Académique Documents
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Khalid Sheikh
January 2009
Presentation Overview
Introduction Overview of other wireless technologies Radio Architectures OFDM Basic OFDMA Basic WiMAX Architecture
PHY, MAC, Control & Management
System Performance WiMAX Validation WiMAX Interoperability WiMAX Network Summary Q&A
Page 2
Wireless Systems
Wireless communication has been around for over 100 years
Pioneered by Thomas Edison who did not take serious interest in this technology and sold his patent to Marconi for a single song Most non-broadcast typed applications geared to P2P & PMP Generally standalone operation based on proprietary architecture Incompatible over the air interface
Many lacks interoperability with other equipment Most failed to provide high data rate and mobility Some commonly used recent LAN applications include
Infra-Red, IR Bluetooth (WPAN) Mobile Phone WiFi (LAN) WiMAX (MAN)
Page 3
Page 4
WPAN, Bluetooth
Wireless personal area networks based on IEEE802.15.1 FHSS operation using TDD Data rate Sync., connection oriented, 64 kbps Async., 433.9 kbps symmetric Async., 723.2 / 57.6 kbps asymmetric, 1 Mbps aggregate bit rate Ver2 to increase up to 3 Mbps Three PO classes Class 1, 1 to 100 mW, for 100 m range Class 2, 0.25 to 2.5 mW, for 10 m range Class 3, up to 1 mW, for 1 m range Shares data among up to 8 Bluetooth enabled devices
Introduction to WiMAX Technology
One of 79 channels in 2.402-2.480 GHz ISM-band 100 bytes long packet length BPSK for Ver1, DQPSK & 8-DPSK for Ver2 GFSK with mod index of h = 0.28 Limited QoS Guarantees, ARQ/FEC Connection setup time
Page 5
BNEP RF Comm
OBEX
Middleware Layer
Transport Layer
Optional
IR, Infra-Red
Uses a near visible light as a transmission media
Typically Line of Sight operation or reflected from object Restricted to indoor applications PSDU
Symbol Mapping 16-PPM 4-PPM Modulator LED Driver
Symbol De-mapping
LED Detector
IR PMD XCVR
PPM is a modulation technique that keeps the amplitude and pulse width constant and varies the position of the pulse in time. Each position represents a different symbol in time.
Page 9
Frequency Slots
60
Time
D E B A C
2.40 2.41 2.42 2.43 2.44 2.45
40
DSSS Packet
20
DSSS Packet
DSSS Packet
22 MHz
0 1 2 3 4 5 6
Time
7
Freq (GHz)
Hopping Pattern: C A B E D
Introduction to WiMAX Technology Page 10
Operates in license exempt 2.4 GHz ISM band (2.4 to 2.4835 GHz)
3 non-interfering 25 MHz apart channels Extremely crowded band
Page 11
DSSS, (1)
Fairly effective at low data rate
Bandwidth requirement becomes too large at higher data rate Not practical to implement due to increased cost, power, size & technical difficulties
Processing gain = 10*Log (chip rate / bit rate) = 10.4 dB for 11 chips
Feasible to achieve negative SNR at lower modulation in equivalent BW
1 bit
Original Data Barker Sequence Spread Data
1 chip
Page 12
DSSS, (2)
Frequency, BW & PO are regulated worldwide
PO of 100 mW nominal
DBPSK & DQPSK for 1&2 Mbps, CCK for 5.5 & 11 Mbps with enhanced 802.11b
Interference tolerant
Upgradeable to higher speed while operating in 2.4 GHz
Page 13
DSSS Spectrum
Regulated spectral mask
Signal occupies in about 20 MHz BW regardless of data rate (1, 2, 5.5, or
11 Mbps)
Spectral shape of the channel represents sin(x)/x function Spectral products to be filtered to -30 dBr from central frequency and all other 0 dBr products to be filtered to -50 dBr
-30 dBr -50 dBr
fc - 11MHz fc - 22MHz
fc
25 MHz
25 MHz
2.400 GHz
2.483 GHz
Page 14
Page 15
FHSS
Long latency time No processing gain Slow lock-in, must search a channel 400 ms dwell time Must re-sync with other radio after every hop Short indoor range Short outdoor range (10 km in LoS) Lower overall data throughput Noise immunity (low)
Page 16
802.11a, (1)
LAN standard revised and released in 1999
Multicarrier OFDM system Similar to ETSI Hiperlan-2, main difference resides in the convolution encoding method
802.11a, (2)
BPSK to 64 QAM modulation Different FEC rates, double encoding (inner & outer) & block interleaving Raw data rate up to 54 Mbps Multi-path fade tolerant Intended for short range, 100 m Best effort service (no QoS) Sync using a fixed training sequence lasting less than 16 us Data rate, FEC & Mod throttle up / down based on path conditions Encrypted security with enable/disable option
Page 18
6 9 12 18 24 36 48
16 15 13 11 8 4 0
32 31 29 27 24 20 16
54
Introduction to WiMAX Technology
-65
-1
15
Page 19
20 MHz BW
Page 20
Coded OFDM (rate is indicated in signal) PLCP Preamble 12 symbols Signal One OFDM symbol Data Variable number of OFDM symb
802.11g
Page 22
802.11n
Uses either 20 or 40 MHz channel
Transmit diversity with multiple data streams Increased use of MIMO operation (SM, STBC, Tx Beam Forming) Increased throughput to 100 Mbps per stream (600 Mbps with all options)
Page 25
Page 26
Zero-IF Architecture
Page 27
Radio Architectures
Direct Conversion
Advantages No off-chip IF filter Single synthesizer
Super-heterodyne
Advantages Low LO leakage Wide LO pulling range
Cheap
Low power consumption No image signal Disadvantages LO leakage LO pulling range High freq low PN requirements I/Q mismatch Quadrature LORF DC Offset
Introduction to WiMAX Technology
No quadrature LO
Design flexibility Superior I & Q matching at IF High performance Disadvantages Off-chip IF filter Two synthesizers Low integration High IF-RF separation to avoid Image signal
Page 28
Disadvantages
DC offset issue due to RF to LO isolation or 2nd order non-linearity Appropriate mixer design high IP2
Reduced RF filtering
Page 29
No possibility to reduce in-band noise & spurious generated by signal chain Suffers LO and side band leakage when DAC Synth a low IF Flicker noise
Low frequency noise in all active devices WLAN has a large modulation bandwidth, no energy at low frequency
Page 30
Page 31
LAN
Already covered under 802.11
Page 32
Others
IEEE820.20
Standard under development For mobility up to 250 kmph 3.5 G band 4 Mbps DL, 1.2 Mbps UL
IEEE820.22
Standard under development Broadband access targeted for far reaching rural area
Page 34
Channel BW (MHz) Maximum bps/Hz User handling Multipath MAC capability MAC operation Latency Services Transmission QoS FEC Security Encryption
Page 35
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Page 38
WiMAX, (1)
Stands for Worldwide Interoperability for Microwave Access A cost effective alternative to wireline services especially in the developing countries where no existing wireline services available Operation in licensed & licensed exempt bands using 1.25-20 MHz BW QoS, advanced security & higher throughput than WiFi Supports QoS, VoIP, video distribution, on-line gaming & real time video conferencing Standards and interoperability is the key to its success GPS and IEEE 1588 over IP to synchronize the network from a master clock GPS may be more expensive and difficult to access open sky if in the basement IEEE 1588 requires a master source access in the network WiMAX network is entirely IP and there is no option of recovering timing signal (without embedded mechanism) as there is with the TDM application Dynamic frequency selection for operation in unlicensed bands Longer wavelength makes multipath more significant LOS not feasible in residential applications There may be cost associated with outdoor mounted antenna
WiMAX, (2)
Why we need it? Demand created by internet & mobile usage. Broadband access to residential, SOHO, SME, backhauling hotspot, long wait time for increased T1 services. Lack of land lines in some countries. Mobility to offer in two stages (portable-nomadic and seamless mobility)
Higher data rate Multiple levels of guaranteed QoS Stationary & Mobility Multipath tolerant by using multiple lower frequency carriers Switchable mode Concatenated FEC Low latency Security Ease of installation Lower cost deployment and operating solution Large system gain (about 150 dB) and coverage range
Introduction to WiMAX Technology Page 40
WiMAX, (3)
Mobility under 120 km/hr (target applications are handset, laptop). Standard released in Nov05.
Support for both LOS & NLOS
It is not mandated by standard but TDD is most likely mode of choice for mobile applications because it divides the entire frequency spectrum into upstream and down stream time slots (more efficient use of limited frequency)
Uses all IP backbone OFDMA-PHY with sub-channelization allows time & frequency resources to be dynamically allocated among multiple users across DL & UL subframe
Introduction to WiMAX Technology Page 41
WiMAX, (4)
Broadcast and Multicast support, low latency 100 ms, low to zero packet loss during handovers at speed 120 km/Hr or higher Simultaneous support of real time multimedia and isochronous applications like VoIP Simple self installed user station (SS/MS)
Automated management of IP connection with session persistence Automatic reestablishment following transitions between access points
Likely applications: single carrier for back haul, OFDM for fixed access in up to 28 MHz BW, scalable OFDMA is most versatile and preferred for mobile operation in 1.25 to 20 MHz BW Frequency inaccuracy of 1e-6 max for FDD and TDD Time accuracy: N/A for FDD but 5-25 us for TDD
Introduction to WiMAX Technology Page 42
Other Systems
Page 43
Evolving standard, work started under 802.16 in 1999 802.16a, Jan03 802.16d, July04, replaced 802.16, a & c. 895 pages 802.16e, MAC function to support higher layer handoff in under 6 GHz band, Dec05. 864 pages 802.16f, fixed WiMAX management information base. Added multi-hop functionality 802.16g, management procedures and interfaces for fixed and mobile 802.16 systems. Addresses efficient handover and further improves the QoS support. 802.16h, mechanisms, policies and MAC enhancements for coexistence in licensed exempt bands 802.16i, (with drawned). Mobile WiMAX management information base, merging into 802.16-2008 802.16j, multi-hop operation 802.16k, bridging amendment 802.16m, advanced air interface for next generations, higher data rate and higher speeds
Page 44
Page 45
1.25-20 MHz, uplink to conserve Po PMP mesh, PMP mesh, PMP mesh, PMP mesh, TDD and FDD TDD and FDD TDD and FDD TDD and FDD E1/T1 services, E1/T1 services, Indoor Portable backhauling backhauling broadband broadband hot spots hot spots. access for access for Wireless DSL residential consumers. users (HSpeed Mobile internet. internet, VoIP) Always best connected
Page 46
Yes
Yes
No
No
Yes
No
Yes
Yes
No
No
Yes
No ~2.7 bps/Hz peak data rate, 54Mbps shared in 20MHz using 802.11a/g more than 100Mbps peak layer 2 throughput using 802.11n
~4.5bps/Hz, 9.4Mbps in 3.5MHz with 3:1 DL to UL ratio TDD, 6.1 Mbps with 1:1 3.3Mbps in 3.5MHz with 3:1 DL to UL ratio TDD, 6.5 Mbps with 1:1
~4.5 bps/Hz, 46Mbps with 3:1 DL to UL ratio TDD, 32 Mbps with 1:1 7Mbps in 10MHz with 3:1 DL to UL ratio, 4 Mbps with 1:1
~4.5 bps/Hz, 38 Mbps with 3:1 3.1Mbps, Rev B DL to UL ratio will support TDD, 27 Mbps 4.9Mbps with 1:1
1.8Mbps
5.9 Mbps with 3:1 DL to UL ratio, 3.4 Mbps with 1:1 same as above
Page 47
Parameter
Bandwidth
Fixed WiMAX Mobile WiMAX 3.5MHz and 7MHz in 3.5GHz band, 3.5M, 7M, 5M, 10MHz in 5.8GHz 10M & 8.75M band, 28M max initially, 28M max QPSK, 16QAM, 64QAM TDM TDD, FDD 3.5G and 5.8G initially 3-5 miles Not applicable QPSK, 16QAM, 64QAM TDM/OFDMA TDD initially 2.3G, 2.5G &3.5G initially
HSPA
WiBRO
Wi-Fi
5M
1.25 x 2 M QPSK, 8PSK,16QAM TDM/CDMA FDD 800/900/1800 /1900M 1-3 miles High
20M for 802.11 a/g, 20/40M for 802.11a, 11M for 11b BPSK, QPSK, 16QAM, 64QAM CSMA TDD
QoS
<2 miles Mid QoS designed in QoS designed in for for voice/video, voice/video, differentiated differentiated services. services. Grant Grant request MAC request MAC
DL only
DL only
2.4G, 5G <100ft indoor 1-3 miles <1000ft outdoor High Low QoS designed in No QoS for support.802.11e voice/video, working to differentiated standardize. services. Grant Contention based request MAC MAC
Page 48
Single carrier like water flowing from a faucet Multi-carrier like water flowing from a shower head
Page 50
Page 51
OFDM Basic-1
Converts single bit stream (wider bit rate) into multiple (smaller bit rate) parallel bit streams Efficient BW (No BPF between sub-channels) usage Orthogonal approach using FFT technique (50 yrs old, used to be expensive to implement). Signal orthogonality happens in frequency domain (peak of one signal at zeros of all others) Time & freq domain representation
Ch1 Ch2 Ch3 Ch4 Ch5
Power
FDM-Frequency
Ch2 Ch1 Ch3 Ch4 Ch5
Power
Bandwidth saving
OFDM-Frequency
Introduction to WiMAX Technology Page 52
Frequency
Symbols
Time
Introduction to WiMAX Technology Page 53
OFDM Basic-2
An area under a complete sine/cosine wave is always zero
When multiplied by another integer or non-harmonics, the result is zero
A proven technology, already being used in cable modem, WiFi, DSL, DVB and DAB
Introduction to WiMAX Technology Page 54
OFDM Basic-3
f1 Mod 1 Mod 2 Rs S/P Mod N fN Rs/N f2
Time-frequency Grid
Data
Frequency
Subcarrier f0
T=1/f0
Time
Time Wavefom
Introduction to WiMAX Technology
Page 55
OFDM Basic-4
Treats source Symbol as frequency domain and converts it into time domain with IFFT N carriers results in N orthogonal-sinewaves N tones are generated digitally to avoid bank of phase locked oscillators Each N determines a complex Amplitude & phase for that sub-carrier Sin(x)/x spectra for unfiltered sub-channels but their orthogonality prevents interfering to one another Output of IFFT is sum of all sub-carriers and makes up a single OFDM symbol (whose length = NT, T is IFFT input sampling period) in time domain
Data In
Mod M-QAM
IFFT
DAC
BB OFDM
Data Out
DMD M-QAM
FFT
A/D
BB OFDM
Page 56
MC: each user can employ number of subcarriers to transmit data simultaneously
Parallel modulation scheme Slower subcarrier rate that makes it easier to process and more rugged against interference Simpler frequency domain equalizer Manageable DSP Robust to interference
Introduction to WiMAX Technology Page 58
MC, Multi-carrier
Divide the shared wideband channel into N sub-channels
Data divided into Na active substreams
Spacing between two carriers is proportional to 1/T, where T is the IFFT symbol duration
BWOccupied = NaxTIFFT, sharper roll off due to lower sub-carrier frequency (higher IFFT rate) & DSP process. Na active subcarriers, TIFFT IFFT sampling duration
Page 59
Impairment IQ gain balance IQ Quadrature skew IQ channel mismatch Uncompensated freq. error Phase noise Nonlinear distortion Linear distortion Carrier leakage Frequency error Amplifier droop Spurious
Introduction to WiMAX Technology
OFDM State spreading (uniform/carrier) State spreading (uniform/carrier) State spreading (nonuniform/carrier) State spreading State spreading (uniform/carrier) State spreading Usually no effect (equalize) Offset constellation for center carrier only (if used) State spreading Radial constellation distortion State spreading or shifting of affected subcarrier
Single Carrier Distortion of constellation Distortion of constellation State spreading Spinning constellation Constellation phase arcing State spreading (may be more pronounced on outer state) State spreading if not equalized Offset constellation Constellation phase arcing Radial constellation distortion State spreading, generally circular
Page 60
MC Disadvantages
Higher linearity requirements due to PAPR Reduced system gain due to additional back off Higher power devices require more power dissipation, real estate space and cost Sensitive to phase-noise and clock inaccuracy Additional circuit, processing resources and cost for IFFT/FFT Reduced spectral efficiency due to added guard interval
Page 61
SC Disadvantages
Data are transmitted over only one carrier. Pulse length ~1/B Selective fading
MC, Multi-carrier
Delay
For each subcarrier, Rx receives a composite of sinusoids Same frequency but different phase and amplitude Fairly robust in frequency selective fading channel For single carrier transmission system, if the channel encounters interference at this frequency, the entire transmission can fail In OFDM, the problem is reduced since only a few of the N subcarriers will be affected. This means loss of a few bits instead of the entire OFDM symbol Powerful error correcting codes can be used to help restoring the erroneous bits in the corrupted subcarriers
SC
Hi-Freq Signal
Multipath Signal
Combined Signal
Delay
OFDM
Multipath Signal
Combined Signal
Time-frequency Grid
Used Bandwidth
Data bits
Frequency
f0
Bad subcarriers
T=1/f0
Page 63
OFDM Mode
Frequency S0 S1 S2 S3 S4 S5 Time
Frequency
Serial symbol stream used to modulate a single wide band carrier Single Carrier
Deep Fade
OFDM Mode
Level
Frequency
Frequency
The dotted area represents the transmitted spectrum. The solid area is the receiver input
Page 64
Page 66
Fresnel Zone
Fresnel zone clearance depends on frequency & path length 1st Fz = 0.5 wavelength = 17.31 SQRT{(d1* d2) / (Dkm fGHz)}, d1 & d2 distance from obstruction to antenna, Dkm total distance Destructive affects at even orders of Fz Signal summation of same and or opposite phase
Page 67
Multipath Fading
More than one transmission path between Tx and Rx
Receive signal is the sum of many versions of the Tx signal with varied delay and attenuation
Reflection occurs when a propagating electromagnetic wave impinges upon a smooth surface with very large dimensions relative to the RF signal wavelength (=c/f, c speed of light, f operating frequency)
Buildings, ground, billboards, media
Diffraction occurs when the propagation path between Tx and Rx is obstructed by a dense body with dimension that are large relative to . Wave bends around sharp objects
Terrain, top of buildings
Scattering occurs when a radio wave impinges on either a large, rough surface or any surface whose dimensions are on the order of or less, causing the energy to be spread out or reflect in all directions. In an urban areas it is caused by lamppost, street signs and foliage. Multipath propagated signal affected by
Velocity, path, attenuation, time delay, Doppler shift, number of paths, etc.
Reflection Diffraction
Scattering
Page 68
EM wave impinging on surface will be reflected with some attenuation (determined by reflection coefficient) Two-ray model assumes one direct LOS path and one reflection path each reaching receiver with significant power
Introduction to WiMAX Technology Page 69
Sig. Attn dB @ 2.5GHz 2.1 6 0.3 20 24.1 10 15 30 45 8.3 100.4 104 117 119 125 139
Page 70
Page 71
F1
F1 F1
F1
F1
F1 F1
F1
F1 F1
F1
F1
F1 F1
F1 F1
F1
F1 F1 F1 F1
F1
F1
Page 72
Page 73
F2 F1 F2 F3 F1 F3 F1
F1S1a
F1S2
F2 F3 F2 F1 F3
F1S3a
F1S1a
F1S2a
F1 F2 F3 F2 F1 F3
F1S3
F1 S 1
F1S2
F1S2a
F1S3a
F2 F1 F3
F1S2
F1S3
F1S1
F1S3
F1S1
F1S3a
F1S1a
Page 74
Page 75
Transmission across BSs and sectors are coordinated in order to achieve maximal F=F +F +F F interference avoidance F 1x3x1 Reuse
1 2 3 2
1a
F F
F1
F1
F1
F1
F F1 F F
F1b
F1c
Fractional Freq Reuse
Page 76
Cell 2
Cell 2
Cell 2
Cell 1
Cell 1
Cell 1
Frequency
Frequency
Frequency
Cell 1
Cell 2
Cell 3
Power
Power
Power
Power
Frequency
Uniform
Hard reuse 3
Fractional reuse 3
Soft reuse 3
3 2 1
3 2 1
3 2 1
3 2 1
3 2 1
Reuse-3 Scheme
Introduction to WiMAX Technology
3 2 1
FFR-A Scheme
3 2 1
FFR-B Scheme
Page 78
Page 79
Latency
Processing circuit noise
Introduction to WiMAX Technology Page 81
Low IF
Removes part of DC offset issues and flicker noise Higher complexity, sensitive to IQ paths asymmetry
Homodyne (Zero-IF)
Reduced parts count, saves die/board size and power consumption Simple Frequency Plan Spurious and higher order mixing products associated with the 2nd LO and the IF frequencies are also eliminated from the frequency plan Isolation and dynamic rage trade-off Sensitive to DC offset , LO emission, LO pulling, flicker noise
Introduction to WiMAX Technology Page 82
ISI due to time dispersion ICI due to local clock inaccuracy & phase noise
More critical for TDD than the FDD system If occurred, it is not correctable
Synchronization vs. clock drift Frequency dispersion due to motion Noise Interference from own & or intra-network equipment
Introduction to WiMAX Technology Page 83
Other Impairments
Atmospheric absorption water vapor and oxygen contribute to attenuation (not relevant for low freq WiMAX)
Multipath effects by terrain and environmental conditions
Obstacles reflect signals so that multiple copies with varying delays are received
Page 84
TX PO
Max PO, regulated by local regulatory agency
Asymmetric power level at SS, MS & BS Different device sizes may yield asymmetric performance at each end PO, determined by sum of power from all active subcarriers measured over certain number of symbols in time
Sub-carrier power varies depending on type of sub-carrier, modulation and content Total data PO =DataPWR of 1subcar +10Log(# of act data subcar) Total pilot PO =pilotPWR of 1subcar +10Log(# of act pilot subcar) Total symbol PO =10 Log(10^dataPWR/10 + 10^pilotPWR/10)
Introduction to WiMAX Technology Page 85
TX PO Impairments
PA non-linearity causes IMD that results in spectral regrowth
Select higher OIP3, OIP5, IIP3, IIP5, P1dB, SFDR to improve performance Demands more linearity at higher order modulation Non-linear distortion can not be corrected by equalizer
Spurious may also originate at other areas of the circuit such as in non-linear mixer, LO phase noise, DAC, IQs, filters, etc. Performance degradation affects at its own near-end / far-end Rx and other operators in the vicinity Regulatory agency controls the Tx signal quality (Po, Freq., BW, spectrum, spurious, noise floor, ACLR, etc.) in order to protect other operators
Page 87
TX Impairments
Tx impairments affect the performance of its own and other neighbors in the vicinity Mitigation techniques includes power back-off, distortion control, larger device, signal clipping, selective mapping, partial IFFT, etc Destructive effects resulting from IMD3 & IMD5
1dB OIP3
Output Power
Fundamental
3rd Intermod
IMD3
Fundamental
3rd 5th
f
2f1-f2
f1
f2
2f2-f1 3f2-2f1
kTB
SFDR BDR
P1dB IIP3
Page 88
Page 89
TX spectral mask
Reference ETSI EN302 326-2 & EN320 544-1 RBW is generally set to about 1% of the BW if not specified ACLR: 44.2 dB at x1 CS, 49.2 dB at x2 CS (Channel Spacing) The spectral mask basically specifies the accuracy of the out of band signal
-5
-15
Attenuation (dBr)
-25
-35
-45
-55 0
Introduction to WiMAX Technology
Frequency/CS
2
Page 90
TX Spectrum, (1)
Frequency domain representation of one OFDM symbol
Modulation scheme & power adjustable per sub-channel
Page 91
TX Spectrum, (2)
Higher spectrum efficiency
Place unused sub-carriers at the beginning & end of OFDM symbol Rectangular spectrum shape (almost like brick wall) For larger number of subcarriers the spectrum goes down rapidly in the beginning, which is caused by the fact that the side lobes are closer dB together Roll off relative to sub-carrier rate Small frequency guard band
X MHz
Introduction to WiMAX Technology
Freq
Page 92
Tx Spectrum, (3)
Use vector spectrum analyzer to capture a non-traditional signal: TDD, DL/UL ratio, adaptive modulation, burst rate, training sequence, etc.
Sharp almost brick wall like spectrum, allows more data in the allowed BW Tx spectral flatness to be within 2 dB over all active tones for spectral lines starting from -50 to -1 and +1 to +50. +2/-4 dB over all active tones for spectral lines from -100 to -1 and +1 to +100. To be within 0.1 dB for adjacent subcarriers
Page 93
TX Spectrum, (4)
Preamble
Page 94
TX BW
Page 95
TX Frequency
MC system demands higher frequency stability & accuracy to deliver a consistently reliable performance
1 ppm is required for FDD & TTD operation over the life of product
This equates to 2.5 kHz for Tx only at 2.5 GHz
SS to BS synchronization tolerance to be 2 Hz Timing accuracy of 5-25 us required for TDD system Frequency inaccuracy increases the ICI
Page 96
Page 97
N0
kT W/Hz
N0 = noise power density in watts per 1 Hz of bandwidth N0 = -173.93 dBm/Hz into a 50 Ohms load (antenna) at room temperature k = Boltzmann's constant = 1.3803 * 10-23 J/K T = temperature, in Kelvin's (absolute temperature)
Page 98
Page 99
Unfaded RF RX Level
T
SIR T/I N SINR SNR
I
Introduction to WiMAX Technology
Interference Level
Page 100
RX Constellation Error
Rx relative constellation error includes transmit constellation error, Rx constellation error plus the channel impairments Provides Tx-Rx and channel condition prior to error correction Tested under any of the normal operating conditions
OFDM Burst Type BPSK-1/2 4QAM-1/2 4QAM-3/4 16QAM-1/2 16QAM-3/4 64QAM-2/3 64QAM-3/4 OFDMA Burst Type 4QAM-1/2 4QAM-3/4 16QAM-1/2 16QAM-3/4 64QAM-1/2 64QAM-2/3 64QAM-3/4
Introduction to WiMAX Technology
Relative Cons Error for SS (dB) -13.0 -16.0 -18.5 -21.5 -25.0 -29.0 -30.0 Relative Cons Error for SS (dB) -15.0 -18.5 -20.5 -24.0 -26.0 -28.0 -30.0
Relative Cons Error for BS (dB) -13.0 -16.0 -18.5 -21.5 -25.0 -29.0 -31.0 Relative Cons Error for BS (dB) -15.0 -18.5 -20.5 -24.0 -26.0 -28.0 -30.0
Page 101
RX Threshold
Rx to remain operational at signal up to -30 dBm for all modulations No damage to equipment at signal up to -0 dBm
Requires higher IIP3 and IIP5 devices at RF front end
Hi-RSL is more sensitive to higher modulation Rx must detect Rx signal up to -90 dBm min Rx dynamic range of 50 dB min PER to be better than 0.49% Image rejection to be 60 dB min Receive threshold is determined by the number of data subcarriers & frame length while excluding the pilots & preambles
Page 102
Table shows typical SNR using CC & RS FEC types vs. Mod level
Further reduction with more powerful codes
16QAM-3/4
64QAM-2/3
15.5
19.0
SNR requirements vary with Mod type, 64QAM-3/4 FEC power & modem design techniques
Minimum post processing requirement Lower requirements with higher powered FEC Lower requirements at lower modulation
Introduction to WiMAX Technology
21.0
Page 104
SNR
S/W performs fast background computation to determine channel conditions and fade margin
Useful to check the presence of steady interference at normal RSL
For SC System
Quadrature Amplitude
Quadrature Amplitude
2 1 0 -1 -2 -3
0.5
-0.5
-1
-2 0 2 In-phase Amplitude
-1
Multicarrier
Introduction to WiMAX Technology
Single carrier
Page 106
Interference, (1)
Spurious Caused by different combinations of signals in the Tx and Rx Harmonics are integer multiple of the primary transmitter/receiver frequency Predictable location and traceable back to primary frequency source
Others types such as CIR, CINR, PCINR, ECINR, SINR, CCI, ACI, CW, ICI, ISI
Easy to avoid/reject (with null carriers) narrowband interference with subchannels Less interfered part of the carrier can still be used
f
IMD5 Freq
2f1-f2
Introduction to WiMAX Technology
f1
f2
3f2-2f1 2f2-f1
Page 107
Interference, (2)
Tx, Rx spurious interference to be -47 dBm in 1 MHz BW
Power Rx Filter ACI
Page 108
Page 109
Interference
CCI and ACI requirements at 1/3 dB degradation CCI (dB) x1 ACI (dB) x2 ACI (dB) Reference 1e-6 BER 3 dB deg Modulation 1 dB deg 3 dB deg BPSK-1/2 4.0 -11.0 -30.0 4QAM-1/2 8.0 -11.0 -30.0 4QAM-3/4 9.5 -11.0 -30.0 16QAM-1/2 12.5 -11.0 -30.0 16QAM-3/4 16.0 -11.0 -30.0 64QAM-2/3 19.0 -4.0 -23.0 64QAM-3/4 22.0 -4.0 -23.0
Page 110
Interferer
IMD5
Freq
2f1-f2
f1
f2
3f2-2f1 2f2-f1
Page 111
Non-linear distortion and phase noise are the two largest contributing factors to a loss of orthogonality, creating an ICI. Poor frequency estimation in the receiver is another contributing factor ISI introduces an irreducible error floor which can not be removed by increasing transmit power
Introduction to WiMAX Technology Page 112
OFDM symbol
OFDM symbol
OFDM symbol
|Ca(t)|
OFDM symbol
OFDM symbol
Page 113
Typical delay spread: 40 to 200 ns for indoors (50 ns in homes, 100 ns in offices, 300 ns in industrial environment), 1 to 20 us for outdoors
ISI becomes more serious as the bit rate increases (/Ts gets worse i.e., bigger). is delay spread, Ts sample time For OFDM ratio of /NTs to become smaller (better ISI) Sensitive to LO phase noise (from all sources)
For MC system, ISI is less sensitive to narrowband interfering signal and frequency selective fading
Introduction to WiMAX Technology Page 114
F-2
F-1
F0
F1
F2
ICI
Introduction to WiMAX Technology Page 115
Dynamic Range
Receive signal ratio between the maximum possible signal and the minimum signal that gives the desired signal level over noise at demodulator input
The range includes input power (signal, noise and interference) over which receiver performs adequately Performance determined at a reference 1e-6 BER Determined by aggregate AGC in the receiver chain
BER
1e-2 1e-4 1e-6 1e-10 Overload Thres
-RSSI
Introduction to WiMAX Technology Page 116
Page 117
Frequency
RNG BW
UL P Burst #1 ... P
UL Burst #k
FDD
Contention UL SS #1
UL SS #k
DL Burst #m
Frame n-1
Frame n
Frame n+1
Frame n+2
TDD
RNG BW
Contention
P Burst #1 ... P
UL SS #1
UL
UL Burst #k
UL SS #k
Time
RNG: Contention Slot for Ranging Request BW: Contention Slot for BW Request
TDD
FDD
HFDD
Page 119
Static asymmetry
Half-duplex SSs supported
SS does not transmit/receive (lower cost)
FDD
Advantages Better protection against interferences (separate DL/UL ratio) Stronger synchronization of receiver
Synchronization of receiver
Synchronization of network
Page 121
WiMAX
WiMAX architecture consists of two key items PHY BB & RF processor (Frequency source, Mod, IFFT/FFT, timing recovery, Sync, multiple interface access, error detection & correction etc.) MAC Standard compliant LAN and end to end interface Protocol control / process / manage and QoS toward LAN interface
Source Data
IFFT
S/P
CP
Page 124
Channel bandwidth
Number of subcarriers CP, cyclic prefix Subcarrier spacing Modulation
FEC
PO Dynamic range Threshold
Introduction to WiMAX Technology Page 125
OFDM Subcarriers
An OFDMA symbol consists of three types of subcarriers:
Pilot subcarriers Data subcarriers Null subcarriers
Subcarriers can be turned on/off dynamically based on channel conditions and to meet the required BW
Page 126
Pilot Sub-carrier
Pilot subcarriers contain signal values that are known to the receiver Facilitate signal recovery and synchronization Pilot subcarriers are used in the receiver for correcting the magnitude (important in QAM) and phase shift offsets of the received symbols (see signal constellation example on previous page) Magnitude and phase of these subcarriers are known to receiver that helps to speed up channel estimation Always BPSK-1/2 modulated & its transmission repeated Higher power level (2.5 dB higher than the average power of the non-boosted data tones Transmitted with embedded Pseudo random code Inserted after the FEC stage so as not to destroy the fixed time and amplitude relationships that these signals must possess to be effective 8 pilots for OFDM (Configurable number for each transmitter in OFDMA) More pilots increases noise resiliance & processor loading while reducing the overall throughput For OFDM, pilots are common to all UL-subchannels For OFDMA, certain numbers are dedicated to specific subchannels
Introduction to WiMAX Technology Page 127
Data Sub-carriers
Used to transport over head control and user data
Part of the DL/UL data subcarriers contain preamble symbols for training purposes DL has two long preamble symbols of QPSK: Two training cycles at the start of each 8 us (1st containing 50 subcarriers and called short training sequence, every 4th subcarrier with a phase relationship that minimize the PAPR. This period is used for RX gain setting and course frequency correction. All have the same levels. 2nd containing 100 subcarriers and called long, 8 us, all subcarriers turned on. Allows RX to calculate frequency response of the channel and to fine tune the frequency errors). Preambles are 3 dB stronger than all other symbols in the DL frame. UL always starts with preamble (called short preamble, 100 subcarriers of QPSK. Preamble has no pilot carriers. Helps Rx to sync and perform additional channel estimation). Modulation remains the same within burst but changes from burst to burst.
Following DL Preamble is the FCH (single symbol of 88 bits, BPSK-1/2 for OFDM, QPSK-1/2 for OFDMA), occupies 1st two subcarriers in the 1st data symbol
Remainder of the data subcarriers carry the user data
Introduction to WiMAX Technology Page 128
Null Sub-carriers
To avoid difficulties in DAC and ADC converter offsets, and to avoid DC offset and PA saturation, the sub-carrier falling at DC is not used
Relaxes anti-aliasing and filtering requirements
DC subcarrier power must be at least 15 dB lower than the average of all other subcarriers
Provides a frequency guard band before the Nyquist frequency and allows for a realistic roll off in the analog anti-aliasing reconstruction filters Used for spectrum shaping and to fit the regulatory mask
Null subcarriers contain no power
Introduction to WiMAX Technology Page 129
Interl eaver
QAM Mod
Pilot
S/P
IFFT
P/S
CP & Win
RFTX
D-Int
QAM DMD
FD EQL
P/S
FFT
S/P
CP Remove
RFRX
Page 130
Scrambler
Randomization prevents long sequences of 1s or 0s in the incoming data stream Helps speed up and maintain clock recovery DL & UL data is randomized by modulo-2 addition of every data bit with output of a pseudo random binary sequence generator Randomization is performed on data bits only A pseudo random binary sequence of 1+X14+X15 Each frame starts with initialization sequence of 100101010000000 Randomization is performed on each allocation (DL or UL) independently
Page 131
FEC (1)
Probability of symbol location after passing through AWGN channel
When does error occur? Expected symbol ends up in neighbors territory Symbol vs. bit error Error multiplication at higher order modulation
Probability Density Function
Probability Density
FEC (2)
Hard decision declares error the moment it crosses the decision boundary Soft decision further adds statistical values in error computation Error distance decreases on higher modulation making it more susceptible to error BPSK = 2.0 1/4th constellation View
256QAM
15 170 13 178 194 218 250 290 338 394 226 234 250 274 306 346 394 450
QPSK = 1.414
16QAM = 0.471 64QAM = 0.283 256QAM = 0.202 Signal compression at outer most SER, BER. PER, FER
128QAM
122 11 82 9
130
146
170
202
242
290
346
90
106
130
162
202
250
306
64QAM
50 7 58 74 98 130 170 218 274
32QAM
5
26
34
50
74
106
146
194
250
16QAM
3
10
18
34
58
90
130
178
234
4QAM
1
10
26
50
82
122
170
226
11
13
15
FEC (3)
Process computes and adds additional parity bits at the transmit which helps identify error location & possible correction by receiver
FEC implementation varies by Cap/BW/Modulation
Reed Solomon (RS) only RS + Convolution RS + Convolution + Interleaver
Detected error quality is used to control adaptive modulation, coding rate, data integrity, error performance, bandwidth allocation, subchannelization, AAS (adaptive antenna system) & MIMO calculations If the last FEC block is not filled, that block may be left shortened Shortening in both UL and DL is controlled by the BS and is implicitly communicated in the UL-MAP and DL-MAP
Introduction to WiMAX Technology Page 134
FEC (4)
Adds redundancy to data bits
Programmable concatenated Reed Solomon (good for low BER, 1e-8) and Convolution coding (good for 1e-4 to 1e-7 BER) Total of 7 different rate dependent combinations Support of Block Turbo Coding (BTC), Convolutional Turbo Coding (CTC) and low density parity coding (LDPC) is optional The Reed Solomon encoding shall be derived from a systematic varied length RS code (k, n, t) where n is the number of overall bytes after encoding, k is the number of data bytes before encoding, t is the number of data bytes which can be corrected Encoder supports shortened and punctured codes to accommodate variable block size Reduces overall throughput according to the selected coding rate
Introduction to WiMAX Technology Page 135
FEC (5)
Incoming data bytes are processed serially (byte by byte) over a fixed RS block length then adds the parity bytes at the end
Low rate coding may be punctured by deleting zeros to lower overhead (i.e., deleting 2 out of 6 bits of to create a rate)
Raw Data (lower speed)
Block 2
Block 1
Block 0
X
Parity Bytes
X Data Bytes
Data In
1 bit delay
1 bit delay
1 bit delay
1 bit delay
1 bit delay
1 bit delay
+
Y Out
Page 136
FEC (6)
Four FEC schemes defined in 802.16 802.16 defines concatenated coding schemes: inner code (random errors) and outer code (burst errors) Code type 1 (used for large data block or high coding requirements):
No inner code Outer codes: systematic Reed-Solomon (corrects errors: 16 to 0 bytes) Two modes of operation:
Fixed codeword: number of information bytes same for every RS codeword Shortened codeword: number of information bytes in the final RS block is reduced
Introduction to WiMAX Technology Page 137
FEC (7)
Code type 2 (useful for low to moderate coding rates that provide good performance):
Outer code: almost same as RS code as in code type 1
Inner code: (9, 8) parity check code (code adds one parity bit to every eight bits)
Page 138
FEC (8)
Code type 4 (used to extend the range of a BS or increase the data rate at the same range):
No inner code
Outer code: block turbo code (BTC): The idea is to encode the data twice
Option: bit interleaving
k1 k2 n2
Introduction to WiMAX Technology
n1
BER Curve
BER vs. Eb/No before and after the RS only FEC
Performance tradeoffs
FEC Gain
Page 140
WiMAX supports 7 possible Mod / FEC rates to provide optimal data throughput
Other modulations and FEC types are optional
Uncoded Modulation Blocks (bytes) RS Code CC Code BPSK 12 (12, 12, 0) 1/2 4-QAM 24 (32, 24, 4) 2/3 4-QAM 36 (40, 36, 2) 5/6 16-QAM 48 (64, 48, 8) 2/3 16-QAM 72 (80, 72, 4) 5/6 64-QAM 96 (108, 96, 6) 3/4 64-QAM 108 (120, 108, 6) 5/6
Introduction to WiMAX Technology
Coded Blocks Overall (bytes) Coding 24 1/2 48 1/2 48 3/4 96 1/2 96 3/4 144 2/3 144 3/4
Page 141
Interl eaver
QAM Mod
Pilot
S/P
IFFT
P/S
CP & Win
RFTX
D-Int
QAM DMD
FD EQL
P/S
FFT
S/P
CP Remove
RFRX
Page 142
Interleaving
Data interleaving is very affective against burst (clustered) typed errors Process increases latency through the system All encoded data bits shall be interleaved by a block interleaver Interleaver block size corresponds to the number of coded bits per specified allocations The number of coded bits per carrier is 2, 4 or 6 for QPSK, 16QAM or 64QAM, respectively
Before Interleaving
X
No error block After Interleaving
X
No error block
X
Correctable block
X
Correctable block
Correctable block
Data Input
Fill in
b1 b4 b7 b10
Data Out
Constellation Mapping
Serial data bits are mapped into selected modulated symbol
Supports Gray-mapped BPSK, 4/ 16/ 64-QAM modulation
Page 144
Input Bits Input bits I-Out Q-Out (b0b1b2) (b3b4b5) 000 -7 000 -7 001 -5 001 -5 011 -3 011 -3 010 -1 010 -1 110 1 110 1 111 3 111 3 101 5 101 5 100 7 100 7
Q = b 3 b4 b 5 . . b5 b4 b3 6 bits b2 b1 b0 I = b0 b1 b2 1 Symbol
Real
Page 145
Digital modulation: how bits are mapped to symbols. Constellation can be selected per subscriber (quality of the RF channel)
In the DL: QPSK, 16-QAM and 64-QAM Distance to origin: power that sends the signal, follows 2 adjustment rules
Constant constellation peak power and constant constellation mean power
Before Mod I & Q signals filtered by square root raised cosine pulse shaping filter:
S(t) = I(t)*cos (2fct) * Q(t)sin(2 fct)
Introduction to WiMAX Technology Page 146
Interl eaver
QAM Mod
Pilot
S/P
IFFT
P/S
CP & Win
RFTX
D-Int
QAM DMD
FD EQL
P/S
FFT
S/P
CP Remove
RFRX
Page 147
Constellation Display
Multiple modulations captured in a single frame
Constant average power to stabilize Rx AGC loop gain
Page 148
Constellation Map
The Frequency Domain description includes the basic structure of an OFDM symbol
An OFDM symbol is made up from subcarriers, the number of which determines the FFT size used. There are several carrier types
Data subcarriers: for data transmission & down stream synchronization Pilot subcarriers: for various estimation purposes
Page 149
IFFT/FFT
A DSP process that uses N points IFFT of a signal X(k)
Parallel data streams are used as inputs to an IFFT IFFT output contains N times data buckets Each bucket contains sum of many samples of many sinusoids Same frequency, different amplitude and phase At center of the subcarrier there is no cross talks from other subcarriers and hence makes receiver to correctly recover data IFFT does modulation and multiplexing in one step Normal DFT would require (N-1)^2 operation whereas the FFT would require only N/2*Log2(N) operations (i.e., 65025 vs. 1024 multiplications for 256 point FFT)
Page 150
IFFT/FFT
The IFFT operation in OFDM partitions a wide band channel into multiple narrowband subchannels The IFFT & FFT operations are almost identical. The IFFT can be made using an FFT by conjugating input and output of the FFT and dividing the output by the FFT size. May use the same hardware for Tx & Rx in TDD mode
Parallel to Serial
IFFT
Input Data
1 0
Guard Period
Introduction to WiMAX Technology
Symbol Start
Page 151
Guard Time
Signal from multiple reflected paths arrive at various delays Delayed signal may corrupts the front part of the next symbol The guard time acts as a buffer to allow time for multipath signals from previous symbol to die away before the information from the current symbol to get collected by receiver It is like water splash when driving too close to a car in front A simple gap is not acceptable for optimal signal recovery at Rx Adding guard time lowers the symbol rate but does not affects the subcarrier spacing Environment Sig. Delay, ns Office/home NLoS 50 Open space office NLoS 100 Large open space office NLoS 150 Manufacturing area 200-300 Microcell 500 Large open space LoS 140 Large open space NLoS 250 Mobile city 2500 Mobile rural area 25000 Introduction to WiMAX Technology
Page 152
DC Carrier
Tg
Frequency Domain
Time Domain
MC Sample
Level 1/Fs
~ ~
NFFT Time
Tg
NFFT*1/FS=Tb(=1/f) Ts=Tb+Tg
Tg=G-Tb -1
NFFT
Equaliazer Length
SC Sym period
Page 153
Delayed Signal
Signal travels through various paths and ultimately arrives at different time
FFT symbol portion must contain integer number of cycles
Append tail part of the FFT symbol to its front part in order to make it a continuous signal
ICI & timing recovery issues if not appended
Page 154
Guard interval simplifies equalization at the Rx if guard interval time is greater than the maximum delay spread Guard interval should be short (performance trade offs) Guard interval should be chosen longer than the actual RMS delay spread, 3x to 4x longer ( 0.1 of symbol length, SNR 1 dB = 10log(1- Tg/TOFDM Sym)) Guard interval is discarded by the receiver
SNR Loss, in dB = -10Log (1 - Tguard interval length / TOFDM symbol duration)
Page 155
16QAM 256 points FFT receive constellation plots (a, delay guard time. b delay exceeds guard time by 3% of FFT internal. c, delay exceeds guard time by 10% of the FFT interval)
a
-10
RX Const 3
b
Quadrature Amplitude
2 1 0 -1 -2 -3
RX Const 3
c
Quadrature Amplitude
2 1 0 -1 -2 -3
RX Const
Magnitude-squared, dB
Quadrature Amplitude
2 1 0 -1 -2 -3 -2 0 2 In-phase Amplitude
-2 0 2 In-phase Amplitude
-2 0 2 In-phase Amplitude
Page 156
A copy of the last OFDM symbol is appended to the front of transmitted OFDM symbol Actually the Tg can be realized by adding zeros, but using the CP as guard interval can transform the linear convolution with the channel into circular convolution
CP is added after the IFFT on a combined signal rather than for each sub-carrier Accommodates the decaying transient of the previous symbol Smooth initial transient to reach the current symbol Impact of CP is similar to the roll-off factor in raised cosine filtered SC systems
Page 157
Doppler Shift
A measure of spectral broadening caused by the channel time variation Motion of the mobile causes periodic phase shifts which change with time. The rate of change of phase gives rise to Doppler frequency, which varies with mobile speed and arrival angle of rays fd, Hz = v/, where v velocity, wavelength Inter-carrier spacing must be at least 10 times higher than the maximum fd
Value increases if moving toward source and lower when moving away from each other Symbol rate must be much higher than the Doppler shift. Inter-carrier spacing of the system must be chosen large, compared to the maximal Doppler frequency of the fading channel. Coherence time, Tc = 0.423/fd , fd Doppler shift TC >> T, slow fading TC T, fast fading Coherence time is a time period to correlate the channels value Coherence distance, DC = 0.179 , to determine antenna spacing
Page 158
Group Delay
It is defined as derivative of the phase response versus frequency, that is the slope of the phase response
Prime contribution of the group delay comes from tighter band pass filter response in the baseband, IF & RF sections. It is also contributed from improper cable termination, noncompensated sin(x)/x, antenna mismatch, signal combiners and multipath effects MC systems are more tolerant to group delays Equalizer is an effective tool to remove linear distortion
Page 159
OFDM Symbol
Windowing
Makes amplitude go down smoothly to zero at symbol boundaries (minimizes interference to others)
Tx signal without windowing will have wide bandwidth due to the side lobes of the IFFT being a Sinc function
Tx signal is band limited in time domain by using windowing technique (raised cosine function). There is no band limits in frequency domain
Applied window must not influence the signal in its effective period. In other words pulse-shaping affects on the CP T
Tguard Sym-1 Prefix Twin TFFT
Introduction to WiMAX Technology Page 161
TX PO
BS to provide 10 dB min settable attenuation in 1 dB min step size with better than 1.5 dB (within 0.5 dB for relative steps) measurement accuracy SS to provide 30 dB (40 dB for 16e) min settable transmit attenuation in 1 dB min step size
50 dB min settable attenuation for devices with sub-channelization The measurement accuracy for 1 dB step size must be within 1.5 dB (within 0.5 dB for relative step) for the first 30 dB range, 3 dB for larger step size
Preamble level between adjacent sub-carriers must be within 0.1 dB Preamble bursts are 3 dB (4.6 dB for 16e) higher than the FCH & DL data Training symbol (for sync., estimation and tracking time-varying channels) are transmitted via preamble or pilot carriers UL pilots are not boosted
Introduction to WiMAX Technology Page 162
Page 163
TX Waveform Accuracy
The accuracy of the modulated waveform is affected internally by
Root raised cosine filter length and coefficients accuracy D/A converter accuracy Modulator imbalances Synthesizer phase noise PA nonlinearities
Q Error Vector Magnitude Actual
Error
Externally affected by
Cable mismatch
Antenna mismatch Interference Terrain Environmental
Magnitude error I
Page 164
OFDM Burst Type BPSK-1/2 4QAM-1/2 4QAM-3/4 16QAM-1/2 16QAM-3/4 64QAM-2/3 64QAM-3/4 OFDMA Burst Type 4QAM-1/2 4QAM-3/4 16QAM-1/2 16QAM-3/4 64QAM-1/2 64QAM-2/3 64QAM-3/4
Relative Cons Error for SS (dB) -13.0 -16.0 -18.5 -21.5 -25.0 -29.0 -30.0 Relative Cons Error for SS (dB) -15.0 -18.5 -20.5 -24.0 -26.0 -28.0 -30.0
Relative Cons Error for BS (dB) -13.0 -16.0 -18.5 -21.5 -25.0 -29.0 -31.0 Relative Cons Error for BS (dB) -15.0 -18.5 -20.5 -24.0 -26.0 -28.0 -30.0
Page 165
Transmission time from Tx to Rx, 2 us for TDD, 20 us for FDD & HD-FD ACI at 1e-6 BER & 1 dB degradation
-1 dB for QPSK, +6 dB for 16QAM, +13 dB for 64QAM
Page 166
Page 167
DC subcarrier to be suppressed by 15 dB min relative to the total average power from all data and pilot subcarriers
The outer subcarriers need to be within +2/-4 dB from average power transmitted from all active subcarriers
The inner subcarriers must be within 2 dB 0.4 dB The adjacent subcarriers must be within
Page 168
BS performance
Time accuracy
5 to 25 us for TDD N/A for FDD GPS option (more expensive and difficult to access open sky if in the basement)
Introduction to WiMAX Technology Page 170
MS Performance Parameters
RSL power determined from per subcarrier level
RSL per unboosted subcarrier = RSSI-10Log(8)10Log(number of preamble subcarriers)
Fast feedback channel from MS to up date the time critical information such as CINR, MIMO, AAS, spatial multiplexing, etc.
Page 171
RX Constellation Error
Relative constellation error
Intended to ensure that RX SNR does not degrade more than 0.5 dB due to TX SNR. Measured by an ideal receiver with carrier recovery loop bandwidth of 1% of the symbol rate
EVM value includes PA nonlinearities, untracked phase noise, inband amplitude OFDM Relative Cons Relative Cons ripple and DAC inaccuracies
Results are independent of the FEC
Q Error Vector Magnitude Actual
Error
Magnitude error I
Burst Type BPSK-1/2 4QAM-1/2 4QAM-3/4 16QAM-1/2 16QAM-3/4 64QAM-2/3 64QAM-3/4 OFDMA Burst Type 4QAM-1/2 4QAM-3/4 16QAM-1/2 16QAM-3/4 64QAM-1/2 64QAM-2/3 64QAM-3/4
Error for SS (dB) -13.0 -16.0 -18.5 -21.5 -25.0 -29.0 -30.0 Relative Cons Error for SS (dB) -15.0 -18.5 -20.5 -24.0 -26.0 -28.0 -30.0
Error for BS (dB) -13.0 -16.0 -18.5 -21.5 -25.0 -29.0 -31.0 Relative Cons Error for BS (dB) -15.0 -18.5 -20.5 -24.0 -26.0 -28.0 -30.0
Page 172
OFDM moves the IFFT operation to Tx to load balance complexity between Tx 1/|a| e-j and Rx Single Single Multipath
Distorted Phase & Magnitude
An adaptive process for varied conditions Removes only the linear distortions
Quadrature Amplitude
Transmitted Subcarrier
Channel
Received Subcarrier
Scatter Plot
TX Const 1
1.5 1
|a|ej
1
Quadrature Amplitude
Scatter Plot
0.5
Quadrature Amplitude
0.5
0.5 0 -0.5 -1
-0.5
-0.5
P/S
QAM DMD
FD EQL
FFT
S/P
CP Remove
FLTR ADC
-1
-1
Page 173
OFDM, Rx Threshold
OFDM receive signal is made up of a sum of attenuated, phase shifted and time delayed versions of the transmitted signal
Rx Thresh=-114 -10Log(R) +10Log(FS * NUsed/NFFT) +NF + SNR + LImp
Add 10Log(Nsubchannel used/32) for OFDMA, when using less subchannels in the BS Rx NF = SNRIn / SNRO, for front end cascaded Rx chain
Packet
Network (destination) Address User Data
Data Payload
Pad
CRC
Page 175
RX Requirements
Minimum threshold requirements based on 7 dB NF & 1e-6 BER
Residual bit error rate to be 1e-10
Rx Threshold vs. Modulation & Coding rate, dBm BPSK QPSK QPSK 16QAM 16QAM 64QAM 64QAM 1/2 1/2 3/4 1/2 3/4 2/3 3/4 -94 -91 -89 -84 -82 -78 -76 -93 -90 -87 -83 -81 -77 -75 -91 -88 -86 -81 -79 -75 -73 -90 -87 -85 -80 -78 -74 -72 -89 -86 -84 -79 -77 -72 -71 -88 -85 -83 -78 -76 -72 -70 -87 -84 -82 -77 -75 -71 -69 -86 -83 -81 -76 -74 -69 -68 -85 -82 -80 -75 -73 -69 -67 -84 -81 -79 -74 -72 -68 -66 -83 -80 -78 -73 -71 -66 -65 3.0 5.0 8.0 10.5 14.0 18.0 20.0
Page 177
BS configures each SS/MS PO such that the Rx power arriving at the BS to remain constant and consistent with all others regardless of the distance
Receiver front end must be able to tolerate high incoming signal level demanding linearity with higher IIP3 devices
For direct conversion system, IIP3 demand further increases due to lack of sharp IF filtering and limited AGC range
Page 178
Fade Mitigation
Page 179
Suitable for high data rate transmission Highly flexible in term of link adaptation Low complexity multiple access (OFDMA) Mod/code change on frame to frame and SS to SS depending on robustness (trade-off cap vs. robustness in real time) QoS based on latency, jitter & reliable throughput Channel impairments and timing problems are both solved with simple phase and channel estimators
Page 180
OFDM, Disadvantages
Synchronization
Requires more complex algorithms for time / frequency sync Additional circuit for FFT and IFFT is needed Greater complexity More expensive Tx & Rx Reduced efficiency due to guard interval Sensitive to phase noise, timing & frequency offsets Tight specifications for local oscillators Doppler limitation High peak to average ratio (PAPR) Approximately 10 Log (N), in dB
OFDM Snapshot
8 BPSK pilots at fixed location 192 data subcarriers, 55 null subcarriers and 1 DC subcarrier OFDM Symbol = (1+Cyclic Prefix)/f f (Sub-carrier spacing) is proportional to Channel BW/FFT size Sub-channel spacing varies according to the BW For narrow BW, sub-channel spacing becomes closer that makes the symbol time longer yielding better performance in NLOS channel
Active Subcarriers: 200 Subcarrier Spacing: 90 kHz 8 BPSK pilots Fixed location BPSK, QPSK, 16QAM, 64QAM
Guardband
DC
OFDMA
Combination of FDMA and OFDM. No guard band between subcarriers.
FFT size is scalable from 128 to 2048 Fill unused channels with null subcarriers to bring up to next 2N Increase the FFT as the BW increases such that subcarriers spacing remains 10.94 kHz (depends on configurable over-sampling rate) Keeps constant symbol duration and have minimal impact on higher layers Sub-carrier spacing can support delay spread up to 20 us, 125 kmph at frequency 3.5 GHz 4QAM,16QAM & 64QAM are used for data. BPSK is used during preamble, pilot & when modulating subcarriers in the ranging channel
Introduction to WiMAX Technology Page 184
OFDMA, Example
Sub-carrier separation remains constant regardless of the BW FFT and Subcarriers (Data, Pilot & Null) vary with the BW Number of OFDM symbols remain constant regardless of BW in a specific frame FFT: 2048 rate 166-240 QPSK Pilots Active Carriers: 1680 QPSK, 16QAM, 64QAM
Subcarrier Spacing: 11.161 kHz Fixed & variable location
20 MHz FFT: 1024 82-120 pilots Active Carriers: 840 Subcar. Spacing: 11.161 kHz
10 MHz FFT: 512 42-60 pilots Active Carriers: 420 Subcarrier Spacing: 11.161 kHz
5 MHz DC FFT: 128 10-16 pilots Active Carriers: 84 Subcarrier Spacing: 11.161 kHz
1.25 MHz
Introduction to WiMAX Technology Page 185
OFDMA
In OFDM, only one MS is transmitted in one time slot
In OFDMA, several MSs can be transmitted in the same time slot over several sub-channels
Time-frequency allocations are done dynamically to improve performance at the expense of complexity
OFDM
OFDMA
Subcarriers, frequency
Subchannels, frequency
FFT symbol
Introduction to WiMAX Technology
Time
Available guard time settings Tg = Guard time, us Tg OFDMA symbol time, us Ts=Tb+Tg TTG+TRG, us PS=4/Fs 10/TS Symbol per 10 ms frame
Introduction to WiMAX Technology
Modulation
Error correction code Overall coding rate Cyclic Prefix Subchannels
Bandwidth
FFT
Page 188
Page 189
OFDMA Frame
A frame is one complete set of DL & UL transmission, meaning the time between two preambles of the DL signal
Frame consists of DL & UL subframe with flexible boundaries
UL has no preamble except for system using AAS, but there are increased number of pilots. Data is transmitted in bursts that are as long as the UL sub-frame zone allows and wrapped to further sub-channel as required.
Page 190
Adaptive & variable length duration for DLMAP, UL-MAP, fast feedback, ranging and data burst
Subcarrier (frequency)
...
UL-MAP (conti'd)
UL burst #2
Preamble
DL-MAP
UL burst #4 DL burst #4
UL-MAP UL-MAP
S+L
Preamble
Page 191
DL burst #1
DL burst #3
UL burst #3
DL-MAP
S S+1 S+2
FCH
Page 193
Slot
Slot
A slot is the minimum possible data allocation unit within OFDMA, defined in time and frequency (number of contiguous symbols times number of subcarriers). It always contains one subchannel and can contain one to three symbols (depending on the zone type). A DL-PUSC slot is two symbols wide, a UL-PUSC slot three symbols wide. Minislot
A unit of UL BW allocation equivalent to n physical slots, where n=2^m, m is an integer ranging from 0 through 7
Page 194
Time
k+14
Slot
Subchannel offset
# of OFDMA symbols
Slot
Data Region
Segment
Permutation zone
Page 195
UL Subframe
Optional PUSC
Preamble
TUSC1
TUSC2
PUSC
AMC
st
AMC
Subcarriers are randomly assigned to subchannel and changed every symbol time
Different subchannel allocation methods to
Optimize the frequency band for stationary or mobile usage
High or low interference from neighboring sectors, cells Optimize diversity and beamforming techniques performance
16e system uses subchannels in both directions whereas 16d applies in the UL only
Introduction to WiMAX Technology Page 198
DL Bandwidth
All-ch Po
UL All Sub-channels
4x sub-ch Po
Subchannel2
guard band
Adjacent Allocation
Subchannel1
Subchannel2
guard band
Introduction to WiMAX Technology 200
guard band
Page 200
Subchannelization
Page 201
Subchannelization
Narrowband interference rejection Easy to avoid/reject narrowband dominant interference
Before
After
Null Subcarriers
Interference Subcarriers
Provides full frequency diversity and inter-cell interference averaging by spreading the subcarriers over the entire band
BW (MHz) 1.25 5 10 20 FFT Size 128 512 1024 2048 AMC Subchannels (downlin/Uplink) (downlink/Uplink) 2/2 8/8 16/16 32/32 PUSC Subchannels (downlin/Uplink) (downlink/Uplink) 3/4 15/17 30/35 60/92 FUSC Subchannels (downlink only) 2 8 16 32
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OFDMA Permutation
1.25 MHz BW 105 96 85 72 108 96 108 96 97 5 MHz BW 426 384 421 360 432 384 432 384 408 272 433 432 384 10 MHz BW 851 768 841 720 864 768 864 768 840 840 865 864 768 20 MHz BW 1702 1536 1681 1440 1728 1536 1728 1536 1681
OFDMA Permutation DL FUSC No. of subcarrier No. of data subcarrier DL PUSC No. of subcarrier No. of data subcarrier DL O-FUSC No. of subcarrier No. of data subcarrier DL O-AMC No. of subcarrier No. of data subcarrier UL PUSC No. of subcarrier No. of data subcarrier UL O-PUSC No. of subcarrier No. of data subcarrier Ul O-AMC No. of subcarrier No. of data subcarrier
109 108 96
Page 205
PUSC, Example
PUSC with STC
DL-PUSC Subframe with STC Zone (2 Antennas UL-PUSC Subframe with STC Zone
User 1 Matrix B
User 2 Matrix B
User 1, Matrix A
Page 206
OFDMA Highlights
16e intended for mobile broadband connection for pedestrians and automobiles in 1-3 mile radius range
Maximum subscriber throughput 3 Mbps per DL, 1 Mbps per UL
Maximum sector throughput (10MHz band) Frequency reuse 18 Mbps per DL, 6 Mbps per UL 1
Mobility
Handoff Service coverage Roaming QoS offering Uplink/Downlink ratio
Introduction to WiMAX Technology
Up to 120 km/h
Under 150 ms Macro (1km), Micro (400m), Pico (100m) Seamless roaming with cellular and WLAN Unsolicited grant service, extended realtime, real time, non real-time, best-effort Software adjustable
Page 207
DL rate Mbps
4QAM CTC, 6x CTC, 4x CTC, 2x CTC, 1x 3/4 CTC 16QAM CTC CTC 64QAM CTC 2/3 CTC 3/4 CTC 5/6 CTC
Introduction to WiMAX Technology
DL rate Mbps
0.53 0.79 1.58 3.17 4.75 6.34 9.50 9.50 12.67 14.26 15.84
UL rate Mbps
0.38 0.57 1.14 2.28 3.43 4.57 6.85 6.85 9.14 10.28 11.42
DL rate Mbps
1.06 1.58 3.17 6.34 9.50 12.07 19.01 19.01 26.34 28.51 31.68
UL rate Mbps
0.78 1.18 2.35 4.70 7.06 9.41 14.11 14.11 18.82 21.17 23.52
Page 208
Enables spatial diversity by using antenna diversity at the Base station and possible at the Subscriber Unit Gives frequency diversity by spreading the carriers all over the used spectrum
Enabling the usage of indoor Omni Directional antennas for the users
MAC complexity is the same as for TDMA systems
Page 210
OFDM is a proven technology for transporting high data rates for NLOS, long ranges with multipath conditions like for DVB-T, DAB etc.
Introduction to WiMAX Technology Page 211
Drawbacks of OFDMA
OFDMA signal due to its extreme amplitude variation does not behave well in non-linear channel. PAPR, dB = 10Log(N), OFDM composite signal exhibits significant peaks and valleys (when all carriers add in phase) with depths of more than 50 dB but the probability of its occurring is low due to scrambling and higher number of N. Some uses advanced coding techniques to minimize its effect. Higher N means higher peak, requiring linear & expensive PA. Increases ADC/DAC complexity. Highly sensitive to timing jitter and frequency offsets Doppler limitation Susceptible to phase noise as each subcarrier is Mod by phase noise of the LO Loss due to guard band, typically set 1 dB Reduced channel spacing at higher N increases chance of ICI Sync: requires more complex algorithms for time/frequency sync
Introduction to WiMAX Technology Page 212
Average SNR
Subcarriers
Introduction to WiMAX Technology
Up Link
Modulation BPSK, QPSK, 16QAM 64QAM optional
256QAM optional
Adaptive power back-off per Modulation Coding
Dynamically adapts the transmitting signal based on channel status (RSL, CINR & PER) from the far end receiver
Assigns adjacent subcarriers to specific SS/MS
Receiver
4
ECC Encoder
Select Code
Symbol Mapper
Select Constellation
PO
Power Control
Channel SINR
Bits Out
Demod
Decoder
Queue
Channel Estimation
Page 215
PHY Parameters
Table assumes 5 ms frame rate and a Tg 12.5% (1/8) of Tb
Fixed Mobile WiMAX Scalable Parameter WiMAX OFDMA-PHY OFDM-PHY FFT size 256 128 512 1024 2048 Number of used data subcarriers 192 72 360 720 1440 Number of pilot subcarriers 8 12 60 120 240 Number of null/guardband subcarriers 56 44 92 184 368 Cyclic prefix or guard time (Tg/Tb) 12.5% 1/32, 1/16, 1/8, 1/4 Oversample rate Fs/BW Depends on bandwidth: 7/6 for 256 OFDM, 28/25 8/7 for OFDM, 28/25 for OFDMA 8/7 for multiples of 1.75 MHz, 2 MHz or 2.75 MHz Channel bandwidth (MHz) 3.5-28 1.25 5 10 20 Subcarrier frequency spacing (kHz),F 15.625 10.94 Useful FFT symbol time (us), Tfft=1/F 64 91.4 Guard time assuing 12.5% (us), Tg 8 11.4 OFDM symbol duration (us), T=Tfft+Tg 72 102.9 Number of OFDM symbol in 5 ms frame 69 48
Introduction to WiMAX Technology Page 216
Parameter Channel Bandwidth (MHz) FFT size Oversampling Rate Mod & Code Rate BPSK, 1/2 QPSK, 1/2 QPSK, 3/4 16QAM, 1/2 16QAM, 3/4 64QAM, 1/4 64QAM, 2/3 64QAM, 3/4 64QAM, 5/6
Fixed WiMAX OFDM 3.5 256 8/7 DL 946 1882 2822 3763 5645 5645 7526 8467 9408 UL 326 653 979 1306 1958 1958 2611 2938 3264
Mobile WiMAX Scalable OFDMA 1.25 5 10 128 512 1024 28/25 28/25 28/25 PHY-Layer Data Rate (kbps) DL UL DL UL DL UL Not applicable 504 154 2520 653 5040 1344 756 230 3780 979 7560 2016 1008 307 5040 1306 10080 2688 1512 461 7560 1958 15120 4032 1512 461 7560 1958 15120 4032 2016 614 10080 2611 20160 5376 2268 691 11340 2938 22680 6048 2520 768 12600 3264 25200 6720 8.75 1024 28/25 DL 4464 6696 8928 13392 13392 17856 20088 22320 UL 1120 1680 2240 3360 3360 4480 5040 5600
Page 217
Interference, (1)
Presence of one or more undesirable signals that degrades a normal performance Potential source could be from its own internal, external equipment or both Non-optimized path, network and frequency planning Sharing dual pole antenna & crossed pole interference
Page 218
Interference, (2)
Interference, (3)
Acceptable interference level = 1e-6 Threshold - T/I - MEA
T/I, ratio of the RX threshold and interference vs. Freq offset Interference level not to cause more than 1 dB degradation at 1e-6 BER Using same bandwidth and type of signal MEA maximum number of exposure allowed
The terms 1e-3 BER threshold, 3 dB degradation, C/I & MEA are more relevant to analog radios Determining threshold degradation at specific interference level
10Log[1+10(I-N)/10]
I interference level in dB
N noise level in dB
Introduction to WiMAX Technology Page 220
Unfaded RF RX Level
T
1dB
SIR T/I N
SNR
SINRReq
Noise Floor + Interference Noise Floor
I
Introduction to WiMAX Technology
Interference Level
Page 221
PCINR:
PCINR = (3/8 *Cpmbl) / (3/8 * Ipmbl + N) = Cpmbl / (Ipmbl + 8/3 * N)
Cpmbl & Ipmbl power measured during preamble, 3/8 to scale down due to preamble
Very efficient use of spectrum Protocol-Independent core (ATM, IP, Ethernet,...) Balances between stability of contentionless and efficiency of contention-based operation Data control plane (traffic scheduling to provide QoS) with speed up to 268 Mbps each way Supports multiple 802.16 PHYs
Page 223
Supports very high peak bit rates while delivering QoS similar to ATM and DOCSIS (data over cable service interface specifications).
Uses variable length MPDU and offers a lot of flexibility to a lower layer for their efficient transmission (multiple MPDUs of the same or different length may be aggregated into a single burst to save PHY overhead. Conversely, large MSDUs may be fragmented into smaller MPDUs and sent across multiple frame)
Introduction to WiMAX Technology Page 224
MAC, (1)
Management messages: FCH, DL-MAP, UL-MAP, DCD, UCD, Data.
FCH frame control header, DCD downlink channel description (PHY characteristics. DL-frame prefix (24 bits)
OFDM MAC is designed for efficient use of spectrum
CBR (unsolicited grant service, highest), rt-VBR, ert-VBR, nrt-VBR, BE (lowest), with granularity within classes
QoS per user and per connection basis
Protocol-independent engine
MAC, (2)
ARQ, Automatic Repeat Query Done at MAC layer rather than at TCP layer 4 (yields less outage) Adds error detection ability in data stream Bad packets are retransmitted Detecting errors using CRC-32 codes Not efficient in broadcast systems Not used in voice services OFDM/OFDMA support Dynamic Frequency Selection For license-exempt applications Adaptive antenna system support Mesh mode Optional topology for license-exempt operation Subscriber to subscriber communications Complex topology and messaging, but: Addresses license-exempt interference Scales well Alternative approach to non-line-of-sight
Introduction to WiMAX Technology Page 226
MAC, (3)
Packet classification IP and Ethernet
DSCP / TOS (any bit) Source / destination MAC and / or IP Source / destination Port ranges
MAC Operation
Page 228
MAC Requirements
Provide Network Access Address the Wireless environment
e.g., very efficient use of spectrum
Broadband services
Very high bit rates, downlink and uplink
A range of QoS requirements Ethernet, IPv4, IPv6, ATM, ...
0.8+3.2 = 4 us 0.8+3.2 = 4 us
Coarse Freq Signal Detect, AGC, Diversity Selection Offset Estimation Timing Sync
Introduction to WiMAX Technology
Rate Length
OFDM Service+Data
Page 230
DL-MAP: describes the DL allocations, PHY sync info, BS identifier, DCD identifier that is used in the allocation. UL-MAP: describes the UL allocations. Consists of UL Ch ID, UCD (UL Ch descriptor) identifier, start time, PHY specific UL-MAP elements that define allocations. Configurable fixed duration frames
Introduction to WiMAX Technology Page 232
QoS
Advanced QoS features:
Weighted fair queuing Traffic shaping
Congestion management
Random early detection Hierarchical QoS
Page 233
DL BW Calculation, Example
input chan size (MHz) Calculates frame O/H Calculates DL map O/H Calculates MAC hdr O/H
Calculates frame BW
Page 234
UL BW Calculation, Example
input chan size (MHz) Calculates frame O/H Calculates contention O/H input avg user pk (B)
Calculates frame BW
Calculates MAU
Page 235
Allocate CBR BW
Calculate VBR MS BW
Allocate VBR MR BW
Calculate BE MS BW
Allocate BE MS BW
Allocate VBR MR BW
No remaining BW done
Page 236
Page 237
Idle
Increased power saving than sleep mode MS to receive broadcast DL transmission from BS without registering itself with the network No handover action BS conserves PHY and MAC resources
Introduction to WiMAX Technology Page 238
Security
Private Key Management (PKM) for MAC layer security
56 bit DES-CBC, 128 bit AES-CCM encryption X.509 certification RSA authorization HMAC message integrity protection
Page 239
Page 240
Advanced Features
H-ARQ, Packing, PHS, PKMv1 Hitless Handoff Antennas: SIMO, MISO, MIMO MIMO Matrix-C (4x4)
Four data streams are transmitted in parallel from four antennas per symbol yielding four times the baseline data rate Multiple separately encoding (horizontal) streams are transmitted over multiple antennas
Page 241
MIMO
Multiple Inputs to the TX antenna(s) and Multiple Outputs of RX antenna(s)
TX RF MAC PHY RF RF RF PHY MAC Rx
RF
RF PHY
BS
RF RF
TX PHY
SS
RF Rx
Introduction to WiMAX Technology
Page 242
MIMO
MIMO techniques improves system performance, robustness, throughput and coverage It takes advantage of multi-path and reflected signals that occur in NLOS environments BW of each subcarrier is small that enables the low cost DSP (PHY layer technology) to practically calculate the MIMO coefficient MIMO needs a better SNR than SISO Reduces interference and improves fade margin by using multiple adaptive antennas in TX/RX diversity. Approximate gain increase of 10Log(# of antenna array elements) Space time coding (transmit diversity technique by taking pair of symbols, time reverse each pair for transmission on a second antenna) Space-time diversity coding (up to NxCap but no increase in peak data rate) MIMO (spatial division multiplexing), beam forming with multiple antennas. Spatial multiplexing increases peak data rate by up to Nx with Nx antennas
Introduction to WiMAX Technology Page 243
Switched SISO
Receiver performs a quick AGC and level check on arriving packet and switches to a stronger signal based on the signal level
Transmitter keeps knowledge of the channel performance and switches to the better TX.
Transmitter
Signal Strength
Transmitter
Select Antenna
Receiver
Page 244
High order modulations are more sensitive to multi-path and other impairments
One remedy is an aggressive use spatial / frequency / time diversity Space time coding (STC) is a well proven way to improve system performance Performance equivalent to maximum ratio combining with two RX antennas
Page 245
STC, (1)
There are two transmit antennas at the BS side and one reception antenna at the SS side (MISO system) Each TX antenna has its own OFDM chain Distinct pilot subcarrier location for each antenna Common location for data subcarrier but its content in a different order This technique requires Multiple Inputs Single Output channel estimation Decoding is very similar to maximum ratio combining STC achieves near optimal diversity gain in slow fading (coherence time is 10 times the channel estimate update period) environment
Antenna 1
Frequency Pilot Subcarrier Data Subcarrier DC Subcarrier
Introduction to WiMAX Technology
Antenna 2
Time
Page 246
STC, (2)
Cheaper to implement in BS than the SS
Applies cyclic shift into one Tx path (typical delay of 50 to 200 ns)
TX A Data
C B A
TX B Modified Signal
Rx
C A B
C B A
Page 247
STC, (3)
First channel uses: antenna 1 transmits S0 and antenna 2 transmits S1
Second channel uses: antenna 1 transmits -S1* and antenna 2 transmits S0*
Subch. Mod
Rx Decoder Log Likelyhood Ratio Subchannel detection Diversity Combining FFT Filter RF/ADC
Page 248
Page 249
Requires two receive antennas at the MS with proper signal equalization and decoding
Enables spatial multiplexing in down link, doubling the capacity and providing unmatched spectral efficiency when channel conditions are poor
Page 250
Page 251
Transmitter
Page 252
Page 253
Page 254
This technique is also called space division multiple access (SDMA) and requires multiple antennas at the base station
Introduction to WiMAX Technology
Page 255
Especially beneficial in larger cell with higher antennas Increases link budget and decreases interferences
Introduction to WiMAX Technology
Page 256
Transmitter
Co-Channel
Introduction to WiMAX Technology Page 257
Page 258
Allows selective repeat (stop, wait, go back to n) ARQ block size negotiated at connection setup (depends upon the type of service, expected delay, etc.) ARQ block cannot be fragmented Monitors Rx packets and requests retransmission if found in error(s) Protocol overhead and processing resource burden Not used in VoIP applications Ineffective in broadcast system Configurable enable/disable function Latency impact
Introduction to WiMAX Technology Page 260
Page 261
Frame n
UL Subframe CR CBR UL-PHY PDU from SS#1
Frame n+1
G A P
DL Burst #n
Preamble UL Burst
DLFP
1 ODFM Sym with BPSK-1/2
MAC PDUs
MAC PDU
PAD
CRC
CRC
Page 263
Frame Partitioning
Normal region: frequency-diverse sub-channels
Time scheduling possible but no frequency-specific scheduling i.e., used for voice services without scheduling or for flat channels Band AMC region: adjacent sub-carriers Time and frequency scheduling possible Broadcast region: frequency-diverse sub-channels in simulcast mode Borrows concept of single frequency network (SFN) from DVB/DAB etc.
Frame DL Subframe UL Subframe PUSC (Cell ID Y)
Preamble
FCH & PUSC PUSC FUSC DL-MAP (Cell ID Y) (Cell ID Z) (Cell ID Z) AMC (signaling)
AMC
Preamble
CQI/ACK
Normal Region
Broadcast Region
Normal Region
NNG
Introduction to WiMAX Technology
NAMG
NBR
Guard
NNG
DL PHY PDU
Contention slot A
UL PHY burst 1
UL PHY burst n
TDMA burst from different SSs (each with its own preamble)
Page 265
The SSs are accurately synchronized such that their transmission do not overlap each other as they arrive at the BS
7 different frame durations (2.5 to 20 ms, 5 ms typical) TTG transmit/receive transition gap between DL & UL RTG receive/transmit transition gap after UL before DL Transition gap duration is a function of channel BW and OFDM symbol time This is also used for Tx/Rx mode selection and PA to settle gracefully at both ends Header suppression, packing and fragmentation techniques are applied in the frame structure for efficient use of spectrum
Page 266
Page 267
Time
k+30 k+31 k+33
UL-MAP (conti'd)
FCH
DL-MAP Preamble
RTG
Page 268
DL burst #2
UL burst #1
UL burst #2
DL burst #1
Subcarrier (frequency) Preamble
DL burst #3
UL burst #3
DL-MAP
UL burst #4 DL burst #4
UL-MAP
UL-MAP
S+L
Page 269
FCS error detection coverage FCS generation span PRE 7 SFD 1 DA 6 SA 6 Length/Type 4 Data 46 to 1500 Pad FCS 4
MAC
WiMAX system can be deployed as TDD, FDD or half-duplex FDD
A short gap between each DL & UL SS to remain synchronized to BS Each UL preceded by preamble (called short) that allows BS to sync with each individual SS DL starts with preamble followed by FC header then one or more DL bursts of data All symbols in the FCH and DL data bursts are transmitted with equal power to simplify the Tx & Rx design Mod-Coding remains the same within a burst but may change from burst to burst Preamble bursts are 3 dB higher than the FCH & DL data Burst generally starts with BPSK or QPSK then moves up depending on the performance
1 Frame (2.5 to 20 ms) B4 TTG P B1 P H B1 B2 B3 P B2 P B3 P B4 RTG
Page 273
Schedule
G A P
Broadcast TDM TDM TDM G control DIUC a DIUC b DIUC c A DIUC = 0 4QAM 16QAM 64QAM P 4QAM
TDMA portion
G A P
Preamble
TDMA DIUC g
Preamble
GMH
CRC
GMH
Variable Sized Variable Sized MSDU Other FSH PSH . . . CRC MSDU or Fragments SH MAC PDU frame carrying several variable length MSDUs packed together payload Other ARQ Feedback FSH SH MAC PDU frame carrying ARQ payload Variable Sized Other PSH ARQ Feedback PSH MSDU or Fragment SH MAC PDU frame carrying ARQ and MSDU payload ... CRC
GMH
GMH
CRC
MAC Management Message GMH CRC MAC management Frame CRC: Cyclic redundancy check GMH: Generic MAC Header FSH: Fragmentation Subheader PSH: Packing Subheader PDU: Packet Data Unit SH: Subheader
Introduction to WiMAX Technology Page 275
DL Subframe (1)
The first DL burst contains
DL map (DL MAP)
DL MAP always refers to current frame
DL bursts are broadcasted in order of decreasing robustness BPSK> QPSK> 16QAM> 64QAM
A SS listens to all bursts it is capable of decoding
Preamble
FCH
DL burst 1
DL burst n
MAC PDUs
Page 277
Page 278
Request opportunities
SSs request bandwith in response to polling from BS Collisions may occur in this interval as well
SS transition gap
Preamble
SS 1 scheduled data (UIUC = i)
Preamble
Access burst
Introduction to WiMAX Technology
collision Gap
Access burst
Bandwidth request
Page 280
UL Transmission
UL is considered to be invited transmission and is more complicated than the DL
Transmissions in initial ranging slots
Ranging Requests (RNG-REQ)
Each of these contention slots is further divided into minislots Bursts defined by UIUCs (UL interval usage code) by BS and the SS adapts and adjusts accordingly Transmissions allocated by the UL-MAP message All transmissions have synchronization preamble Ideally, all data from a single SS is concatenated into a single PHY burst
Introduction to WiMAX Technology Page 281
UL Physical Layer
The UL transmission convergence sub-layer is identical to the DL one. The UL PMD (physical media device) layer coding and modulation are as follows:
Three classes of bursts transmitted during the UL sub-frame:
Burst transmitted in contention opportunities reserved for initial maintenance Burst transmitted in contention opportunities provided by multicast and broadcast polls Bursts transmitted in intervals specifically allocated to individual SS
All UL transmissions are made according to the UL burst profiles, specified by the BS
Page 282
UL Channel Descriptor
Page 283
UL-MAP Message
UL Contention Resolution
Based on a truncated binary exponential backoff
The initial/maximal backoff window is controlled by the BS The SS shall randomly select a number within its backoff window This random value indicates the number of contention transmission opportunities that the SS shall defer before transmitting For bandwidth requests, if the SS receives a Unicast Request IE or Data Grant Burst Type IE at any time while deferring for this CID, it shall stop the contention resolution process
Preamble (2 minislots)
Introduction to WiMAX Technology
SSTG (3 minislots)
Page 285
Downlink Preamble
DL subframe starts with two OFDM symbols containing preamble (called long)
Symbol 1 contains 50 subcarriers (every fourth subcarrier with no data or pilot subcarriers resulting in wider adjacent channel spacing ), QPSK Symbol 2 contains 100 subcarriers (every even subcarriers with no data or pilot subcarriers resulting in wider adjacent channel spacing ), QPSK Transmitted at 3 dB higher level than all others to make Rx to easily recover information Preamble followed by FCH then one or more data Symbols
All symbols in FCH and DL data burst are transmitted with equal power
Same modulation is kept within the burst but it may change from burst to burst Data initially starts out with low level modulation then gradually increases depending on RSL and CINR Generally inserts a few short mid-preamble in extremely long DL burst
Introduction to WiMAX Technology Page 286
Preamble 1 symbol
Preamble 1 symbol
Ranging
CDMA
BW
UL UL Burst #1 Burst #2
UL Burst #n
Frame #1
Introduction to WiMAX Technology
Frame #2
Frame #n
Page 287
Downlink/Uplink Preamble
UL subframe starts with short single OFDM Symbol that synchronizes the BS to the SS
Preamble (called short) consists of 100 even number subcarriers
Following DL preamble is a FCH (single OFDM Symbol of BPSK, 88 bits of overhead data that describes critical system decoding information such as BS ID and DL burst profile). DL burst contains one or more Symbols. Each symbol in the DL burst contains 12 to 108 bytes of payload data, depending on the modulation & coding types
Introduction to WiMAX Technology Page 288
Preamble Plot
Preamble
Data
0.8+3.2 = 4 us 0.8+3.2 = 4 us
Coarse Freq Signal Detect, AGC, Offset Estimation Diversity Selection Timing Sync
Introduction to WiMAX Technology
Rate Length
OFDM Service+Data
Page 289
{
3 OFDM symbol Pilot-Based 2D TimeFrequency Interpolation 1D Frequency Interpolation 1D Time Interpolation Time Time Training Symbol
Frequency
Frequency
Data Symbol
Page 290
DL frames can be TDD (the subframe contains preamble for synchronization and equalization, frame control section to see where bursts begin, and data) and FDD (preamble, frame control section and TDM portion organized into bursts transmitted in decreasing order of burst profile robustness)
Introduction to WiMAX Technology Page 291
Physical layer allows for flexible spectrum usage and support, both TDD and FDD
Burst transmission format is framed to support adaptive burst profiling (modulation and coding schemes can be adjusted individually to each SS)
Page 292
DL channel is a TDM (information for each subscriber is multiplexed onto a single stream of data) The downlink physical layer includes a transmission convergence sub-layer which helps the receiver to identify the beginning of a MAC frame. The PHY layer performs randomization, FEC encoding and modulation (QPSK, 16-QAM or 64-QAM)
Page 293
Protocol Architecture
IEEE 802.16 Protocol Architecture has 4 layers: Convergence, MAC, Transmission and physical, which can be mapped into two lowest OSI layers: physical and data link
Bridged LAN Digital telephony ATM Digital audio/ IP Back haul video multicast Virtual point to point Frame ralay
TCP/IP model
Application
Transport Internet
4 3
MAC
Internet Potocol IP Ethernt IEEE 802.3 twisted pair optical fiber Token Ring coaxial cable DQDB
2 1
Network
Physical Layer
Medium
Introduction to WiMAX Technology Page 295
Protocol Structure
CS: All functions that are specific to a higher layer protocol
Receives and adapts higher layer PDUs to MAC CPS Classifies SDUs based on MAC address, VLANs, priorities Assigns service flow ID (SFID) and connection identifier Maps data to a CID
MAC MAC Convergence sublayer (CS)
PHY
Page 296
Defines cryptographic suites such as pairings of data encryption and authentication algorithms
The rules for applying those algorithms to a MAC payload
MAC
PHY Sub-Layer
Single carrier, 11-66 GHz
MC, NLOS, below 11GHz, ARQ, AAS & MIMO S-OFDMA, NLOS, H-ARQ, Fast feedback, Handover
Introduction to WiMAX Technology
PHY
Page 297
Unicast Polling
1. BS allocates sufficient space for the SS in the uplink subframe 2. SS uses the allocated space to send a BW request 3. BS allocates the requested space for the SS (if available) 4. SS uses allocated space to send data
BS SS
Poll(UL-MAP)
Alloc(UL-MAP)
Request
Data
Page 298
Supports for:
VP (Virtual Path) switched connections VC (Virtual Channel) switched connections
SVCs
Soft PVCs ATM header suppression Full QoS support
Introduction to WiMAX Technology Page 299
Page 300
MAC Addressing
Page 301
MAC Message Fragmentation MAC PDUs PHY Burst PDU 1 PDU 1 PDU 2
SDU 2
PDU 5
Concatenation P FEC 1 MAC PDUs FEC 2 Preamble FEC 3 Shortened FEC block
Page 303
One or more MAC sub-headers may be part of the payload The presence of sub-headers is indicated by a type field in the Generic MAC header Size varies from 6 byte to 2047 bytes Flexibility creates transmission inefficiency
msb
6 bytes
0 to 2041 bytes
4 bytes
Payload (optional)
CRC (optional)
Page 304
Fast-Feedback-Allocation (1 byte)
Extended Sub-header (variable length) The subheader can occur only once per MAC PDU except for the Packing subheader, which may be inserted before each MAC SDU packed into the payload
Page 305
Page 306
If PLHS is enabled at MAC connection, each MAC SDU is prefixed with a PHSI (payload header suppression index), which references the PHSF (payload header suppression field). The classifier (located at the sending entity) uniquely maps the packets to its associated PHS Rule. The receiving entity uses the CID and the PHSI to restore the PHSF.
Payload Header
Useful portion
PHSF
Payload
PHSI
Introduction to WiMAX Technology
Useful portion
Payload
Page 307
The protocols used in addition to WiMAX are RTP, UDP and IPv6
Voice Payload Voice Payload Voice Payload Voice Payload Voice Payload
Page 308
PHS suppresses repetitive (redundant) parts due to the higher layers in the payload header of the MAC SDU The receiving entity restores the suppressed parts Its is the responsibility of the higher-layer service entity to generate a PHS Rule
Page 309
A Payload Header Suppression Index (PHSI), an 8-bit field which references the Payload Header Suppression Field (PHSF) that has been used for header suppression
The PHS rule has also a Payload Header suppression Mask (PHSM) option to allow the choice of bytes of PHSF that can not be suppressed
B 0 X D 0 X B
C 1 C
D 0 X
E 1 E
=verify =assign Packet Transmission PHSF PHSM
Payload
PHSI 1 byte MAC header
Sender
PHSM PHSF
1 A B
Payload
1 A A
1 C C
0 X D
1 E E
Payload
Page 310
The RTP/UDP/IPv6 Header drops from 60 bytes to 15 bytes (45 Header bytes or less are suppressed)
Page 311
Fragmentation
Partitioning a MAC SDU into fragments then transporting in multiple MAC PDUs
Longer packet increases probability of losing a packet and hence initiate retransmission Allows better packing of MAC SDUs into the available OFDM freq-time resources by using all data subcarriers in each OFDM symbol Each connection can be in only a single fragmentation state at any time Contents of the fragmentation sub-header: 2-bit Fragmentation Control (FC) Unfragmented, Last fragment, First fragment, Continuing fragment 3-bit Fragmentation Sequence Number (FSN) Required to detect missing continuing fragments Continuous counter across SDUs
Page 312
Packing, (1)
A process of combining multiple MAC SDUs (or fragments thereof) into a single MAC SDU
Allows better packing of MAC SDUs into the available OFDM frequency-time resources by using all data subcarriers in each OFDM symbol
Can, in certain situations, save up to 10% of system bandwidth
k MAC SDUs
fixed length fixed length fixed length MAC SDU MAC SDU MAC SDU length = n length = n length = n
....
Page 314
k MAC SDUs
....
Page 315
MAC Header LEN = y2 Type = 00010xb FSH FC = 11, FSN = x+y Length = e+1
MAC Header LEN = y1 Type = 00001Xb PSH FC = 01, FSN =x' Length = a+2
MAC Header LEN = y3 Type = 00010xb FSH FC=11, FSH = x+y1 Length = f+1
r MAC SDUs
unfragmente d MAC SDU U length=f unfragmente d MAC SDU length=f Unfragmente d MAC SDU length=k
r MAC SDUs
PSH FC = 00, FSN = n+2 Length = c+1
MAC Header LEN=y45 Type = 00010Xb FSH FC=11, FSN=x+5 Length = q+1
Continuing fragment of . . . MAC SDU length=f continuing frragment of MAC SDU length=g
unfragmente d MAC SDU length = c first fragment of MAC SDU length = d'
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Time
k+31 k+33
FCH DL burst #2
UL-MAP
FCH
UL burst #2 DL burst #3
Preamble
DL burst #4
UL burst #3
Preamble
RTG
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DL-MAP
S+N DL TTG
Introduction to WiMAX Technology
UL burst #5
UL
UL-MAP
DL-MAP
Chain Transmission
Randomization and FEC coding in UL are identical to the corresponding in the DL The type of modulation and the power adjustment rules are set by the BS QPSK, 16QAM and 64QAM are mandatory and the 256QAM is optional The mapping of bits to symbols are identical to those in the DL Systems shall use Nyquist square-root raised cosine pulse shaping (role off factor 0.25) A frame duration of 5 ms is typically used as the compromise between transport efficiency and latency Must be able to compensate at most 20 dB/s for 40 dB range
Actual power control algorithm is left to vendors 0.25 dB resolution
Page 318
Each terminal listens to all bursts at its operational IUC, or at a more robust one, except when told to transmit Each burst may contain data for several terminals SS must recognize the PDUs with known CIDs DL-Map message signals DL usage
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Burst Profiles
Each burst profile has mandatory exit threshold and minimum entry threshold
SS allowed to request a less robust DIUC (DL interval usage code) once above the minimum entry level SS must request fall back to more robust DIUC once at mandatory exit threshold Requests to change DIUC done with DBPC-REQ (DL burst profile change Req.) or RNG-REQ (range Req.) messages
C / (N+I)
0
Scheduling
BS schedules usage of the air link among the subscribers per specific QoS Packet schedulers at the BS and subscribers gives transmission opportunities to multiple connection queues
Link Adaptation
BS determines the contents of the DL and UL portions of each frame
BS determines the appropriate burst profile (code rate, modulation level and so on) for each subscriber BS determines the BW requirements of the individual subscriber based on the service classes of the connections and on the status of the traffic queues at the BS and SS
Page 323
PDU
SFID [Sevice Class] [CID] Payload N 1
Service Flow
SFID Direction [CID] [Provisioned QoS ParamSet] [AdmittedQoSParamSet] [ActiveQoSParamSet] N 0, 1 1 0, 1
Connection
Connection ID QoS Parameter Set
Service Class
Sevice Class Name QoS Parameter Set
Page 324
QoS Mechanisms
Classification
Mapping from MAC SDU fields (e.g., destination IP address or TOS field) to CID and SFID
Scheduling
Downlink scheduling module
Simple, all queues in BS
QoS Control
.
Applications
Control Plane Conn_req Conn_rsp Control Plane AC
Connection Classifiers
BE CIDs nrtPS CIDs rtPS CIDs ertPS CIDs UGS CISs
Priority Scheduler SS
UL Data packets (data channels)
Page 326
QOS Mechanism
Subscriber Station
MAC CS
New Connection Connection Request
Base Station
Connection Request Connection Response Implicit Request Piggyback Request Unicast Polling Contention Based Polling
MAC CPS
MAC CS
Packet Re-Construction
Admission Control
CID#6 CID#7
Packet Classifier
UL BW Request Generator
Slot Allocation
CID#8 CID#9
CID#10 (BE)
UL BW Grant Processor
Data Traffic
UL BW Grant Generator
CID#10
UL-MAP
Packet Construction
CID#1 CID#2 CID#3 CID#4
DL Traffic Processor
Data Traffic
DL Traffic Processor
CID#1 CID#2
Packet Classifier
DL-MAP Generator
DL-MAP
CID#3 CID#4
CID#5
CID#5
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Offers fixed size grants on a real time periodic basis, which eliminates overhead and latency of SS requests
No unicast request opportunity provided May include a grant Management (GM) sub-header containing
Slip indicator: indicates that there is a backlog in the buffer due to clock skew or loss of maps
Poll-me bit: indicates that the terminal needs to be polled (allows for not polling terminals with UGS-only services)
Page 329
Periodic unsolicited grants similar to UGS for data transmission or for requesting additional BW
Unlike UGS, allocations are not fixed and may change over time (on/off UGS) Default size is based on maximum sustained traffic rate MS may request a change in allocation size, using grant management sub-header or other means
Page 330
Prohibited from using any contention requests More overhead, but more flexible and provides optimum data transport efficiency than UGS Terminal polled frequently enough to meet the delay requirements of the SFs Bandwidth requested with BW request messages (a special MAC PDU header) May use Grant Management sub-header
new request can be piggybacked with each transmitted PDU (protocol data unit)
Introduction to WiMAX Technology Page 331
Intended for non-real-time service flows with better than best effort service
e.g., bandwidth extensive file transfer
No QoS guaranteed
Leftover or unused allocation may be used by SSs SS/MS allowed to use contention request opportunities
QoS
Convergence Sublayer
Downlink Data Translator
Uplink
UGS ertPS
Translator
rtPS nrtPS BE
Bandwidth Requests
Two-Phase Proportionating
PHY Layer
Downlink Frame
Page 334
Priority Scheduler
nrtPS CIDs
UL Map
BE CIDs
Round Robin
Page 335
QoS Summary
QoS Category
UGS
Unsolicited Grant Service
Applications
VoIP, T1/E1
Fixed data rate
QoS Specifications
Maximum sustained rate
Maximum latency tolerance Jitter tolerance
Maximum sustained rate Minimum reserved rate Maximum latency tolerance Jitter tolerance, Traffic priority
Traffic priority
General data transfer, Web Browsing, etc... Maximum sustained rate Traffic priority
Page 336
Scheduling Types
Scheduling Type UGS Piggy Back Request Not Allowed Not Allowed PM bit is used to request unicast poll for bandwidth needs of nonUGS connections Scheduling only allows unicast polling Scheduling only allows unicast polling Scheduling may restrict a service flow to unicast polling via the transmission/request policy; otherwise all forms of polling are allowed All forms of polling allowed
Page 337
BW stealing
Polling
Allowed for GPSS (Grant per SS) Allowed for GPSS Allowed for GPSS
BE
Introduction to WiMAX Technology
Allowed
Bandwidth Requests are always per Connection Grants are either per connection (GPC) or per Subscriber Station (GPSS)
Grants (given as durations) are carried in the UL-MAP messages SS needs to convert the time to amount of data using information about the UIUC
Page 338
BW Requests
Comes from the Connection
Several kind of requests:
Implicit requests (UGS)
Flow Queque in DL
Flow 2 Flow 3 Flow 4 Flow 5
Flow 1
Flow 2 Flow 3
Flow 4
Flow 5
Flow 1
Flow 5 UL Subframe
Flow 4
Flow 2
Flow 3
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Decision based on requested BW and QoS requirements vs. available resources Grants are realized through the UL-MAP
Introduction to WiMAX Technology Page 342
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Page 344
Semi-distributed approach
BS sees the requests for each connection; based on this, grants bandwidth (BW) to the SSs (maintaining QoS and fairness) SS scheduler maintains QoS among its connections and is responsible to share the BW among the connections (maintaining QoS and fairness) Algorithm in BS and SS can be very different; SS may use BW in a way unforeseen by the BS
Page 345
SS Initialization Steps
Scans for DL channel and establish synchronization with the BS
Obtains transmit parameters (from UCD message) Performs ranging
Establishes IP connectivity
Establishes time of day Transfers operational parameters
Set up connections
Page 346
Ranging, (1)
Procedure for MS to gain access to the BS Four types of ranging can be defined
Initial Ranging for Network entry Periodic Ranging for synchronization Bandwidth requests HO ranging
Single Ranging channel (multiple sub-channels) using 1 to 8 subcarriers defined by the system specified in the UCD Ranging process accomplished through PN codes assigned spreading for specific Ranging types
Also known as CDMA-like (a maximum of 256 sets of 144-bit wide pseudo-noise code) ranging for OFDMA
Page 347
Ranging, (2)
For UL transmissions, times are measured at BS
At start up, SS sends a RNG-REQ message in the contention slot reserved for this purpose
SS looks for initial ranging opportunities (UL-MAP) information present in every frame
BS measures arrival time and signal power; calculates required advance and power adjustment BS send adjustment in RNG-RSP SS adjusts advance and power, sends new RNG-REQ
Channel Acquisition
Page 349
Negotiation of Capabilities
BS sends
Power adjust information Timing adjust information
BS may deny the use of any capability reported by the subscriber station
Introduction to WiMAX Technology Page 350
SS Authentication
The AK is used both by SS and BS for securing further information flow (subsequent key derivation)
Introduction to WiMAX Technology Page 351
Registration
Page 352
SS registration
SS and BS determines
Capabilities related to connection set up Parameters required for MAC operation IP version used
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Connection(s) set up
Secondary management connection is also used for setting up one or more transport connections
Transport connections carry the actual user traffic Service flows defines unidirectional transport of packets between the subscriber station and BS
service flows are characterized by a certain set of QoS parameters
Service flows are established using a three-way handshaking establishment procedure
Page 356
BS passes Service Flow Encodings to the SS in multiple DSA-REQ (dynamic service addition Req) messages
SS replies with DSA-RSP messages Service Flow Encodings contain either
Full definition of service attributes (omitting defaultable items if desired)
Service class name
ASCII string which is known at the BS and which indirectly specifies a set of QoS Parameters
Page 357
Data encryption
Currently 56-bit DES in CBC mode IV based on frame number Easily exportable
Message authentication
Key MAC management messages authenticated with one way hashing (HMAC with SHA-1)
Designed to allow new/multiple encryption algorithms Protocol descends from BPI+ (DOCSIS)
Introduction to WiMAX Technology Page 358
Security Associations
Page 359
SS Authorization
Data Encryption
DES in CBC mode with IV derived from the frame number
Hooks defined for other stronger algorithms, e.g. AES Two simultaneous keys with overlapping and offset lifetimes allow for uninterrupted services
Rules for key usage
AP: encryption (older key), decryption (both keys) AT: encryption (newer key), decryption (both keys)
Key sequence number carried in MAC header Only MAC PDU payload (including sub-headers) is encrypted Management messages are unencrypted
Introduction to WiMAX Technology Page 362
IP addressing
Unique address that identifies the network and host
IPv4 consists of 32 bit wide address
4 decimal numbers separated by period A valid address ranges 0.0.0.0 to 255.255.255.255 Class A, B, C, classless, restricted address (0 broadcast, any address starting with 127 is a loopback, a host with binary all 1s is broadcast over the specific network. A host with 0 points to itself. Network address 0 points to its own network) Netmask allows to separate network/host part from address
Performs bit wide AND function
Digital Domain Subcarrier Allocation + Pilot Insertion Channel Encoder + Rate Matching
Interleaver
Analog Domain
IFFT
DAC Antenna 1
Symbol Mapper
Space Time Encoder Subcarrier Allocation + Pilot Insertion Frequency Domain IFFT DAC Antenna 2 Time Domain
Page 364
PHY
TDD and FDD Adaptive modulation and coding (CC with puncture & RS)
subscriber by subscriber, burst by burst, uplink and downlink Optional Turbo-coding to increase coverage/capacity at the expense of latency and complexity
Point to multipoint Support for adaptive antennas and space-time coding Slot allocation and framing Dynamic frequency selection to detect and avoid interference 256 sub-carriers (192+28+27+8+1) for OFDM Configurable CP length of 1/4, 1/8, 1/16 or 1/32 depending on expected delay Optional signaling support for Adaptive antenna Optional transmit diversity support (Space time block codes)
Introduction to WiMAX Technology Page 365
Uncoded Modulation Blocks (bytes) RS Code CC Code BPSK 12 (12, 12, 0) 1/2 4-QAM 24 (32, 24, 4) 2/3 4-QAM 36 (40, 36, 2) 5/6 16-QAM 48 (64, 48, 8) 2/3 16-QAM 72 (80, 72, 4) 5/6 64-QAM 96 (108, 96, 6) 3/4 64-QAM 108 (120, 108, 6) 5/6
Introduction to WiMAX Technology
Coded Blocks Overall (bytes) Coding 24 1/2 48 1/2 48 3/4 96 1/2 96 3/4 144 2/3 144 3/4
Page 366
Latency
Traffic delays through equipment due to processing and propagation Increased delay results in annoying voice echo Voice over IP applications Video conferencing
Simulcast applications
Time out issues for some data applications Issues to reliably controlling remote devices in real time Dynamically adjustment for certain protocols Limited alignment performed by BS prior to mobile handover Latency decreases as the symbol rate increases Latency increases for longer frame size
Handoff (HO)
Operator X backbone network
Gateway
Backhaul connection
Sector sw C
Introduction to WiMAX Technology Page 368
BS1
RSL
BS2
RSL
With Hysteresis Rx Threshold Noise Floor
No hysteresis
Page 369
BS periodically broadcasts the neighbor advertisement message (MOB_NBR-ADV). Once the handover decision is made, handover process is carried out in two steps Handover preparation: MS or BS may initiate the handover by using the MOB_MSHO-REQ / MOB_BSHO-REQ, the serving BS replies with MOB_BSHO-RSP message containing recommended BSs after negotiation with candidate BSs Handover execution: MS sends MOB_HO-IND message to the serving BS and cuts all communication with serving BS. MS then switches the link and executes ranging with target BS. Then MS negotiates basic capabilities, performs authentication and finally registers with the target BS
Introduction to WiMAX Technology Page 370
MDHO begins when an MS decides to transmit or receive unicast messages and traffic from multiple BSs in the same time interval
MS communicates with all BSs in the diversity set for UL and DL unicast messages and traffic
For DL MDHO, two or more BSs provide synchronized transmission of data to MS such that diversity combining can be performed at the MS
For UL MDHO, MS transmission is received by multiple BSs such that selection diversity of the received information could be performed
When the long-term CINR of a serving BS in diversity set is less than a threshold, the MS shall send the MOB-MSHO-REQ to delete this BS and update the diversity set
Allows for true soft-handover (make before break) Highly complex, requires synchronization and scheduling above BS layer
Introduction to WiMAX Technology Page 371
Active BS
An Anchor BS is defined within the Diversity Set that MS is registered, synchronized, communicates with for all UL and DL traffic including management messages
MS continuously monitors the signal strength of the active BS and select one to be the anchor BS A FBSS handover begins with a decision by a MS to switch to another Anchor BS using the MOB_MSHO-REQ message The anchor BS can be changed from frame by frame. This means every frame can be sent via different BS in Diversity Set Required synchronization among group of BS using a common timing source Allows for version of soft-handover (communication is never interrupted)
Introduction to WiMAX Technology Page 373
Active BS
Handoff Summary
BS informs neighbouring BSs via MAC Messages
Handover initiated by MS & BS
Process optimized for FBSS (fast BS switching) & MDHO (macro diversity handoff) MS sync with other BSs to estimate associated channel conditions
All quality of service and services access are maintained during handovers
Hard HOs use a break before make approach and are typically sufficient for data services. Soft HOs, while complex to implement and administer, are beneficial for applications that require low-latency such as VoIP
Introduction to WiMAX Technology Page 375
Allows the MS to traverse a cellular environment and become periodically available for DL broadcast without UL transmission
For MS: save power and operation resources For BS: provide a simple and timely method for alerting the MS to pending MS-directed DL traffic
Page 376
Page 377
Network Initialization, BS
BS starts by sending beacon
SS first listens for a beacon and then sends a ranging request in the ranging period BS then sends a ranging response. In the ranging response, the BS assigns the SS two connection-IDs called the primary CID and the basic CID. The primary CID is used for further exchange of management messages while the basic CID is used for further periodic ranging exchanges Registration process is required prior to any connection formation. The process involves a registration request from the SS, followed by a registration response from the BS After registration, the SS can request for a connection. A connection request from an SS to the BS elicits a connection response from the BS to the SS The BS and SS are now ready to exchange data with each other
Introduction to WiMAX Technology Page 378
BS Scanning
BS starts with a known channel. Scan all possible channels, until a valid channel is found. PHY Sync is the first step. MAC acquires channel control parameters for DL i.e.; DL channel descriptor (DCD) containing BS ID, modulation, coding, interval. Obtain UCD information containing back off, modulation, coding and message length
Page 379
Uplink Period
BS receives the packets sent to it by the SS and passes it on to the upper link layer. The BS does not have any other task to perform in this period
Page 380
Uplink Period
SS checks if any of the ranging, registration and or connection requests are still pending
SS reads the UL-MAP and identifies the slots assigned to it SS starts sending the packets in the slots assigned to it in the order of the priority of the packets. This is done by inspecting the four different queues (one for UGS, ertPS, rtPS and nrtPS)
Introduction to WiMAX Technology Page 381
UL-MAP Preparation
BS accesses the queues of all the SSs for four different flows and hence gets to know about the requirements of all the SSs
Accessing the queues of the SSs provides information on current piggybacking and the BW requirements
For UGS, ertPS & rtPS flows: the slots are assigned equal to the number of slots required if the total UL slots are not over. UGS flows are given the highest priority
For nrtPS flows: left over slots are divided equally among the SSs which have bandwidth requirement for nrtPS kind of traffic
Introduction to WiMAX Technology Page 382
ASN
R3
R o a m i n g
Another ASN
NAP
Introduction to WiMAX Technology
NSP
Page 383
Page 384
Authentication
Support for device, user, and mutual authentication between MS/SS and the NSP, based on PKMv2
Support for authentication mechanisms, using variety of credentials, including shared secrets, subscriber identity module (SIM) cards, universal SIM, universal integrated circuit card, removable user identity module, and X.509 certificate as long as they are suitable for EAP methods satisfying RFC 4017 Support for global roaming between home and visited NSPs in mobile scenario, including support for credential reuse and consistent use of authorization and accounting through the use of RADIUS in the ASN and the CSN Accommodation of mobile IPv4 and IPv6 security associations management Support for policy provisioning at the ASN or the CSN by allowing for transfer of policy related information from the AAA to the ASN or CSN
Introduction to WiMAX Technology Page 388
Page 389
Interoperability Conformance
PHY Tests
Emission, spectral mask, power control and accuracy Interference tolerance at CCI & ACI Relative constellation errors (RCE) vs. symbol & sub-carriers Spectral flatness, crest factor, peak, average & min EVM Error rates, RSSI, SNR, CINR, PCINR, SINR and Rx threshold Frequency error, DynFF
Page 390
Comments
Required in Wave 1 for Band Class 3 Required in Wave 1 for Band Class 3
Page 391
Impairments
Modulation
MAP Support
Required in Wave 1 for Band Class 3 Required in Wave 1 for Band Class 3 Required in Wave 1 for Band Class 3 Required in Wave 1 for Band Class 3 Required in Wave 1 for Band Class 3 Required in Wave 1 for Band Class 3 Required in Wave 1 for Band Class 3 Required in Wave 1 for Band Class 3 Required in Wave 1 for Band Class 3 PUSC, Required in Wave 1 for Band Class 3 Required in Wave 1 for Band Class 3
Page 392
MAC Test:
802.3 Frame format Protocol Scheduling Admission control
QoS
MIMO Link adaptation
Page 393
IOT, Others
SS Access Point and MSS Access Point: SS/MS connectivity, provisioning and admission control Over the air and end to end security Mobility management Device management UL and DL data exchange Authorization and tunneling for specialized IP services Application layer end to end signaling Power management, compression and data reliability CN1: Control, data and management plane between the RANs and operators core network CN2: control , management and service planes to ASP networks RNSN: Control, data and management plane interfaces between two RNSNs RNSNAP: Control, data and management plane interfaces between an AP and an RNSN Mobility Management: Provisioning, multi-sector handover and end to end mobility management
Introduction to WiMAX Technology Page 394
System Synchronization
For TDD system, the Tx and Rx time frames among BSs/SSs must be synchronized to avoid interference and the SS transmission do not overlap each others as they arrive to BS Timing and frequency offset can influence the performance
Mitigated by reserved pilots & increased CP duration
BS-2
Introduction to WiMAX Technology
UL-RX
DL-TX
UL-RX
DL-TX time
Page 395
Network Synchronization
For TDD system, the Tx and Rx time frames among BSs/SSs must be synchronized to avoid interference
Long FEC coding, interleaving and frame structure lead to jitter and wander accumulation Clock accuracy, timing and synchronization is essential for reliable MS handover, MS/SS operation and to minimize interference affect in MIMO configuration GPS timing to aid in synchronizing the network IEEE 1588 timing over IP/Ethernet backhaul
Synchronization distributed from IEEE1588 master clock in the network Less accurate than the GPS
WiMAX network is entirely IP and there is no option of recovering timing signal as there is with TDM application
Page 396
Q&A
Thank you for your attention!
Your feedback and comments are greatly appreciated
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