APPENDIX

HIS appendix includes a number of tables of statistical transmission line data collected from numerous sources. These tables have been included because they have proved to be of considerable use in dealing with transmission

line problems, and it was felt that they could be conveniently used by the reader in this form. Table 1 gives practices regarding stability features of typical lines as tabulated in First Report of Power System Stability! by an AIEE Subcommittee on Interconnection and Stability Factors (A.I.E.E. In addition, statistical data on the output Transactions, 1937). and capacity of some of the larger

power systems in the United States taken from the Federal Power Commission publications, Statistics of Electric Utilities in the United States-1948 and Statistics of Publicly Owned Electric Utilities-1948, are given in Table 2. Important features of typical lines from the lightning protection point of view have been collected and tabulated by an AIEE Subcommittee on Lightning and Insulators. These tables, which appeared in the A.I.E.E. Transactions in 1939 and 1946 have been reproduced in the appendix as Tables 3 and 4. Tables 5 and 6 and the included tate derivation the impedance of equivalent circuits data usually furnished descriptive material have been added to facilitransformers from for power and regulating by the manufacturer.

Table 7 has been abstracted from Equivalent Circuits of Power and Regulating Transformers by J. E. Hobson and W. A. Lewis (Westinghouse Reprint 941).

809

810

Appendix
TABLE 1-PRACTICES REGARDING STABILITY FEATURES

Appendix TABLE 1PRACTICES REGARDING STABILITY FEATURES Cont'd

811

812

Appendix TABLE 1PRACTICES REGARDING STABILITY FEATURES-Cont'd

Appendix TABLE 1PRACTICES REGARDING STABILITY FEATURES-Cont'd

813

814

Appendix TABLE 1PRACTICES REGARDING STABILITY FEATURES-Cont'd

Appendix

815

TABLE 2STATISTICS

OF UTILITIES WITH SALES EXCEEDING TWO-BILLION

PRIVATELY OWNED ELECTRICUtilities (a)

KWH

816

Appendix

TABLE 2STATISTICS OF UTILITIES WITH SALES EXCEEDING TWO-BILLION KWHCont..

PUBLICLY OWNED ELECTRIC UTILITIES(b)

Appendix TABLE 3LIGHTNING PERFORMANCE AND CONSTRUCTION OF 110 Kv TO 165 Kv LINES*

817

818
TABLE 3LIGHTNING PERFORMANCE

Appendix AND CONSTRUCTION OF 110 Kv TO 165 Kv LINESContd

Appendix TABLE 3LIGHTNING PERFORMANCE AND CONSTRUCTION OF 110 Kv TO 165 Kv LamsContd

819

820 TABLE 3LIGHTNING PERFORMANCE

Appendix AND CONSTRUCTION 110 Kv TO 165 Kv LINESContd OF I

-

TABLE 4LIGHTNING

PERFORMANCE

AND DESIGN FEATURES

OF 220-KV LINES*

TABLE 4LIGHTNING

PERFORMANCE AND DESIGN FEATURE OF

220-Kv LINES

Appendix

823

Fig. 1Typical

transmission

structure

and counterpoise

configurations

FOOTNOTES

FOR

TABLE4
Lines-II 1946. A.I.E.E. Transactions,

*Taken from Lightning by AIEE Subcommittee

Performance

of 220-kv Transmission

on Lightning

and Insulators,

1. 2. 3. 4. 4A. 5. 6. 7. 8. 8A. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. 17.

Suspension First Armor value rods

assemblies: suspension; after 1943-44.

12 units second

after value

1943-44. dead end.

18. 18A. 19. 20. 21. 22.

Data

not reported. value wire for 2-circuit 1, 1945. installed 1943. with ground wire 1941. to 25 ohms. construction First 10 milea in to reduce resistance Tower equipped as required Falls only. 1944. is not shown reference. 28.8 miles is 2 circuit. conductor. level. Second figure for west line. sleet loading. towers. wire. of line due to severe 9 miles: 9 miles: P-circuit l-ground Second number for middle conductor. towers. Second value for l-circuit towers.

First Ground

on 25 percent 1943-44. 1943-44. 1 circuit

of line.

To September Line completely Counterpoise from Chats 1. Operating Fig. 88.5 miles First First On basis No ground 17 miles: 17 miles: Also some Originally North

57 inches 4.8 after 10.5 after 637 towers: 20 percent

1 mile of ground Apparently Experimental 222.65 miles:

124 towers: 2 circuits per tower: wire at terminals only. 80 percent added. of line (not described). 40.85 miles: 2 circuits per tower. in 1925, 14 miles added in January 1944. 1 circuit added in March 1944. 29 1944. glass.

per tower.

23. 24. 25. 26. 27. 28. 29. 30. 31. 32. 33.

at 165 kv to January See original is 3 circuit. for outer for east line. towers. wires. 14 units for 22, 1939.

porcelain, devices 1 circuit

now being

on 25 percent per tower. m 1923. in April paper. circuit.

number figure

of 50 isokeraunic

60 miles in 1923.9 142 miles: miles: Data Except See note Estimated. To August 1, 1945. from 2 circuits 2 circuits 1935:

miles added added 220-kv

43 miles:

wire for 64 miles l-circuit 2-ground 12 and designed

43 miles of single 23.

of fog type

in suspension.

150 kv.

line June

824

Appendix

TRANSFORMER

EQUIVALENT

CIRCUITS

The procedure to be followed in calculating the impedance values for a transformer equivalent circuit depends on the form of the original data, and whether the final values are to be expressed in ohms or percent. Procedure I, below, is convenient for the simpler cases when the original impedances are expressed in percent on a circuit base and the final values are to be expressed in percent. Procedure II is generally recommended for the more complicated cases, particularly for the ones Procedure III may be used when the basic involving neutral impedances or series transformers. impedance data are expressed in percent on a winding base.

Procedure I. The impedances of two- and three-winding transformers are on a circuit kva base. With the basic data in this form it is convenient to circuit impedance values directly in percent. The equivalent circuits and the sequence quantities are given in Table 5 for 13 of the more common The following notation is employed in the table:
1. Terminal Circuit Circuit Circuit 2. Impedances. Z46a/oimpedance circuit Zrs%impedance circuit 266% impedance circuit zl%, zO%, zHl%, zM1%, rated kva of circuit 4. Uq, Us, and Us designate The impedances 4 to circuit 5 in 4 to circuit 6 in 5 to circuit 6 in zLl%, ZHO%, 2 the 3-phase percent on 3-phase percent on 3-phase percent on 3-phase MOO, and Z,% are y of circuits designations. 4-abc terminals. 5-abc terminals. 6-abc terminals.

normally given in percent calculate the equivalentequations for calculating transformer connections.

rated kva of circuit 4. rated kva of circuit 4. rated kva of circuit 5. all in percent on the S-phase

kva ratings

4, 5 and 6, respectively. by the relations,

can be converted

from one base to another

atl% = g%4%. 6 &6% = g%%%. 8

ux.l= g%*%. 6
Procedure II. In many cases, particularly the ones involving neutral impedances or series transformers, less confusion results if the equivalent-circuit impedance values are calculated in ohms, rather than in percent. However, as the basic data are normally in percent, it is first necessary to convert to ohms using the following relations:

10Z4s%E42 u4 10Z,6-%Ea2 z 66= , where US z 46 = 246%, Z4&,

Ed, Es and Es= line-to-line U4, US and Ug=3-phase 246= impedance between &=impedance between 266 impedance between = The equations in Table circuits, so the second step factors are given in Table ohmic impedances can be &So/O are as defined in I. voltages, in kv, in circuits 4, 5 and 6, respectively. kva ratings of circuits 4, 5 and 6, respectively. circuits 4 and 5 in ohms on circuit 4 voltage base. circuits 4 and 6 in ohms on circuit 4 voltage base. circuits 5 and 6 in ohms on circuit 5 voltage base.

7 are expressed in terms of the impedances between windings, rather than requires converting the ohmic impedances to a winding base. Conversion 6 for the cases included in Table 5. After this conversion is made, the substituted directly in the equations in Columns 3 and 5 of Table 7. 4 and 6, equivalent These circuits may circuits based on impedance be employed when the basic

Procedure III. Table 7 includes in Columns values expressed in percent on a winding base. data are expressed in this manner.

TABLE 5TRANSFORMER EQUIVALENT CIRCUITS USED IN PROCEDURE

TABLE 5 CONTD

826

Appendix
TABLE 6CONVERTING OHMIC IMPEDANCES TO A WINDING BASE

827

In the case of three-phase core-form transformers, the complete zero-sequence equivalent circuit includes impedances that are a function of the zero-sequence These impedances are therefore affected by the magnitude of the zero-sequence voltage applied to the transformer exciting characteristics of the transformer. windings during fault conditions. In any accurate calculation of zero-sequence currents or voltages it is necessary to represent these impedances by a saturation curve rather than by a fixed impedance, which results in a step-by-step analytical solution. In cases where the three-phase core-form transformer has a delta tertiary, or where other ground sources are present, satisfactory results can be obtained by neglecting the zero-sequence exciting impedances of the transformer. If this procedure is followed the transformer is treated as three single-phase units or a three-phase shell-form unit. The rating of a zig-zag grounding bank which have 100 percent impedance, ZPS = d%?, I, where voltage current in kv. is normally expressed in terms of line-to-line voltage and neutral amperes. In the case of standard grounding transformers

E=line-to-line I, = neutral When

o

in amperes. has less than 100 percent impedance, directly should ZPB must from be modified accordingly. without converting from the latter to a circuit side. base.

a zig-zag

transformer

In many When Obtain

cases it is simpler

to obtain

the sequence

impedances

the circuit

impedances

d e f

a transformer Z.YT as in Case

has a zig-zag A-9

winding

the manufacturer transformer. impedance

furnish

the zero-sequence

impedance

as viewed

the zig-zag

for a solidly furnish

grounded

The manufacturer in ohms. Refer

should

the zero-sequence

of the transformer

as viewed

from

the zig-zag

side.

ZPV is then

equal

to this impedance

expressed

g h

to manufacturer. transformer transformer, and the series transformer should refer to the two or three-winding be treated as separate units when deriving the basic transformer case employing the same connections. impedance

In those cases involving series transformers, the exciting data. To obtain the conversion factors for the exciting

In furnishing impedance data on a series transformer, the manufacturer will usually treat the unit as a simple two-winding transformer. The impedance is usually The percent impedance is based on the voltage rating of the winding expressed in percent on a kva base corresponding to the parts used in the series transformer. to be connected in the main power circuit. For example, in Case E-9, the rated voltage of the V winding is used in obtaining the percent impedance. This impedance is converted to ohms as follows: lOE:Zvw% Z VW=-------, uv

where (actual winding in the case of single-phase series transformers and & times winding voltage in the case of three-phase

Ev= kv rating of the V winding series transformers). Uv=kva rating

voltage

of the series transformer

(per-phase

rating

for single-phase

transformers

and three-phase

rating

for three-phase

transformers).

828
TABLE ~-EQUIVALENT

Appendix
CIRCUITS OF POWER AND REGULATING TRANSFORMERS

Convention

of Notation

and Definitions

of Symbols

In all cases the left hand circuit (terminals a-b-c) is taken as the input circuit; and the remaining circuits (terminals d-b4 and ab/-c) are taken as output circuits. It is assumed that the transformation ratios will always be step up from the input to the output circuit (terminals a-b-c), and, if shift in phase is involved, the phase angle will be advanced. If the actual conditions differ from those assumed suitable corrections may be readily applied. The a terminal designates the reference phase of the input circuit; the a and a terminals designate the reference phases of the output circuits. Individual windings are designated, as for example: P(1) denotes the P winding, the number of turns of which is proportional to unity. S(nl) denotes the S winding, the number of turns of which is proportional to no. Windings drawn parallel in the diagram of connections are on the same magnetic core; except that for those arrangements involving series transformers all six windings for the three series transformers are drawn parallel and only those windings drawn adjacent to each other are on the same magnetic core. I,, I,, and I, are the line currents in the reference phases at the terminals a, a, and a, respectively. voltages of the reference Kg, Kg, and E,, are line-to-ground phases at the terminals a, a, and a, respectively. The ideal transformers included in the equivalent circuits serve only to maintain proper voltage and current relationships, in magnitude and phase, between the input and output circuits. The ideal transformer is defined as having infinite exciting impedance, zero leakage impedance, and zero exciting or no-load current. 1:N (1 :N, etc.) is the turns ratio of the ideal transformer in the equivalent circuit maintaining nominal current and voltage relationships between two circuits. N (N, N, etc.) is the overall transformation ratio of the transformer bank at no load. eja represents a phase angle transformation of 01 degrees. a (a, a, etc.) is the phase angle difference between output and input voltages of the transformer bank at no load. II, 10. and 1~ are symmetrical components of the line currents at the

Zpz (Zsz, Zvz, etc.) is the exciting impedance as measured on the P winding, with all other windings on the same core open circuited and zero sequence voltage applied to the terminals of the three windings one of which is designated by P, connected to form a threephase unit. Zor (Zos, Zo, etc.) is the impedance, in ohms, connected between the neutral of a star winding and ground. 1ll/l, 10111,and IZlll, are symmetrical components of the line currents at the u-b-c terminals, expressed in per unit Thus Ill/l =k,

2~s Zvw, etc.) is the leakage impedance between the P and S windings, as measured in ohms on the P winding with the S winding short-circuited, all other windings on the same core being opencircuited. ZSP is the leakage impedance between the S and P windings, as measured in ohms on the S winding with the P winding short-circuited, all other windings on the same core being open-circuited.

where IN is the base (or normal) current for the input circuit, corresponding to the base (or normal) kva, UC, and voltage of that circuit. Similar definitions apply for Ill/l, 101/1, 12l/l, Irl/l, etc. El%,, E,,%, and E2%, are symmetrical components of the line-toground voltages at the input (u-b-c) terminals, expressed in per cent of the base, or normal) voltage for the input circuit. Similar definitions apply for El%, El%, etc. .Z,% is the equivalent positive- (or negative-) sequence impedance as viewed from the input (u-b-c) terminals, expressed in per cent on the base (or normal) kva. and voltage of the input circuit. Z,% is the equivalent positive- (or negative-) sequence impedance as viewed from the output (a-b-c) terminals, expressed in per cent on the base (or normal) kva. and voltage of the output circuit. Z,,% is the equivalent zero-sequence impedance as viewed from the input (u-b-c) terminals, expressed in per cent on the base (or normal) kva. and voltage of the input circuit. Z,% is the equivalent zero-sequence impedance as viewed from the outpul (a-b-c) circuit, expressed in per cent on the base (or normal) kva. and voltage of the output circuit. ZpsyO (ZrrOJO, Zvw%, etc.) is the leakage impedance between the P and S windings, expressed in per cent on the kva. and voltage at which the P winding is operating. Zsp% is the leakage impedance between the P and S windings, expressed in per cent on the kva. and voltage at which the S winding is operating. 2&z% (&E%, ZVE%, etc.) is the exciting impedance of the P winding as defined under Zpz expressed in per cent on the kva. and voltage at which the P winding is operating. Note: To use the equations as given, the base (or normal) kva. must be assumed for all circuits, and the base (or normal) voltages of the circuits must be related by the transformation ratios indicated on the equivalent circuit for positive sequence. The operating kva. and voltage for an individual winding must be taken as the value existing in the winding when the base (or normal) kva. assumed for the circuit is being transmitted through the transformer. The assumed base kva. for the circuit, and the corresponding winding kvas, may be either three-phase or single phase values, but consistency must be maintained. U, is the base (or normal) kva. of the input circuit (at the u-b-c terminals). U is the base (or normal) kva. of the output circuit (at the ~44 terminals). U is the base (or normal) kva. of the output circuit (at the a-b-c terminals). UP (Us, UT, UV, UW, etc.) is the kva. at which the P winding is operating when the input circuit carries U, kva. Note: When the above quantities appear in equations, all must be in three phase quantities, or all in single phase quantities. .&c is the base (or normal) impedance, in ohms, corresponding to the base kva. and voltage of the input circuit (at the u-b-c terminals). The equivalent circuit for negative sequence is identical with that shown for positive sequence, except that when a shift in phase angle is involved, the phase angle shift in the equivalent circuit for negative sequence shall be taken with the opposite sign to that indicated in the equivalent circuit for positive sequence (for example, instead of a use Q, instead of 30 use-30, etc.).

TABLE

7 CONT'DTWO-CIRCUIT TRANSFORMERS

829

TABLE 7 CONT'DAUTOTRANSFORMERS

830

TABLE 7 CONT'DTHREE-CIRCUIT

TRANSFORMERS

TABLE 7 CONT'DREGULATORS

FOR VOLTAGE CONTROL

TABLE 7 CONT'D-REGULATORSFOR PHASE-ANGLECONTROL

833

834

Appendix TABLE 9TRIGONOMETRIC FUNCTIONS

835

836
TABLE

Appendix 9TRIGONOMETRIC FUNCTIONSCont'd

Appendix TABLE 8EXPONENTIAL FUNCTIONS t

837