets Ratio = Gross NPA Total Assets (RS. IN LACS) PROBLEM YEAR 2003 2004 GROSS NPA 521.08 445.44 TOTAL ASSETS 13381.91 15935.97 ASSETS RATIO (%) 3.89% 2.80% Page 68 *100

2005 2006 2007 436.09 225.82 538.77 16337.35 18675.05 24202.77 2.69% 1.21% 2.23%
PROBLEM ASSETS RATIO 4.50% 4.00% 3.50% 3.00% 2.50% 2.00% 1.50% 1.00% 0.50% 0.00%
3.89% 2.80% 2.69% 2.23% 1.21% PROBLEM ASSETS RATIO
PERCENTAGE-->
2003
2004
2005 YEAR-->
2006
2007
. ANALYSIS This ratio shows the percentage of risk on the assets of bank. It shows the level of risk on banks assets. High ratio shows the high risk on liquidity. In City Bank this ratio was 3.89% in March-2003 and after that it has been decreased from 3.89% to 1.21% in March-2006. But again it increase to 2.23% in March-2007 because in that year City Bank was merged with Baroda dist. Co-op. bank in the financial year 2006-2007. This ratio is continuously decreasing in bank except in March-2007. But overall this ratio is good for bank which indicates the level of risk is low in bank.
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4. SHAREHOLDERS RISK RATIO

It is the ratio of Net NPA to Total capital and reserve of bank.
Shareholders risk Ratio =
Net NPA Total Capital & Reserve
*100
YEAR 2003 2004
NET NPA 299.13 0.00
TOTAL CAPITAL & RESERVE 1793.76 2075.06
(RS. IN LACS) SHAREHOLDERS RISK RATIO (%) 16.68% 0.00%
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2005 2006 2007 0.00 0.00 0.00 2262.39 2551.64 3014.58 0.00% 0.00% 0.00%
S HARE HOLDERS RIS K RA TIO 18.00% 16.68% 16.00% 14.00% 12.00% 10.00% 8.00% 6.00% 4.00% 2.00% 0.00% 0.00% 0.00% 0.00% 0.00% 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 YEAR-->
PERCENTAGE-->
S HAREHOLDERS RISK RA TIO
. ANALYSIS This ratio shows the degree of risk with share holders investment. High ratio means high ratio with the investment. In City Bank this ratio was 16.68% in year March-2003 which shows that in that year risk on share holders investment was quite high but after that this ratio is 0.00% up to year March-2007, which shows that Bank have enough capacity for provision and the risk on investment is nil. As we know that this ratio is 0.00% show the risk is nil but on the other side because of more provision the profit will decrease and the shareholder will get less dividends. B.M. Collage of Business Administration Page 71
5. PROVISION RATIO
Provisions are to be made against the Gross NPA of bank. As bank make provision for NPA it directly affects the profit of bank. This ratio shows the relation of total provision to Gross NPA. Provision Ratio = Total Provision Gross NPA (RS. IN LACS) YEAR TOTAL PROVISION PROVISION GROSS NPA RATIO (%) *100
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2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 221.95 480.34 470.98 471.06 606.64 521.08 445.44 436.09 225.82 538.77 42.59% 107.83% 108.00% 208.59% 112.60%
PROVISION RATIO 250.00% PERCENTAGE--> 200.00% 150.00% 100.00% 50.00% 0.00% 2003 2004 2005 YEAR--> 2006 2007 42.59% 112.60%
208.59%
107.83%108.00%
PROVISION RATIO
. ANALYSIS
Provision ratio shows the degree of provision that is made against the Gross NPA of bank. As bank made the provision it directly affect the profit of bank and also the dividend payout ratio of bank too. If Provision ratio is less then it means that bank has make under provision and if provision is more then it means that it is over provision. In City Bank they have made 42.59% provision in March-2003 which shows that it was under provision but after that in March-2004 and March-2005 it is 107.83% and 108% respectively which indicate that provision was nearer to total amount of Gross NPA but in B.M. Collage of Business Administration Page 73

March-2006 the provision ratio reach at 208.59% which indicate that it is the very over provision. And again in March-2007 it is 112.60% which is fair ratio. City bank should make the provision in the range of 100% to 115%. The provision in March-2006 which is 208.59% is very high and it is not necessary to do that.
6. SUB-STANDARD ASSETS RATIO
Sub-standard Assets Ratio = Total Sub-standard Assets Gross NPA
*100 (RS. IN LACS) SUB-STANDARD ASSETS RATIO (%) 36.41% 32.24% 35.92%
YEAR 2003 2004 2005
SUB-STANDARD ASSETS 189.75 143.60 156.65
GROSS NPA 521.08 445.44 436.06
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2006 2007 12.24 120.12 225.82 538.77 5.42% 22.30%
S UB -S TA NDA RD A S S E TS RA TIO 40.00% 36.41% 35.00% PERCENTAGE--> 30.00% 25.00% 20.00% 15.00% 10.00% 5.00% 0.00% 2003 2004 2005 YEAR--> 2006 2007 5.42% 22.30% S UB -S TA NDA RD A S S E TS RA TIO 32.24% 35.92%
. ANALYSIS This ratio shows the percentage of Sub-Standard assets in the Gross NPA of bank. High Sub-Standard ratio means more proportion of Sub-Standard asset in the Gross NPA. High ratio shows that there is a chance of recovery of assets is high. In City bank this ratio was 36.41% in March-2003 which is good for bank and it is 5.42% in year March-2006 which is not good for bank. As the level of Sub-Standard assets are more the chances of recovery of NPA are high.
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7. DOUBTFUL ASSETS RATIO

It is the ratio of total doubtful assets to Gross NPA of the bank. Doubtful Asset Ratio = TOTAL DOUBTFUL ASSETS 316.69 291.00 278.40 Total Doubtful Assets *100 Gross NPA (RS. IN LACS) DOUBTFUL GROSS NPA ASSETS RATIO (%) 521.08 445.44 436.09 60.78% 65.33% 63.84% Page 76
YEAR 2003 2004 2005

2006 2007 213.58 258.80 225.82 538.77 94.58% 48.03%
DO UB TF UL A S S E TS RA TIO 94.58% 100.00% 90.00% 80.00% 65.33% 63.84% 70.00% 60.78% 60.00% 48.03% 50.00% 40.00% 30.00% 20.00% 10.00% 0.00% 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 YEAR-->
. ANALYSIS This ratio shows the percentage of Doubtful assets in the Gross NPA of bank. High Doubtful assets ratio means more proportion of Doubtful asset in the Gross NPA. More Doubtful assets means Bank should take action through recovery policy to reduce the level of Doubtful assets. As the Doubtful assets ratio is high which shows that bank should take quick action to reduce that level. This ratio should be less for the bank. B.M. Collage of Business Administration Page 77
PERCENTAGE-->
DO UB TF UL A S S E TS RA TIO
In City Co. Bank this ratio is in between from 60.00% to 65.00% in year from March-2003 to March-2005 but in March-2006 this ratio reach at 94.58% which indicate that bank must take some necessary action to recover it. And again in March-2007 this ratio decrease to 48.03% which is good for bank.
8. LOSS ASSETS RATIO

It is the ratio of Total loss assets to Gross NPA of bank.
Loss Assets Ratio =
Total loss Assets Gross NPA
*100 (RS. IN LACS) LOSS ASSETS RATIO (%) 2.81% 2.43% 0.24% 0.00% 29.67%
YEAR 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007
TOTAL LOSS ASSETS 14.64 10.84 1.04 0.00 159.85
GROSS NPA 521.08 445.44 436.09 225.82 538.77
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LOS S ASS ETS RATIO 35.00% 30.00% PERCENTAGE--> 25.00% 20.00% 15.00% 10.00% 5.00% 2.81% 2.43% 0.00% 0.24% 0.00% LOSS A SSE TS RA TIO
29.67%
2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 YEAR-->
. ANALYSIS This ratio shows the percentage of loss assets in the Gross NPA of bank. High loss assets ratio means more proportion of loss asset in the Gross NPA. This should be less in bank. The high ratio indicates that bank has more fraudulent account and it is bad for bank. The bank must take necessary action to reduce the level of loss assets. In City Co. Bank this ratio is 2.81% in March-2003 and from it reach at 0.00% in the year March-2006. This ratio is decreasing in bank which is good for bank but again in March2007 this ratio reaches at 29.67% which is the very high increase and it is very bad for bank. But the increase in the ratio of March-2007 is because bank was merged with Baroda dist. Co-op. bank in that year. Hence, bank should take some action to reduce the level of loss assets from the total NPA.
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FINDINGS FROM RATIO

As I have already analyze the ratio and from that I can say that banks financial condition is good. Hence, there is correction in the ratio of year 2007. And this correction is because of City bank was merged with Baroda Industrial co-op bank in year 2007. So, this effect of merging can be showing from the ratio of year 2007. From ratio I am able to find the following findings 1. The Gross NPA ratio of bank is 8.10% in the year 2003 after then it reaches to 5.21% in the year 2007. Hence, the idle gross NPA ratio is 5.00% and bank have 5.21%. So, we can say that banks financial condition is good. 2. Banks Net NPA ratio is 4.82% in the year 2003 and from 2004 to 2007 it remains 0.00% which is positive for bank. 3. The Problem assets ratio was 3.89% in the year 2003 which was the highest ratio and from that year it is decrease to 1.21% in the year 2006 which is good for bank. And this ratio is 2.23% in the year 2007.
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4. Provision ratio for the year 2003 is 42.59% which show that their was under provision in that year but in year 2007 this ratio is 112.60% which shows that bank have enough profit for the provision. 5. It will be considered good if the Sub-standard assets ratio is high. For City bank this ratio is 36.41% in the year 2003 which is good but it reaches to 5.42% in the year 2006 which is very bad for banks health. 6. Doubtful assets ratio should be low for the good health of bank and in City bank this ratio is 94.58% in the year 2006 which is very bad but in year 2007 this ratio decrease to 48.03% which is positive for bank. 7. Loss assets ratio should be zero and bank have 0.00% in the year 2006 which is good but in year 2007 this ratio reaches to 29.67% which is very rapid change with in a one year. And it is also bad for bank.
Page 81
CLASSIFICATION OF TOTAL NPA

(RS. IN LACS)
YEAR
SUBSTANDARD ASSETS DOUBTFUL ASSETS LOSS ASSETS TOTAL NPA
2005
156.65 278.40 1.04 436.09
2006
12.24 213.58 0.00 225.82
2007
120.12 258.80 159.85 538.77
Page 82
CLASSIFICATION OF NPA
600 500 400 300 200 100 0 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 YEAR--> PERCENTAGE-->
SUB-STANDARD ASSETS DOUBTFUL ASSETS LOSS ASSETS TOTAL NPA
CLASSIFICATION OF TOTAL ADVANCES

(RS. IN LACS)
YEAR
TOTAL NPA STANDARD ASSETS TOTAL ADVANCES
2003
521.08 5912.67 6433.75
2004
445.44 6923.74 7369.18
2005
436.09 7266.63 7707.72
2006
225.82 6867.81 7093.63
2007
538.77 9801.49 10340.26
Page 83
C L A S S IF IC A T IO N O F T O T A L A D V A N C E S
1200 0 1000 0 RS IN LACS--> 800 0 600 0 400 0 200 0 0 200 3 200 4 2005 200 6 200 7 YEA R --> TO TA L N P A S TA N D A R D A S S E TS TO TA L A D V A N C E S
CHAPTER: 10
CONCLUSION & SUGGESTION
CONCLUSION
Now as we know that NON-PERFORMING ASSETS is like a black spot on diamond. They affect the profit of bank and also the financial health of bank. This NPA have number of effects on banks working. During my training in bank I gathered as much as possible information about NPA from bank and on the basis my experience I conclude the following points: City Co. banks NPA level is decreasing year by year which good for bank.
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In year 2007 City banks own NPA is very low but because of merger with Baroda industrial co-op bank the level of NPA was increase. The Gross NPA ratio of bank is 8.10% in the year 2003 after then it reaches to 5.21% in the year 2007. Hence, the idle gross NPA ratio is 5.00% and bank have 5.21%. So, we can say that banks financial condition is good. Banks Net NPA ratio is 4.82% in the year 2003 and from 2004 to 2007 it remains 0.00% which is positive for bank. Loss assets ratio should be zero and bank have 0.00% in the year 2006 which is good but in year 2007 this ratio reaches to 29.67% which is very rapid change with in a one year. And it is also bad for bank. City Co. Bank has sound credit appraisal system and also sound recovery policy. City Co. Banks NPA level is decreasing year by year and because of that City Co. Bank is being considered very good bank by citizens of Surat. Hence in present time the position of NPA in bank is much better then the past position. In year 1997 in India the Gross NPA was 15.7% but now it is 3.00% in the year 2007. This is very favorable to Indian economy and also banking sector of India. Governments act and also the Narsimhan committee on NPA are very useful to reduce the level of NPA. So, I can conclude that level NPA in any bank is important parameter to analyze the health of bank.
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SUGGSTIONS
1. City Co. banks NPA level is decreasing year by year which good for bank but bank should follow the recovery policy strictly. 2. In year 2007 City Co. banks own NPA is very low but because of merger with Baroda industrial co-op bank the level of NPA increase so City Co. bank should have consider the NPA situation of that bank before merger. 3. In City Co. bank there is no any special recovery department so bank should develop the department for the fastest recovery of NPA. 4. Bank should motivate the staff to do fast recovery NPA. 5. Bank have more NPA in Small Scale Industry so, they should try to reduce that level of NPA.
CHAPTER: 11
BIBILIOGRAPHY
JOURNALS
Co-Operative Bankers Diary 2008 -by John Dsalve Annual Report of City Co-Operative Bank -year, 2003, 2004,2005,2006,2007 Periodical circular and statement of RBI regarding to NPA managing and UCBs
WEBSITES
http://finance.indiamart.com/investment_in_india/banking_in_india.html Page 88

http://www.rbi.org.in/Home.aspx http://www.banknetindia.com/banking/cintro.htm http://www.investorwords.com/ http://www.indiabankassociation.com/
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Non Performing Assets

CHAPTER: 1 EXECUTIVE SUMMARY

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Non Performing Assets Executive Summary

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CHAPTER: 2 RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

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CHAPTER: 3 OBJECTIVE OF PROJECT

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. To analyze the banks policy to recover the level of NPA

. To understand the effect of NPA on banks profit and its prestige

. To understand how corrective measures taken by bank for NPA

. To understand RBIS rules and regulations for the control of NPA

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CHAPTER: 5 INTRODUCTION OF BANKING INDUSTRY

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HISTORY OF BANKING IN INDIA

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RESERVE BANK OF INDIA (RBI)

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to maintain reserves with a view to

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ORGANISATION STRUCTURE OF RBI THE BANKING SYSTEM

BANKING SECTORS IN INDIA

Regional Rural bank

Sector bank sector bank

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CO-OPERATIVE BANKS FINANCE URBEN AREA AS UNDER

FACTS ABOUT CO-OPERATIVE BANK

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CHAPTER: 6 INTRODUCTION OF CITY CO-OP. BANK LTD

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INTRODUCTION OF BANK B.M. Collage of Business Administration Page 22

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