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1. Introduction
Three steps for digital signal processing of analog Step 1: Digitizing of analog signals: Sampling, Quantization Analog to Digital Conversion (ADC). Step 2: Implementing digital signal processor for discrete samples Step 3: Reconstructing the analog signal after processing Digital to Analog Conversion (DAC)
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X( )
Where
x(t )e
j t
dt
(2.2)
X (s)
x(t ).e dt
st
(2-3)
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y(t) output
The system is characterized by impulse response h(t). The output y(t) is obtained by the time domain convolution :
y (t )
Or frequency domain:
Y( )
H ( ).X ( )
H( ) is the Fourier transform of h(t) H( ) h(t )e j t dt The steady state response of a sinusoid:
x(t) = exp(j t) Sinusoid in Linear system H( )
(2.5)
Output is a sinusoid with frequency ( ), amplitude equal to the signal amplitude multiplied by MagH( ), and phase shift equal to arg(H( )):
x( t ) ej
t
y( t )
H ( )e j
| H ( ) | .e j
t j arg H ( )
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Linear superposition
x( t )
After filtering
A1 e
1t
A2 e
1t
2t
y( t )
A1 H ( )e
A2 H ( )e
2t
Note: Filtering only change the magnitudes but not the frequencies
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A 2 H( )
Spectrum of X( )
X( ) 2 A1 (
1
) 2 A2 (
Spectrum of Y( )
Y( ) H( )X ( )
1
H ( )(2 A1 (
1
) 2 A2 (
2
))
2 A1H (
) (
) 2 A2 H (
) (
)
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3. Sampling theorem
Sampling process in Fig H1.3.1. x(t) is sampled by period T, t=nT where n=0,1,2, Many high frequency components appear in the signal spectrum Two questions are often provided for 1. What is the effect of sampling on the original frequency spectrum? 2. How should one choose the sampling interval T?
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The spectrum of the sampled sinusoid x(nT) will be periodic replication of the original spectral line at intervals fs=1/T
Ideal sampler Analog signal x(t) x(nT) sampled signal
x(t)
x(nT)
t 0 T nT
Frequency
f-4f
f-3f
f-2f
f- f s
f+f s f+2f
f+3f
f+4f
With the replicated spectrum of the sampled signal, one cannot tell uniquely What the original frequency was. It could be any one of the replicated frequencies Namely f=f+mfs.This potential confusion of the original frequency with another is known as aliasing and can be avoided if one satisfies the condition of the sampling theorem
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3.1. Sampling theorem For accurate representation of a signal x(t) by its time samples x(nT), two conditions must be met: 1: x(t) is bandlimited 2: Sampling frequency must be chosen to be at least twice the maximum frequency fmax, fs 2fmax: fs = 2fmax is the Nyquist rate. fs/2 is the Nyquist frequency or folding frequency
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3.2.. Antialiasing Prefilter Signal must be bandlimited therefore need to pass through a low pass filter namely prefilter before sampling
Input spectrum prefilter 0 f -fs/2 fs/2 Replicated spectrum f -fs 0 Bandlimited signal x(t) fs f Prefiltered spectrum
To DSP
1.4.1. Reconstruction and aliasing Note that xm(t) are different but they have same samples:
xm (nT ) e 2 j ( f
f, f
mf s )Tn
e 2 jfTn
x(nT )
fs , f
mf s ,...
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Hnh 1.4.2 Bo loc thong thap lam bo khoi phuc tn hieu ly tng
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ftrue =f
fs/2
2fs f
-fs/2
Example 4.1: As sinusoid f=10 Hz, sample by fs=12Hz. The sampled signal consists of periodic frequencies 10+m.12Hz, m = 0, 1, 2, or: , -26, -14, -2, 10, 22, 34, 46, but only fa = 10 mod(12) = 10 12 = -2 Hz in the range of Nyquist [-6,6] Hz. So the reconstructed signal with 2 Hz is not as the original one with 10 Hz.
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Let prove they are aliased each other due to their same samples. Sol: The frequencies of the signals: -7, -3, 1, 5, 9 Hz. They have the same periodic replication in multiples of fs=4Hz. Writing the five frequencies compactly: fm=1+4m, m=2, -1, 0, 1, 2.
xm (t ) sin(2 f mt ) sin(2 (1 4n)), m -2,-1,0,1, 2
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x m ( nT )
sin(2 (1 4m )n / 4) sin(2 n / 4)
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x ( nT ) ( t
nT )
(5.1)
x flat ( t )
x ( nT ) p( t
nT )
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x(t )
x( nT ) ( t nT )
xflat (t)
x( nT ) p( t nT )
2T .
nT
2T .
nT
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X( f )
x( t )e
2 jft
dt
X( f )
n
x ( nT ) ( t x(nT)
n -
nT )e
2 jft
dt
(t - nT)e
- 2 jft
dt hay
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X(f )
x(t )e
2 jft
dt
n
x(nT )e
2 jfnT
or: T toward 0:
X(f )
TX ( f )
X ( f ) lim TX ( f )
T 0
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Ideal Prefilter
Analog signal
Ideal sampler
Sampled signal
Idealcfilter ng bo lo ly t
Transientvung region
fs/2 -fpass
fpass
fs/2
fstop
D/A
y a (t)
y a ( t)
Sampling signal
Reconstructed signal
y (nT ) (t
y ( nT )h(t
n
nT )
nT )
y a (t )
y a (t )
n
y (nT )h(t
H ( f )Y ( f )
nT )
Ya ( f )
Replicated spectrum
Y( f ) 1 Y( f Tm mf s )
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