Commonest in Internal Medicine ========================== Commonest cause of cardiac arrest- Ventricular fibrillation Commonest symptom of cardiac disease- Breath

th lessness Commonest type of dyspnoea in cardiac disease- Exertional dyspnoea. Commonest congenital malformation without manifestation bicuspaid aortic valve Commonest CHD in females-ASD Commonest cyanotic congenital heart disease Tetralogy of Fallot (in infancy) Commonest congenital disease with cyanosis at birth-Transposition of great vessels Commonest type of ASD-Ostium secundum Commonest type of VSD membranous Commonest congenital heart disease causing hypertension in neonates coarctationof aorta Commonest heart disease with SBH-VSD (SBE is rare with ASD) Commonest heart disease with SBH- rheumatic MR. Commonest congenital heart disease with CHF in new born-Hypoplastic left heart syndrome. Commonest heart disease in children-Rheumatic heart disease Commonest heart disease in pregnancy MS Commonest valvular lesion in Rheumatic fever- MR Commonest site of coarctation of aorta-junction of the arch with descending aorta Commonest heart disease in which squatting is noted-Tetralogy of Fallot Commonest cause of congestive heart failure: - In the first 72 hrs after birth-pulmonary mitral and aortic atresia - In infancy Congenital heart disease - In children Rheumatic heart disease Commonest causative organism of myocarditis-Caxsackie B virus. Commonest causes of peripheral cyanosis- Nervous tension with cold clammy hands and exposure to cold Commonest cause of cyanotic congenital heart disease in adults TOF Commonest precursor of heart disease in people under 50-Rheumatic fever (under developed countries) Commonest residual effect of rhematic fever- Mitral insufficiency (Aortic insufficiency is much more common in children) Commonest cause of no rheumatic mitral insufficiany MVP or rupture of chordae tendinae. Commonest variety of AI Rheumatic. Commonest cause of Tricuspid insufficiency- Right ventricular overload Commonest angina occurs during walking especially up an incline or a flight of stairs. Commonest variant angina- Woman > 50 yrs Commonest cause of sudden death during exercise in young athletes Hypertropic cardiomyopathy (sudden death syndrome). Commonest left ventricular failure Hypertension Commonest right ventricular failure MS with raised pulm. Vascular resistance. Commonest cause of chronic constrictive pericarditis-Tuberculosis Commonest cause of chronic cor pulmonale Chronic asthmatic bronchitis. Commonest syphilitic heart disease-Aortic valvular insufficiency Commonest cause of acute viral myocarditis-coxsackie Bvirus.

 Commonest primary malignancies of heart sacrcomas. Commonest benign tumour heart Myxoma (usually left atrial myxoma). Commonest cause of cardiogenic shock (circulatory failure)- Acute MI and acute massive pulm. emobolism Commonest causes of death in atheromatous periplueral vascular disease-Myocardial infraction. Commonest form of aortic aneurysm- Atheromatous Most important symptom and sing - Renal artery aneurysm pain. - Tuberculosis kidney- increased frequency (earliest and often the only symptom) - Renal calculus Intermittent dull ache in loin. - Neuroblastoma- mass per abdomen - Vesical calculus- frequency of micturition (earliest symptom). - Renal carcinoma Haematuria (presenting feature) Commonest causative organism of perinephric abscess Staphylococcus Commonest organism of pyelonephritis with stones-staphylococcus Commonest causative organism of endemic haematuria Schitosoma haematobium Commonest proliferative glomerulonephritis- follows infection with Haemolytic streptococci Commonest cause of nephrotic syndrome in children minimal lesion glomerulonephritis Commonest cuase of Acute pyelonephritis: In men prostatic enlargement\ In pregnant woman uterus and atonia of the ureturs. In infants and cildren severe ureterovesical reflex of cong. Malformation. Commonest malignant tumour of kidney Hypernephroma (Wilms tumour second most common) Commonest motile infective organism in UTI is E.coli. Commonest dental fluorosis- fluoride in the water supply exceeds 2ppm. Commonest cause of leukoplakia epithelial hyperplasia and hyperkeratosis (usually in response to anirritant) Commonest cause of xerostomia includes drugs (frequently diureics) Commonest sites of oral cancer lips and tongue. Commonest type of oral cancer squamous cell carcinoma (90%) Commonest oesophageal diverticul- pulsion or Zenkers diverticuluum. Commonest symptom of reflux esophagitis-pyrosis (heart burn) Commonest site of tear lies in Mallory Weiss syndrome just below cardia. Commonest disturbance of stomach Acute gastritis. Commonest site of Crohns disease-ileum. Commonest malignancy of small intestine Adenocarcinoma (occurs most frequently in duodenum and jejunum). Commonest occurrence of carcinoid tumours-Appendix (90%) Commonest disability that result from cholelithiasis- chronic cholecystitis. Commonest cause of obstructive jaundice- Common bile duct stone. (next frequency is capancreas). Commonest cause of benign transfusion hepatitis-non A, non B hepatitis(90%) Commonest causative organism of peritonitis E.coli. Commonest causative organism in bacteremia with entrogenic bacteria in cirrhosis-E.coli. Ccommonest causes of pancreatitis

- metabolic-Hyperlipideemia - endocrinal- hyperparathyroidism - infective- Mumpds - parasitic- Ascariasis - drug Azethioprine - procedure ERCP Commonest symptoms of respiratory disease is cough. Commonest cause of acute trancheobronchitis is viral infection Commonest complaint of silicosis is dyspnea on exertion. Commonest involved organ in Boecks sarcoid is lungs Commonest cause of death in pneumococcal pneumonia is Shock and plum.oedema. Commonest debilitating resp.disease (in VSA) is chronic bronchitis. Commonest cause of chronic bronchitis is cigarette smoking. Commonest cause of atelectasis is post op. period following major abdominal or thoracis surgery. Commonest symptom of all forms of pulmonary emboli is sudden onset of dyspnea. Commonest cause of hydrothorax is congestive heart failure Commonest cause of haemothorax is trauma. Commonest aerobic bacteria causing empyema- coagulase+ ve Staphylococcus aureus and gram-ve bacilli Commonest anaerobic organism encountered in empyema- bacteroides and peptostreptococci. Commonest spontaneous pneumothorax unknown Commonest chronic mediastinitis Histoplasmosis, tuberculosis and scrcoidosis (in that order) Commonest metastatic lung lesion- Staphylococcus Commonest bronchiolitis in children Resp.syncytial virus. Commonest viral pneumonia in adult- Influenza Commonest viral pneumonia in children rep.syncytial virus Commonest fungus ball in lung cavity- Aspergillosis Commonest thin walled cavity with pus Coccidioidomycosis Commonest multiple cavities in lung-Blastomycosis Commonest pulmonary alveolar proteinosis Nocardia Commonest involvement of chest wall-Actinomycosis Commonest tropical hemoptysis paragonimiasis westermani Commonest virus producing resolution in asthma-Measles Commonest pulmonary infiltrations with eosinophilia Aspergillosis. Commonest form of syringgomyelia cervical syringomyelia involving the cervical spinal cord. Commonest of the muscular disease- progressive muscular dystrophy. Commonest cause of anosmia head trauma. Commonest cause of paralysis of Abducent nerve- increased intracranial pressure. Commonest sie of hypertensive inteacerebral haemorrhage-Putamen. Commonest arrhythmia in myocardial infarction is Sinus tachycardia whereas in inferior MI it is Sinus bradycardia.