CHAPTER 1 Null Hypothesis of Intelligence the claim that vertebrates, excluding human, have the same intelligence Taste

e Aversion conditioning a technique by which an aversion is acquired to an attractive flavor by making an animal ill after consuming it Contextual Variables the sensory, motivation, and motor processes that influence the speed at which learning takes place, and which make it difficult to compare the intelligence of different species by studying speed of learning Pavlovian conditioning the use of a neutral stimulus to signal the imminent delivery of a biologically significant event, this training results in a change in the animals reaction to the neutral stimulus Anthropomorphic the use of anthropomorphism, which is the attribution of human thought processes to animals when they behave in a similar way to humans Instrumental Conditioning a technique in which a reward is delivered after an animal has made a response, it results in the animal being more likely to repeat the response Conditioned Stimulus neutral stimulus used for Pavlovian conditioning Unconditioned Stimulus the biologically significant stimulus that is presented after a conditioned stimulus for Pavlovian conditioning, pairing of the conditioned and unconditioned stimulus results in the former, eliciting a conditioned response Drive a theoretical state that was proposed by Hull to energize behavior, drive is excited by the presence of any need CHAPTER 2 Excitatory Conditioning training in which a conditioned stimulus signals the occurrence of an unconditioned stimulus Inhibitory Conditioning training in which a conditioned stimulus signals the absence of an unconditioned stimulus Extinction training in which a conditioned stimulus is presented by itself after it has been paired with an unconditioned stimulus, this treatment results in a progressive weakening of the conditioned response Asymptote the flat part of a learning curve that depicts no further changes in behavior with continued training Stimulus Generalization responding to a test stimulus as a result of training with another stimulus Serial Conditioning training in which two or more conditioned stimuli are presented in sequence and followed by a single unconditioned stimulus Sensory Preconditioning training in which two stimuli, A and B, are presented together before B is paired with an unconditioned stimulus Second-order Conditioning training in which two stimuli, A and B are presented together after B has been paired with an unconditioned stimulus Blocking the disruption in conditioning with one element of a compound when it is accompanied by another element that has already been paired with the unconditioned stimulus CHAPTER 3

Associative Strength the strength of the connection between internal representations of the conditioned and unconditioned stimulus which determines the strength of the conditioned response Overshadowing the disruption of conditioning with one stimulus because of the presence of another stimulus CS-US contingency the degree to which the US occurs during the CS Positive contingency the US is more likely in the presence that the absence of the CS Negative contingency the US is more likely in the absence that the presence of the CS Zero contingency the US is equally likely during the presence and the absence of the CS Habituation the waning of an unconditioned response, such as an OR, or to a stimulus that is repeatedly presented Latent Inhibition the reduction in effectiveness of pairing a conditioned stimulus with an unconditioned stimulus, as a result of prior exposure to the conditioned stimulus Learned Irrelevance the slower learning that takes place when a CS and US are paired if they have previously been presented randomly with respect to each other CHAPTER 4 Reinforcer an event that increase the probability of a response when presented after it, Positive Reinforcer if the event is the occurrence of a stimulus, such as food Negative reinforce if the event is the removal of a stimulus, such as shock Reinforcer Devaluation a technique in which the positive reinforce for an instrumental response is subsequently devalued, normally by paring it consumption with illness Gradient of Delay the progressive weakening of an instrumental response as a result of increasing the delay between the completion of the response and the delivery of the reinforcer Response-Reinforcer Contingency the degree to which the occurrence of the reinforcer depends on the instrumental response Positive contingency the frequency of the reinforcer is increased by making the response Negative contingency the frequency of the reinforcer is reduced by making the response Zero contingency the frequency of the reinforcer is unaffected by making the response Molar Theory of Reinforcement the assumption that the rate of instrumental responding is determined by the response-reinforcer contingency Molecular Theory of Reinforcement the assumption that the rate of instrumental responding is determined by the response-reinforcer contiguity Conditioned Reinforcer an originally neutral stimulus that serves as a reinforcer through training, usually by being paired with a positive reinforcer Token Reinforcer a conditioned reinforcer in the form of a plastic chip that can be held by the subject Dual-System Theory of Motivation theories that assume that behavior is motivated by activity Positive system which energizes approach to an object Negative system which energies withdrawal from an object

Insight an abrupt change in behavior that leads to a problem being solved, the change in behavior is sometimes attributed to a period of thought followed by a flash of inspiration CHAPTER 5 Generalization Decrement the weakening in conditioned responding because the conditions of testing are different to the conditions of training Partial Reinforcement a schedule in which a CS is occasionally followed by a US for Pavlovian conditioning or a response is occasionally followed by a reinforcer for instrumental conditioning Continuous Reinforcement Partial Reinforcement Effect (PRE) the slower loss of responding during extinction after conditioning with a partial than a continuous reinforcement schedule Frustration Theory the explanation for the PRE that assumes that nonreinforced responses generate an emotional reaction, frustration, this state can serve as a cue for persistent responding during extinction and can weaken responding by promoting generalization decrement Sequential Theory the explanation for the pre that assumes that nonreinforced responses create memories of trials on which the response was not reinforced, these memories can serve as a cue for persistent responding during extinction and can weaken responding by promoting generalization decrement Spontaneous Recovery the recovery in the strength of an extinguished response after a substantial internal was elapsed since the previous extinction trial Renewal Effect the recovery in strength of an extinguished response that results from the CS being used for testing in a different context to the one used for extinction CHAPTER 6 Transposition Test a test to determine if a discrimination between two stimuli is based on the relationship between them, by presenting two test stimuli that share the same relationship Peak Shift a shift in the peak of generalization gradient in a direction that is away from SFeature-Positive Discrimination a discrimination in which an outcome is delivered during a compound of two stimuli, but not during one of the stimuli by itself Negative Patterning a discrimination in which an outcome is delivered during a compound of two stimuli but not during either stimulus by itself Configural Cue a hypothetical stimulus that is assumed to be created by presenting two stimuli together, different pairs of stimuli are assumed to create different configural cues Acquired Equivalence the enhanced generalization between two or more stimuli as a result of them signaling similar outcomes Acquired Distinctiveness the reduced generalization between two or more stimuli as a result of them signaling different outcomes Perceptual Learning an improvement in the ease with which a discrimination between two stimuli can be acquired as a result of prior exposure to the stimuli Metacognition an individuals beliefs and knowledge about his or her own mental processes and strategies