ME4409

ME4409

Otto Cycle Engines (Part throttle performance)

Use the four-stroke air-standard Otto cycle to analyze the performance of a four-cylinder, 2.5-liter, petrol engine which operates at part load. At the start of the compression stroke, conditions in the engine cylinder are 50 kPa and 60o C. Assume that there is a 4% exhaust residual in the engine cylinder. Given that the mechanical efficiency is 90% and the combustion efficiency is 100%. The air/fuel intake to the engine is stoichiometric and the compre ssion ratio is 10 and the ratio of specific heat is 1.35. Suggested Answer For one cylinder: displacement volume: Vd = 2.5 liter / 4 = 0.625 L = 0.000625 m 3 Clearance volume: r = V1 V2 = (Vc + Vd ) / Vc = 10 = (Vc + 0.000625) / Vc
Vc = 0.00006944 m 3

If P1 = 50 kPa, there is pump work loss. Assuming engine exhausts at atmospheric pressure, then Pump work = (Pamb P1 ) x Vd = (101.3 50)x103 x 6.25 x 10-5 = 32.1 Nm State 1: Given: T1 = 60o C = 333 K, P1 = 50 kPa
V1 = Vd + Vc = 0.000625 + 0.00006944 = 0.0006944 m 3

Mass of gas mixture in cylinder: m = P1V1 RT1 = (50kPa)(0.0006944 m3 ) /( 0.287kJ / kg K )(333 K ) =0.000363 kg The mass within the cylinder will then remain the same for the entire cycle. Mass of gas mixture in the cylinder is made up of air, fuel, and exhaust residual: 14.7 Mass of air: m a = x 0.96 x3.63 x10 4 = 3..263x10 4 kg 15.7 1 Mass of fuel: mf = x 0.96 x3.63 x10 4 = 0.222 x10 4 kg 15.7 Mass of exhaust: m ex = 0.04 x3.63x10 4 = 0.145 x10 4 kg State 2: For isentropic compression: P2 = P1 (r ) k = (50 kPa)(10) 1. 35 = 1119 kPa ; T2 = T1 ( r ) k 1 = (333 K )(10) 0.35 = 745.5 K State 3: For the heat added during one cycle:
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ME4409

Qin = m f Q HV c = mcv (T3 T2 )

= (0.0000222 kg) (44,500 kJ/kg) (1.0) = (0.000363 kg) (0.821 kJ/kg-K) (T3 745.5K) Solving : T3 = 4060 K P3 = P2 (T3 /T2 ) = 1119(kPa)(4060/745.5) = 6094 kPa State 4: For isentropic expansion.
T4 = T3 (1 / r ) k 1 = 4060(1 / 10) 0. 35 = 1814 K P4 = P3 (1 / r ) k = 6094(1 / 10)1.35 = 272 kPa

Performance analysis Work produced for one cylinder during one cycle: W34 = mcv (T3 T4 ) = 3.63x10-4 x 0.821 x (4060 1814) = 0.67 kJ Work absorbed for one cylinder during one cycle: W12 = mcv (T2 T1 ) = 3.63x10-4 x 0.821 x (745.5 333) = 0.123 kJ Pump work = (101.3 50)x103 x 6.25 x 10-5 = 32.1 Nm = 0.032 kJ Net indicated work of one cylinder during one cycle is: Wnet = W34 W12 pump work = 0.67 0.123 0.032 = 0.515 kJ Heat added for one cylinder during one cycle:
Qin = m f Q HV c = mcv (T3 T2 ) = 0.222x10-4 x 44,500 x 1 = 0.988 kJ

Indicated thermal efficiency: t = Indicated mean effective pressure:

0.515 = 0.521 0.988

IMEP =

W net 0.515(kJ ) = = 824 kPa V1 V2 6.944 x10 4 0.6944 x10 4

Note: For the same engine operating at WOT, indicated work = 1.093 kJ; and brake work = 0.9837 kJ; thus mechanical losses = 1.093 0.9837 = 0.1093 kJ Assume same mechanical losses (at same engine speed), at part throttle, then, brake work at part throttle = 0.515 0.1093 = 0.4057 kJ Brake thermal efficiency: t = thermal efficiency.
0.4057 = 0.411 ; which is much less than the indicated 0.988