I. Effects of WWI A. Social: 10 million soldiers killed, 2 million wounded.

Millions of civilians died as a result of hostilities, famine and disease. The world was left with hatred, intolerance, and extreme nationalism. B. Political: United States emerged as a leading world power. Three majour European dynasties were dethroned. New states emerged in central Europe and the Middle East. League of Nation established to solve problems. Many European nations turned to dictatorshipnotably Russia, Italy, and Germany. C. Economic: Total cost of war was 350 billion. US introduced the Dawnes and Young Plan (1924-1930) Allies pay US 2.6 billion in war debt payments to US. US pays 2.5 billion in loans to Germany. Germany pays 2.0 billion in reparation payments to the Allies. Inflation occurred. International trade suffers due to raised tariffs and economic self-sufficiency. In Russia, the Communists seized power and introduced a new economic system. Poor economy brought on the Great Depression II. Post-War Boom A. Return to Normalcysince there was no going back to the past, people in North America and Europe began to experiment with new customs and new ways of life. B. CultureIn painting, music, literature, and dance, artists abandoned longaccepted traditions and experimented with new styles, media, and subject matter. III. Western Democracies A. USAEconomic: stock market crash. Political: the business of America is business. FDR, Hoover, Coolidge. Laizzes-Faire. Foreign Policy: interventionism, collective security (LoN), Wilsonism (world safe for democracy), business interests. Isolationists (Henry Cabot Lodge) refused to allow the US to sign the Versailles Treaty, Nativists (anti-immigration). Red Scare- communism. Anti-war movement. Washington Disarmament Conferenceinternational, reduction of military weapons. Japan and Great Britain limits the number of warships. Kellogg-Briand Pact15 nations dedicated to outlawing

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V.

aggression and war as tools of foreign policy. 62 nations signed. No enforcement. LoN was weak. B. Great Britain. Slowly losing status as number one country. Debtor country, not creditor country. 1926 General Strike. Failure, creates Trades Disputes Act (general strikes are illegal.) Gains attention of workers, turn socialist (Labour party). Ramsay MacDonaldprime minister. C. Francedestroyed. WWI had destroyed thousands of square miles of farmland and forests. Reduced cities and villages to rubble. France government almost goes bankrupt. Half of the men ages 18-32 were killed in the war. Many political parties compete for votes. Several parties had to band together into a coalition. Communists and Socialists struggled for power against the Fascist- formed a coalition they called the Popular Front. Leon Blum, the Socialist leader, became prime minister. Foreign Policy was to avoid another war. Locarno Pact guaranteed the common boundaries of Belgium, France, and Germany as specifies in the Treaty of Versailles. The Maginot line is a military zone establishes by France, fortified on the border of France and Germany. Great Depression A. causes: uneven distribution of income, stock market speculation, buying on margin, margin calls, excessive use of credit, overproduction, weak farm economy, no regulation in the government/bank/stock market, international trade suffered. Fascism A. Definition: the totalitarian philosophy of government that glorifies the state and nation and assigns to the state control over every aspect of national life. B. Ideology: a form of extreme right-wing ideology. It celebrates the nation or the race as an organic community transcending all other loyalties. The individual has no significance expect as a member of the state.

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VII.

Rise of Mussolini/Italian Fascism A. Why? Economic depression, fear of communism, appeal to nationalism (angry at treaty of Versailles, want to restore Roman Empire, weak government (coalition style with weak leader.) B. Mussolini in Power-- Mussolini organizes Black Shirts to put down rebellions (makes him popular) Victor Emanuel names Mussolini Prime Minister. Mussolini puts an end to democratic rule. The fascist controlled government gave Mussolini (Il Duce), sweeping new powers. Rise of Hitler/Nazi Party A. Economic problemsinflation, unemployment, announced reparations cannot be paid; France takes over mines and mills in Ruhr Valley. B. Fear of Communism C. Appeal to Nationalismangry over treaty, Nazi Party promises to repudiate the war guilt clause, defend right to rearm D. Weak Government (Welmar Republic) E. Hitler and the Beer Hall Putsch (1923)tried to overthrow the government. Failed. Goes to jail and write Main Kampf. F. Nazi PhilosophyHitler took already established prejudices and used them to unite his followers against enemies. Anti-Semitism is prejudice against Jews; used by Hitler to make the Jews a scapegoat for Germanys problems; felt they were inferior due to religion and culture. Claimed that Germanys armies have been stabbed in the back by Jews and Communists, not defeated by Allies. Master Race was the idea of racial superiority attitude that there was a superior Aryan race who should rule over all others. After his release from prison, Hitler resumed his activities. In the early 30s, the Nazis won a large number of seats in the Reichstag, or legislative lower house. Elected Chancellor in 1933 and took the title of der Fuhrer. The Brownshirts forced German voters to follow the Nazis. In 1935, the Nuremburg Laws stripped Jews of their right to hold public office. The Kristillnacht of 1938, members of the Nazi Party attacked Jews

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on the streets and vandalized Jewish businesses, homes, and synagogues. The Soviet Union A. War CommunismBy 1921, Russia had endured WWI, Revolution and Civil War. The nations transport system was in ruins, the peasants were in open revolt, and the economy was plunging toward collapse. In 1918 during the Civil War, Lenin and the Bolsheviks had introduced an economic policy called War Communism. The government carried out a policy of nationalization, in which it brought all majour industries under state control. B. N.E.PIn 1921, trying to end the chaos of the Civil War and nationalization of all industries, Lenin announced a plan called the New Economic Policy. Majour industries and large-scale manufacturing remained under government control, but the NEP allowed small manufacturers and farmers to own their own businesses and earn profits. C. Trotsky and Stalinfriends. Stalin was a better politition. Trotsky thought communism would be successful only when the whole world was communist. Trotsky is banned and then killed.