ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

I wish heartily Thanks to Northern Indian Railway to help us in making our summer training a success in all. I want to specially thank to Mr. Yashwant Singh, Sr. D.S.T. in D.R.M. office who has been very supportive despite of his busy schedule. I express my sincere gratitude towards my project guide Mr. D.S. RAWAT, engineer in Control Department without whose expert guidance and facilitation, it would not have been possible to accomplish the project. His constant and judicious input during the project, timely advice and suggestions at various stages of the project helped in bringing out this report in this present form. I am also thankful to other officials of Control Department who showed confidence on me as a trainee and helped me to develop my technical skills by giving me full freedom to work with an open mind.

HARSH VARDHAN DIXIT B.Tech. (E.C.) Final year K.I.M.T. Moradabad

CERTIFICATE

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TABLE OF CONTENT

NO. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. 17.

TITLE Introduction to Railway General overview of optical fiber Definition of optical fiber History of optical fiber Optical fiber communication Principle of optical fiber Types of optical fiber Optical fiber cables Essential features of an Optical fiber Uses of optical fiber Benefits of optical fiber communication system Jointing and termination of optic fiber cables Field of application Advantages of optical fiber Disadvantages of optical fiber Rail net Microwaves Conclusion

PAGE NO. 1 3 4 6 8 10 17 19 20 21 23 24 25 26 29 30 37 41

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TABLE OF FIGURE
NO. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. TITLE Basic structure of optical fiber Optical fibre communication system Total internal reflection Acceptance angle Planner waveguide Optical fiber attenuation Step index fibers Frisbee illuminated by fiber optics Joining of two with the help of connector Railnet network component Microwave region of EM spectrum PAGE NO. 5 9 10 11 12 13 17 21 24 33 48

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LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS USED

LASER- Light Amplification by Stimulated Emission of Radiation LED- Light Emitting Diode EDFA- Erbium Doped Fiber Amplifiers PDFA- Praseodymium Doped Fiber Amplifiers WDM- Wavelength Division Multiplexing TE- Transverse Electric TM- Transverse Magnetic TEM- Transverse Electromagnetic POF- Plastic Optical Fibers UV- Ultra-Violet HMFG- Heavy Metal Fluoride Glasses YAG- Yttria Alumina Garnet FTTH- Fiber to the Home APC- Angled Physical Contact FOIS- Freight operation and information system CRC- Cyclic Redundancy Check IVRS- Interactive Voice Response System MP- Maintenance Panel