Maritime Logistics

Assignment

Submitted to:Capt Sarabjit Butalia

Question:- Name a some key stake holders and there role and importance in International Trade Logistics? Answer:- Key stake holders and their role in Maritime logistics can be explained as below : Cargo Seller :- is the party who has signed the contract with buyer to supply good to him. Cargo buyer :- Is the party who sign the contract with seller to receive the goods. Brokers Ship owner Ship Manager :- who controls over Technical management involves the duties a shipping company must perform for the technical operation of a vessel. This involves management related to crew management with related tasks, logistics related to operations as well as operations, service and maintenance. Charterer :- A charterer is a party without a cargo who takes a vessel on charter for a specified period from the owner and then trades the ship to carry cargoes at a profit above the hire rate, or even makes a profit in a rising market by re-letting the ship out to other charterers. Bank :- A bank is a financial institution and a financial intermediary that accepts deposits and channels those deposits into lending activities, either directly or through capital markets. Classification Societies :- A classification society is a non-governmental organization that establishes and maintains technical standards for the construction and operation of ships and offshore structures. Insurance Company :- . Insurance is defined as the equitable transfer of the risk of a loss, from one entity to another, in exchange for payment. Media Ports,private ports and transit ports Flag administration Captain of ship UN law of sea covention Environment protecting agency Environment regulators Ship owners Weather department Lawyers Other logistics such as railways ,road

Question : Is bill of lading is a document or contract? Answer: BILL OF LADING, contracts and commercial law. A memorandum or acknowledgment in writing, signed by the captain or master of a ship or other vessel, that he has received in good order, on board of his ship or vessel, therein named, at the place therein mentioned, certain goods therein specified, which he promises to deliver in like good order, (the dangers of the seas excepted,) at the place therein appointed for the delivery of the same, to the consignee therein named or to his assigns, he or they paying freight for the same Or it is the written evidence of a contract for the carriage and delivery of goods sent by sea for a certain freight. 2. A bill of lading ought to contain the name of the consignor; the name of the consignee the name of the master of the vessel; the name of the vessel; the place of departure and destination; the price of the freight; and in the margin, the marks and numbers of the things shipped. 3. It is usually made in three original's, or parts. One of them is commonly sent to the consignee on board with the goods; another is sent to him by mail or some other conveyance; and the third is retained by the merchant or shipper. The master should also take care to have another part for his own use. 4. The bill of lading is assignable, and the assignee is entitled to the goods, subject, however, to the shipper's right, in some cases, of stoppage in transit.

A document signed by a carrier (a transporter of goods) or the carrier's representative and issued to a consignor (the shipper of goods) that evidences the receipt of goods for shipment to a specified designation and person. Carriers using all modes of transportation issue bills of lading when they undertake the transportation of cargo. A bill of lading is, in addition to a receipt for the delivery of goods, a contract for their carriage and a document of title to them. Its terms describe the freight for identification purposes; state the name of the consignor and the provisions of the contract for shipment; and direct the cargo to be delivered to the order or assigns of a particular person, the consignee, at a designated location. There are two basic types of bills of lading. A straight bill of lading is one in which the goods are consigned to a designated party. An order bill is one in which the goods are consigned to the order of a named party. This distinction is important in determining whether a bill of lading is negotiable (capable of transferring title to the goods covered under it by its delivery or endorsement). If its terms provide that the freight is to be delivered to the bearer (or possessor) of the bill, to the order of a named party, or, as recognized in overseas trade, to a namedperson or assigns, a bill, as a document of title, is negotiable. In contrast, a straight bill is not negotiable

Question: objective and aim of developing a document such as BILL OF LADING? Answer: A Bill of Lading is a document issued by a consignor (or shipper, such as an order fulfillment center) and signed by a carrier at the time of pick up, acknowledging that specified products have been received on board as cargo for delivery to a named consignee, or destination. It serves as a contract between the shipper and/ or owners of the goods and the carrier for a number of purposes: It is evidence of a valid contract of carriage, and may incorporate the complete terms of the contract between the shipper (such as a startup ecommerce order fulfillment servce) and the carrier which may include payment terms, rates, description of product classification, as well as other duties and obligations. It is a receipt signed by the carrier confirming whether goods matching the contract description have been received in good condition (see SLC below). The information could include pallet and/ or piece count, weight, product description and classification. Once signed by the consignee, it is a receipt of goods received providing final confirmation of the quantity and condition of the product received. A signature by the consignee is acknowledgement the goods are received as described on the BOL unless discrepancies are otherwise noted at the time the BOL is signed. The signed BOL may also often serve as a Proof of Delivery (POD) document as well as back up for the Freight Invoice. The Bill of Lading will typically at minimum contain the following information: Shippers Name and Address, Consignees Name and Address, Description of Goods including pieces and weight, NMFC Classification, Bill to Party (or Payment Terms), relevant load ID numbers, and Carriers Name. As a matter of process, the driver from the carrier will sign the BOL at the time of pick up when the goods are loaded onto the carriers equipment. At this point the carrier is responsible for

inspecting the goods to ensure the quantity and condition of the product is as noted on the BOL. Depending on the shippers rules, the BOL can be signed Shipper Load and Count, or SLC, which means the carrier has not been given the opportunity to inspect the goods prior to loading when it is not practical or permissible. A copy of the signed BOL will often be kept be the consignor. The original copy of the BOL will physically accompany the shipment from pick up through delivery. Upon delivery of the shipment to the consignee, the receiving location will inspect the product as it is unloaded prior to signing the BOL acknowledging receipt. Any damages or shortages will be noted by the consignee on the BOL at that time. Generally speaking, if a consignee notices damages at a later time and nothing was noted on the BOL at the time of delivery the shipper and carrier will not be held accountable for the issues. An executed, final signed copy of the BOL will be retained by the consignee as a receipt of the shipment delivered. The carrier will retain a final copy of the Bill of Lading as well.

Question :Role of bill of lading? Answer: A bill of lading, is a receipt issued to shipper, in confirmation of receipt of goods apparently in good condition, by the freight forwarder/shipping company for the agreed dispatch It's the proof or evidence of contract of carriage between shipper & freight forwarder/shipping company. A bill of lading hold title of goods, against which delivery can be claimed / demanded by the shipper/consignee at the agreed destination where the liner/forwarder is responsible to deliver the goods bills of lading had been in use a long time before the first attempts for the standardisation of their terms occurred. Their utility as legal documents was recognised after they have been circulated and used in international trade for some time. More clauses purporting to absolve the carrier from liability were introduced in the content of the bill of lading . A formula for the establishment of minimum liability of the carrier was adopted by a series of conferences after the first world war, in order to stop the practice of contracting in ways which would unduly favour the carrier. The whole effort has resulted in the emergence of the international convention for the unification of certain rules relating to bills of lading 1924. In modern days this document started to be used as a register in the book of loading and after years of practice has established as a new document. A bill of lading is a fundamental and vital document of international trade and commerce, indispensable to the conduct and financing of business involving the sale and transportation of goods between parties located at a distance from one another. A bill of lading has commonly been said to have three characteristics : 1} a contract for the carriage of the goods 2} an acknowledgement of their receipt and 3} documentary evidence of title . However, there is an uncertainty and dispute about its contractual nature. The significance of the establishment of the contractual role of bills of lading based on the necessity that any contractual party should know the final terms of the contract upon which the terms of the International Conventions will be implied to.

Ques: what are the key features of bill of lading? Answer: Bill of lading is a contract where the ship-owner acknowledges the receipt of the goods on the board and undertakes to carry the goods to the destination port as per conditions stated therein. It contains name of the ship, the place of loading, destination, name of the importer and full description of goods. These are prepared in five copies where the first three copies are given to the importer and one copy is retained by the captain and another copy is handed over to the exporter. The features of a bill of lading are:

It is an evidence of contract. It serve as a document of title-to-goods. It may be marked freight paid or freight forward. A clean bill states that packing of goods are free from defects. A foul bill states that the packing is defective.