Académique Documents
Professionnel Documents
Culture Documents
applications in crop
improvement
Nanotechnology and its applications in crop improvement
Abstract
INTRODUCTION
Imagine a supercomputer a billion times more powerful than today’s and yet so
small it would be barely visible by a light microscope. Fleets of medical robots smaller
than a cell roaming our bodies eliminating bacteria, clearing out clogged arteries,
reversing the ravages of old ages and effectively making us immortal. Clean factories
manufacturing without having to worry about pollution choking up the environment.
Cheap and abundant solar energy replacing conventional fossil fuels like oil, coal and
gas. Building materials that are stronger, lighter and cheaper than the ones used in today’s
2
rockets, making lunar vacations no more expansive than says a trip to South Pole. A
world where material abundance for all the people becomes a reality.
Sounds too good to be true? Not for the new breed of scientists who believe that
st
the 21 century could see all these science fiction dreams come true thanks to
nanotechnology, a hybrid of chemistry and engineering that has opened up a whole new
world of possibilities which If taken to their logical conclusion would completely change
us and the world as we know it today. Indeed, so exciting are the prospects of this
revolutionary science that countries all over the world are investing in the research and
development of nanotechnology. Clearly nanotechnology is slowly but surely capturing
the attention of the scientific community, the media and no the public. But just what
exactly is nanotechnology and why everyone talking about it?
WHAT IS NANOTECHNOLOGY?
Nanos: Greek term for dwarf, Technology: visualize, characterize, produce and
manipulate matter of the size of 1 – 100 nm.
Nanotechnology is manufacturing at the molecular level- building things from
Nano-scale components. Nanotechnology proposes the construction of novel Nano-scale
devices possessing extraordinary properties. Through the developments of such
instruments and technique it is becoming possible to study and manipulate individual
atoms.
At present, conventional manufacturing techniques manipulate billions of atoms
at a time using large scale deformation methods like pounding and chipping. In the
future, Molecular nanotechnology” will allow very complete control over the placement
of individual atoms.
Nanotechnology is often referred to as “bottom up” manufacturing because it
aims to start with the smallest possible building materials, atoms using them to create a
desired product. Working with individual atoms allow “atom –by –atom “design of
structures. Nanotechnology can eliminate unwanted byproducts. Nanotechnology would
allow us to get essentially every atom in the right place, make almost any structure
consistent with the most of law of physics and chemistry that we can specify in atomic
detail and have manufacturing costs not greatly exceeding the cost of the required raw
materials and energy.
Related and interwoven fields include, but are not limited to: Nanomaterials,
Nanomedicine, Nanobiotechnology, Nanolithography, Nanoelectronics, Nanomagnetics,
Nanorobots, Biodevices [biomolecular machinery], AI, MEMS [MicroElectroMechanical
Systems], NEMS [Nano Electro Mechanical Systems], Biomimetic Materials, Micro
encapsulation, and many others.
DEFINITION
3
• “Nanotechnology is the Design, Fabrication and Utilization Of materials,
Structures, devices and systems through control of matter on the nanometer length
scale and exploitation of novel phenomena and properties (physical, chemical,
biological) at that length scale In At Least One Dimension”.
• “A manufacturing technology able to inexpensively fabricate most structures
consistent with natural laws and to do so with molecular precision”.
• “The precision, placement, measurement, manipulation and modeling of
nanometer scale matter”.
• “The interactions of cellular and molecular components and engineered materials
typically cluster of atoms, molecules and molecular fragments at the most
elemental level of biology”.
• “By taking advantage of quantum-level properties, MNT allows for
unprecedented control of the material world, at the nanoscale, providing the
means by which systems and materials can be built with exact specifications and
characteristics”.
Emergence of Nanotechnology
The first so-called scientific study of nanoparticles took place way back in 1831,
when Michael Faraday investigated the ruby red colloids of gold and made public that the
color was due to the small size of the metal particles. Gold and silver have found their
way into glasses for over 2000 years, usually as nanoparticles. They have most frequently
been employed as colorants, particularly for church windows. Until 1959, nobody had
thought of using atoms and molecules for fabricating devices. It was first envisioned by
Nobel Laureate Physicist Richard Feynman at a lecture entitled “There is plenty of room
at the bottom”. It was much later in 1974 that Norio Taniguchi, a researcher at the
University of Tokyo, Japan used the term “nanotechnology” while engineering the
materials precisely at the nanometer level. The primary driving force for miniaturization
at that time came from the electronics industry, which aimed to develop tools to create
smaller electronic devices on silicon chips of 40–70 nm dimensions. The use of this term,
“nanotechnology” has been growing to mean a whole range of tiny technologies, such as
material sciences, where designing of new materials for wide-ranging applications are
concerned; to electronics, where memories, computers, components and semiconductors
are concerned; to biotechnology, where diagnostics and new drug delivery systems are
concerned.
THE PIONEERS:
4
The word “Nanotechnology” coined in 1974 by Norio Taniguchi at the
University of Tokyo. During the 1950s Arthur von Hippel, an electrical engineer from
the Massachussetts Institute of Technology (MIT) coined the term “molecular
engineering” and predicted the feasibility of constructing nanomolecular devices.
However it was in December 29, 1959, the American physicist Richard Feynman gave a
seminal lecture to the American Physical Society entitled “There’s Plenty of Room at
the Bottom”. In this he discussed the benefits to society that would accrue if we were
able to manipulate matter and manufacture artifacts with precision on a scale of a few
atoms across, which corresponds to a dimension of about one nanometer. He correctly
foresaw, for example, the impact that miniaturization would have on the capabilities of
electronic computers; he also predicted the development of the methods that are now
used to make integrated circuits and the emergence of techniques for writing extremely
fine patterns with beams of electrons. He even mooted the possibilities of making
machines at the molecular scale, which would enable us to manipulate chemical and
biological molecules. Forty years on from this lecture, technologists working in the field
of nanotechnology are starting to realize some of the ideas originally propounded by
Feynman, and many others that were not foreseen at that time.
Greg Binnig and Heinrich Rohrer in 1985 invented the scanning tunneling
microscope. Eric Drexler, chairman of the Foresight Institute (1970s) in his book “Engine
5
of creation” has been written that future was one where everything would be built from
the bottom up by tiny machines “nanomachines” or “assemblers” that would be able to
build large scale objects that were perfect on the atomic scale.
Consequences of Miniaturization
Every substance regardless of composition exhibits new properties when the size
is reduced to less than 100 nm. The electronic structure of a nanocrystal critically
depends on its size. For small particles, the electronic energy levels are not continuous as
in bulk materials, but discrete. This arises primarily due to confinement of electrons
within particles of dimension smaller than the bulk electron delocalization length; this
process is termed as quantum confinement. Noble metal and semiconductor nanoparticles
are unique examples of this principle. Thus, the properties of traditional materials change
at nano level due to the quantum effect and the behavior of surfaces start to dominate the
behavior of bulk materials. The optical, electrical, mechanical, magnetic, and chemical
properties can be systematically manipulated by adjusting the size, composition, and
shape of the nanoscale materials. Nanomaterials have tremendous potential applications
in catalysis, photocatalysis,optoelectronics, single-electron transistors, light emitters,
nonlinear optical devices, hyperthermia treatment for malignant cells, magnetic memory
storage devices, magnetic resonance imaging enhancement, cell labeling, cell tracking, in
vivo imaging, and DNA detection. The wide range of applications shown by
nanomaterials is mainly due to (i) large surface area and (ii) small size. Electron
transport, manifested in phenomena like Coloumb blockade, as well as the catalytic and
thermodynamic properties of structures can be tailored when one can rationally design
materials on this length scale. Therefore, analytical tools and synthetic methods allow one
to control composition and design on this nanometer range and will undoubtedly yield
important advances in almost all fields of science.
NOBEL
S. No. WINNERS ACHIEVEMENT
PRIZE
1. Gerd Binnig, Scanning Tunneling Microscope. 1986
Heinrich Rohrer.
2. Hans Dehmelt, Traps to isolate atoms and subatomic species. 1989
Wolfgang Paul.
6
4. Clifford Schull, Neutron Diffraction technique for Structure 1994
Bertram Brockhouse. determination
5. Steven Chu, Claude Methods to cool and trap atoms with Laser light 1997
Cohen -Tannoudji,
William Phillips
"Nanometer" (abbreviated nm), derived from the Greek word for midget,
"NANO" is a metric prefix and indicates a billionth part (10-9). A micron is a millionth of
a meter, which is the scale that is relevant to building computers, computer memory, and
logic devices. A nanometer is one thousandth of a micron, and a thousandth of a millionth
of a meter (a billionth of a meter). A nanometer is about the width of six bonded carbon
atoms, and approximately 40,000 are needed to equal the width of an average human hair.
Object Diameter
Hydrogen atom 0.1nm
Buckminsterfullerene (C60 ) 1.0 nm
Six carbon atoms aligned 1.0 nm
DNA (width) 2.0 nm
Nanotube 3-30 nm
Proteins 5-50 nm
Quantum Dots (of CdSe) 8.0 nm
Dip pen nanolithography features 10-15 nm
Dendrimers 10 nm
Microtubules 25nm
Ribosome 25 nm
Virus 75-100 nm
Nanoparticles range from 1-100 nm
Semiconductor chip features 90 nm
WHY NANOTECHNOLOGY?
It would enable computer designers to break through the Moore’s law, Intel co-
founder Dr. Gordon Moore predicted that technology that went into integrated circuits
would roughly double in power every 12-18 months. That is why the latest Pentium V
chip clocking 3.2 gigahertz is about 25,000 times faster and packs 25,000 as the first
7
ever microchip, the Intel 4004 of 1971. Physicists say it will takes at least 10 years at the
most before we are able to dream up a bigger, better, microchip on that slab of silicon.
And that is where nanotechnology comes in: the ability to fashion electronic circuits–
entire computers –with atom length nanowires or nanotubes, made from carbon rather
than silicon may allow computer hardware to progress beyond physical barriers of
Moore’s law.
• Limitations of resources: Waste problem.
• Necessity: Increasing population, density increases and demand for new
technology.
NANOTECHNOLOGY IS MULTIDISCIPLINARY
Crop improvement
Nanobiotechnology
Soil management
Water management
Bioprocessing
Precision agriculture
9
ends’. A sticky end is a short single-stranded overhang protruding from the end of a
double-stranded helical DNA molecule. Like flaps of Velcro, two molecules with
complementary sticky ends — that is, their sticky ends have complementary
arrangements of the nucleotide bases adenine, cytosine, guanine and thymine — will
cohere to form a molecular complex. Sticky-ended cohesion is arguably the best example
of programmable molecular recognition: there is significant diversity to possible sticky
ends (4N for N-base sticky ends), and the product formed at the site of this cohesion is the
classic DNA double helix. Likewise, the convenience of solid support-based DNA
synthesis3 makes it is easy to program diverse sequences of sticky ends. Thus, sticky
ends offer both predictable control of intermolecular associations and predictable
geometry at the point of cohesion. Perhaps one could get similar affinity properties from
antibodies and antigens, but, in contrast to DNA sticky ends, the relative three-
dimensional orientation of the antibody and the antigen would need to be determined for
every new pair. The nucleic acids seem to be unique in this regard, providing a tractable,
diverse and programmable system with remarkable control over intermolecular
interactions, coupled with known structures for their complexes.
10
storage capacity. Conceptually, they are very different from the DNA chips discussed
below. Biochips exploit the properties of DNA to solve computational problems; in
essence, they use DNA to do math. Scientists have shown that 1,000 DNA molecules can
solve in four months computational problems that require a century for a computer to
solve. Other biological molecules are assisting in our continual quest to store and transmit
more information in smaller places. For example, some researchers are using light-
absorbing molecules, such as those found in our retinas, to increase the storage capacity
of CDs a thousand-fold.
Nanobiotechnology is an emerging area of opportunity that seeks to fuse
nano/microfabrication and biosystems to the benefit of both. It relates to all applications
of genomics including mammalian, plant and microbial. It provides the basic tools and
subsequently the technology for gathering sequence information and designing
innovative devices to probe questions related to the biological importance of the genomic
information and the application of this knowledge in diverse fields, particularly medicine
and agriculture.
Protein Microarrays: While going from DNA arrays to protein arrays is a logical step, it
is by no means simple to accomplish. The structures and functions of proteins are much
more complicated than that of DNA, and proteins are less stable than DNA. Each cell
type contains thousands of different proteins, some of which are unique to that cell's job.
In addition, a cell's protein profile varies with its health, age, and current and past
environmental conditions.
12
Protein microarrays are being used to:
• discover protein biomarkers that indicate disease stages
• assess potential efficacy and toxicity of pesticides (natural and synthetics)
• measure differential protein production across cell types and developmental stages,
and in both healthy and diseased states
• study the relationship between protein structure and function evaluate binding
interactions between proteins and other molecules
Low-energy ion beam bombardment at energy levels in the range of 60–125 keV
and ion fluences (dose) of 1×1016–5×1017 ions/cm2 was chosen for mutation induction
in Thai jasmine rice (Oryza sativa L. cv. KDML 105) at Chiang Mai University. One of
the rice mutants designated BKOS6 was characterized. The rice mutant was obtained
from KDML 105 rice embryos bombarded with N++N2+ ions at an energy level of 60 keV
and ion fluence of 2×1016 ions/cm2. Phenotypic variations of BKOS6 were short in
stature, red/purple color in leaf sheath, collar, auricles, ligule, and dark brown stripes on
leaf blade, dark brown seed coat and pericarp. The mutant's reproductive stage was found
in off-season cultivation (March–July). HAT-RAPD (High Annealing Temperature-
Random Amplified Polymorphic DNA) was applied for analysis of genomic variation in
the mutant. Of 10 primers, two primers detected two additional DNA bands at 450 bp and
400 bp. DNA sequencing revealed that the 450 bp and the 400 bp fragments were 60%
and 61% identity to amino acid sequence of flavanoid 3′hydroxylase and cytochrome
P450 of O. sativa japonica, respectively.
13
Figure: The rice mutants designated BKOS6 was derived by bombardment
with N++N2+ ions from KDML 105 rice embryos.
Synthetic Tree
In trees, evaporation of water from leaf cells called spongy mesophyll pulls water
up through hollow cells in the trunk
14
(spongy mesophyll is the tissue in the lower half of this picture, a cross-section through a
leaf). The strong, cohesive properties of water, responsible for its powerful surface
tension, allow the water to exist at large negative pressures. But even the smallest bubble
would explosively expand into the water, disrupting its flow in a process known as
cavitation. The interface between the plant’s water system and the air, formed by the
spongy mesophyll, must allow water to pass, but not the gas molecules that would cause
cavitation.
Figure: The synthetic hydrogel mimics the trnaspiartion pattern of a typical plant
system.
Trees grow many times taller - more than 100 metres in the case of the tallest
redwoods. Yet they supply their leaves with a constant flow of water. They achieve this
feat by keeping the water high up in their trunks under pressures many atmospheres
below that of a vacuum.
Wheeler and Stroock report a duplication of this trick: they have created a tiny
‘synthetic tree’ through whose trunk water flows at pressures of around -10 atmospheres.
To create their tree, Wheeler and Stroock use a hydrogel, which mimics the mesophyll by
holding water in molecular-scale pores, smaller than those of other porous solids. As their
respective ‘root’ and ‘leaf’, the authors formed two networks of channels, 10 micrometres
in diameter, in a sheet of poly(hydroxyethyl methacrylate), and connected them by a
single channel, the ‘trunk’. With the ‘root’ exposed to a source of water and the ‘leaf’ to a
stream of damp air, water flows through the system powered solely by ‘leaf’ evaporation.
The pressures developed in the trunk are some 15 times more negative than in any
previously reported pumping system.
The device is shown in Figure of the paper. It is just 5 cm long, and the flow is a
little over 2 micrograms of water per second — but from such small acorns do mighty
oaks grow. The synthetic tree can provide a test device for theories of tree physiology
and, scaled-up, the technology could find uses in passive pumps or cooling devices —
evaporation makes the ‘leaf’ a heat sink. Also, the large negative pressures developed
might be used to drag water out of even quite dry soils, simultaneously filtering out
impurities by passage through the ‘root’ hydrogel. This process, which the authors dub
“reverse reverse osmosis”, could form the basis of solar-powered mining of pure water in
arid or contaminated environments.
Torney and co-workers explored both the surface attachment and encapsulation
properties of MSNs, using plant cells as the test-bed. Plants have a thick cell wall that
impedes delivery of materials from the exterior (Fig. a). In preliminary experiments,
Torney and colleagues incubated protoplasts — plant cells whose cell walls are removed
-with fluorescently labelled MSNs. It was found that modifying the MSN surface with
triethylene glycol was necessary for MSNs to penetrate the cells. This surface
16
modification also allowed DNA plasmids (cloned DNA segments) to adsorb onto the
MSN surface.
Figure. Designer nanotubes based on mesoporous silica can now penetrate the
thick cell walls of plants and deliver DNA and their activators. This opens the way to
precisely manipulate gene expression in plants at the single-cell level.
After entering the protoplasts, the plasmid DNA was released from the MSNs and
the green fluorescent protein (GFP) marker encoded in the DNA was expressed in the
cells and detected by microscopy. Delivery is efficient because the minimum amount of
DNA required to detect marker expression was 1,000-fold lower than that required when
using conventional methods to deliver DNA into protoplasts. It seems that using MSNs as
a means to deliver DNA in this way should gain popularity for protoplast-based gene
expression studies.
Nanofuels
Levesque’s lab (University of Otawwa) is working on nanoconversion of
agricultural materials into valuable products. The design and development of new
nanocatalysts for the conversion of vegetable oils into biobased fuels and biodegradable
solvents is already under scientific examination, and could be greatly enhanced with the
help of nanotechnological abilities. This is based on the concept that the organic fuels at
nano scale would be able to give greater energy with lesser energy loss during
conversion.
Particle Farming
Nanoparticles may not be produced in a laboratory, but grown in fields of
genetically engineered crops – what might be called “particle farming.”
18
Research from the University of Texas-El Paso confirms that plants can also soak
up nanoparticles that could be industrially harvested. In one particle farming experiment,
alfalfa plants were grown on an artificially gold-rich soil; gold nanoparticles in the roots
and along the entire shoot of the plants that had physical properties like those produced
using conventional chemistry techniques, which are expensive and harmful to the
environment.
National Chemistry Laboratory in Pune, India have been carrying out similar
work with geranium leaves immersed in a gold-rich solution.
Seeding Iron
Russian Academy of Sciences reports that they have been able to improve the
germination of tomato seeds by spraying a solution of iron nanoparticles on to fields.
They report that application of nano-disperse iron at the rate of 10-30 µg/ml on Tomato
seeds var. Gribovskii leads to stimulator of growth and hastens the process of germination
of seeds simultaneously stimulating the development of the root system. This was
presented by A.M. Prochorov et al., “The influence of very minute doses of nano-
disperse iron on seed germination,” presentation given at the Ninth Foresight Conference
on Molecular Nanotechnology, 2001.
19
corporation (and the world’s largest chemical company), recognizes nanotech’s potential
usefulness in the formulation of pesticides. BASF is conducting basic research and has
applied for a patent on a pesticide formulation, “Nanoparticles Comprising a Crop
Protection Agent,” that involves an active ingredient whose ideal particle size is between
10 and 150 nm. The advantage of the nano-formulation is that the pesticide dissolves
more easily in water (to simplify application to crops); it is more stable and the killing-
capacity of the chemical (herbicide, insecticide or fungicide) is optimized. Bayer Crop
Science of Germany, the world’s second largest pesticide firm, has applied for a patent on
agrochemicals in the form of an emulsion in which the active ingredient is made up of
nanoscale droplets in the range of 10-400 nm. (An emulsion is a material in which one
liquid is dispersed in another liquid – both mayonnaise and milk are emulsions.)
Soil Binder - Using Chemical Reactions at the Nanoscale to Bind Soil Together
In 2003, ETC Group reported on a nanotech-based soil binder called SoilSet
developed by Sequoia Pacific Research of Utah (USA). SoilSet is a quick-setting mulch
which relies on chemical reactions on the nanoscale to bind the soil together. It was
sprayed over 1,400 acres of Encebado mountain in New Mexico to prevent erosion
following forest fires, as well as on smaller areas of forest burns in Mendecino County,
California.
20
Soil Clean-Up Using Iron Nanoparticles
A number of approaches are being developed to apply nanotechnology and
particularly nanoparticles to cleaning up soils contaminated with heavy metals and PCBs.
Dr. Wei-Xang Zhang has pioneered a nano clean-up method of injecting nano-scale iron
into a contaminated site. The particles flow along with the groundwater and
decontaminate en route, which is much less expensive than digging out the soil to treat it.
Dr. Zhang’s tests with nano-scale iron show significantly lower contaminant levels within
a day or two. The tests also show that the nano-scale iron will remain active in the soil for
six to eight weeks, after which time it dissolves in the groundwater and becomes
indistinguishable from naturally occurring iron.
Consumer products:
Disease diagnosis:
• Pathogen Detection: Develop methods of near real time pathogen detection and
location reporting using a systems approach, integrating nanotechnology micro-
electromechanical systems (MEMS), wireless communication, chip design, and
molecular biology for applications in agricultural security (economic,
agricultural terrorism, agricultural forensics) and food safety
Quality maintain
21
more efficient way of recording, verifying, and certifying agricultural practices. Today,
through IP it is possible to provide stakeholders and consumers with access to
information, records and supplier protocols regarding such information as farm of origin,
environmental practices used in production, food safety and quality and information
regarding animal welfare issues. Some food or processed agricultural products may be
stored for years, with intermittent samplings for storage pathogens or environmental
storage problems. Each day shipments of food and other agricultural products are moved
all over the world. Currently, there are financial limitations in the numbers of inspectors
that can be employed at critical control points for the safe production, shipment and
storage of food and other agricultural products. Quality assurance of agricultural
products’ safety and security could be significantly improved through IP at the nanoscale.
Nanoscale IP holds the possibility of the continuous tracking and recording of the history
which a particular agricultural product experiences. We envision nanoscale monitors
linked to recording and tracking devices to improve identity preservation of food and
agricultural products.
“Smart Delivery Systems” for agriculture can possess any combination of the
following characteristics: time-controlled, spatially targeted, self regulated, remotely
regulated, preprogrammed, or multifunctional characteristics to avoid biological barriers
to successful targeting. Smart delivery systems also can have the capacity to monitor the
effects of the delivery of pharmaceuticals, nutraceuticals, nutrients, food supplements,
bioactive compounds, probiotics, chemicals, insecticides, fungicides, vaccinations, or
water to people, animals, plants, insects, soils and the environment.
22
At present, USA leads with a 4 year, 3.7 billion USD investment through its
Nanotechnology Development Programme (NDP).
The market for the nanotechnology was 7.6 billion USD in 2003 and is expected
to be 1 trillion USD in 2011
23
24
Present area of activities in the field of Nanotechnology in India
• To detect carcinogenic pathogens and bio sensors for improved and contamination
free agriculture products.
25
• To prioritize the area of research and to measure the research outlay and scientific
and social outcome
• To coordinate the research between ICAR, CSIR, ICMR, DST and DBT
organizations.
OBSTACLES:
Unlike building with traditional materials that stay where you put them, atoms
and molecules are volatile and will rearrange themselves constantly to maintain stability.
So positional Control: must be achieved, and self-replication is necessary to reduce costs.
It will also allow atoms to be placed precisely without parts bumping into each other in
the wrong way. Eric Drexler has proposed a robotic arm to control the placement of
atoms. The Stewart platform, which is stiffer and simpler than Drexler’s robotic arm, has
also been proposed.
Realistically, some of these newly developed tools might not have viable
applications and could end-up on the ‘technology shelf’ in the future but offcorse there
are definite benefits.
Future trends
Developments will gradually become more ordered and develop sharp focus as
applications mature to produce useful and validated technologies.
The question that whether the coming age of Nanotechnology is the Next technological
revolution everyone talking about is still to be answered?
There is great optimism among scientists, politicians and policy makers who anticipate
significant job creation.
26
Opportunities for developing new materials and methods that will enhance our ability to
develop faster, more reliable and more sensitive analytical systems.
Overall the scenario presents us with the view that nanotechnology is here to stay!
• The potential risks in using nanoparticles in agriculture are no different than those
in any other industry.
Conclusions
Some of the important conclusions that can be drawn are
• Nanotechnology is the engineering of tiny machines i.e. the ability to build things
from the “bottom up”, manufacturing because it aims to start with the smallest
possible building materials, ATOMS using them to create a desired product.
SUMMARY:
NANOTECHNOLOGY IN A NUTSHELL
NEW TECHNOLOGY : ATOMIC ENGINEERING
: NEW MATERIALS
: NEW PROPERTIES
SIGNIFICANTS BENEFITS : CLEAN ENERGY
: IMPROVED EFFICIENCY
: BETTER WASTE TTREATMENT
POTENTIAL RISKS : HIGH MOBILITY ?
: NOVEL TOXICITY ?
: CORPORATE LIABILITY ?
27
So careful developments to achieve benefits and manage risks requires:
• CLEAR REGULATIONS
• RISK IDENTIFICATION RESEARCH
• RISK MANAGEMENT STANDARDS
• "Nanotechnology will give rise to a host of novel social, ethical, philosophical
and legal issues. It will be important to have a group in place to predict and work
to alleviate anticipated problems”.
• Both the government and the private sector have to join hands and form a “Nano
tech Enterprise". If we take up a mission mode with a clear cut vision, the country
will reap the benefits of Nanoscience and technology.
28
Reference:-
A.M. Prochorov et al., “The influence of very minute doses of nano-disperse iron on seed
germination,” presentation given at the Ninth Foresight Conference on
Molecular Nanotechnology, 2001.
29
D. Maysinger, 2007. Nanoparticles and cells: Good companions and
doomed partnerships. Org. Biomol. Chem. 5:2335-2342.
http://www.nano.gov/
30
J. Peral, X. Domenech and D. F. Ollis, “Heterogeneous photocatalysis
for purification, decontamination and deodorization of air”,
(1997), J. Chem. Technol. Biotechnol, Vol. 70, 117-140.
Kroto, H. W., Heath, J. R., O’Brian, S. C., Curl, R. F. and Smalley, R. E.,
Nature, 1985, 318, 162–163.
31
M. Reches, and E. Gazit. (2003). Casting metal nano-wires within
discrete self-assembled peptide noontides. Science. 300, 625-
627.
P. Liu, Y.W. Zhang and C. Lu, “Finite element simulations of the self-
organized growth of quantum dot superlattices”, (2003), Phys.
Rev. 68, 195314.
P.A. Troshin, R.N. Lyubovskaya, I.N. Ioffe, N.B. Shustova, E. Kemnitz, S.I.
Troyanov, Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. Engl. 44, 234 (2005).
R. F., Curl, Angew. Chem., Int. Ed. Engl., 1997, 36, 1566– 1576;
Kroto, R., Angew. Chem., Int. Ed. Engl., 1997, 36, 1578–1593;
W., Ranjana. “Thailand embarks on the nano path to better rice and
silk,” Bangkok Post, Jan. 21, 2004. Available on the Internet:
http://www.smalltimes.com/document_display.cfm?document_id=
7266
32
Y. A. Cao, X. T. Zhang, W. S. Yang, H. Du, Y. B. Bai, T. J. Li, J. N. Yao,
“Bicomponent TiO2/SnO2 particulate film for photocatalysis”,
(2002), Chem. Mater., Vol. 12, 3445.
Y., Xia, Yang, P., Sun, Y., Wu, Y., Mayers, B., Gates, B., Yin, Y., Kim, F., and
Yan, H. (2003).One dimensional nanostructures: synthesis,
characterization and application. Adv. Mater.15 (5), 353-389.
33