115301-7474 Ijmme-Ijens

International Journal of Mechanical & Mechatronics Engineering IJMME-IJENS Vol: 11 No: 01 16
115301-7474 IJMME-IJENS February 2011 IJENS

I J E N S
Design and Blade Optimization of Contra Rotation Double
Rotor Wind Turbine

Priyono Sutikno
1
, Deny Bayu Saepudin
2

1
Institut Teknologi Bandung, Bandung, Indonesia, priyonosutikno@yahoo.com
2
Institut Teknologi Bandung, Bandung, Indonesia, denibayu@yahoo.com

Abstract - The Intelligent Wind turbine (IWT) has two stages
blades contra rotation. This kind of wind turbine has
characteristic self regulated on the speed due to the
difference torque between two stages horizontal axis wind
turbine, than no need the pitch controller to control the
speed and cut off the wind turbine due to the high wind
speed.
The research of IWT is designed first by optimize several
important design parameters, as a blade section profile and
the multiplier factor of the angle of attack. The design
parameter results are the NACA 6412 is selected as the
optimum blade section profile and the optimum value of
angle of attack multiplier factor is 0.5. The designed IWT
has 3 blades for each front and rear rotor. The research
intelligent wind turbine has 600 mm front diameter and 600
mm rear blade diameter. The characteristics of IWT were
simulated by using Computational Fluid Dynamic (CFD)
software, demonstrated the non entrainment of the contra
rotation, each blades should have the same produced torque.

Index Terms Intelligent Wind Turbine, Numerical
Simulation, Contra rotation Wind Turbine

I. INTRODUCTION
The conventional wind turbines with large sized wind
rotor generate high output in the moderately strong wind.
The output of the small sized wind rotor is low such a
wind rotor is suitable for weak wind. That is, the size of
the wind rotor must be appropriately selected in
conformity with potential wind circumstances. Besides, in
general the wind turbines are equipped with the brake and
or the pitch control mechanisms, to control the speed due
to the abnormal rotation and the overload generated at the
stronger wind, and to keep the rotation of generator. In
that sense, some studies present a good review of various
invented the superior wind turbine generator, T.
Kanemoto [1] has invented Intelligent Wind Turbine
Generator (IWTG) composed of the large sized front wind
rotor, the small sized rear wind rotor and the peculiar
generator with inner and the outer rotational armatures, as
the rotational speeds of the tandem wind rotor are
adjusted pretty well in cooperation with the two armatures
of the generator in response to the wind speed. The IWTG
model is composed of tandem wind rotor using the flat
blades, and demonstrated the fundamentally superior
operation of the tandem wind rotor. In this paper, the
effect of the blade profiles using NACA profiles on the
turbine using numerical simulation on the turbine
performances are investigated to optimized the rotor
profiles.

Nomenclature
A Area
a Axial induction factor
a Radial Induction factor
B Number of blade
C
D
Drag coefficient
C
L
Lift coefficient
c Chord length
C
p
Power Coefficient
D Diameter
F
x
Axial Force
g Acceleration of gravity
L Lift force
P Power
p pressure
Q correction factor
r local radius element rotor
Re Reynolds number
R Radius
T Torsi
T Thrust
V
o
Absolute Velocity
w Relative velocity
u Tangential velocity
x Local speed ratio

angle of attack (AOA)
stagger angle
e Ratio coefficient Lift and Drag
pitch angel
Efficiency
Tip speed ratio
density
angle of attack relative
Solidity
Angular velocity

II. OPERATION OF TANDEM WIND ROTORS
In the IWTG both wind rotors start to rotate at low
wind speed, namely cut in wind speed, but the rear wind
rotor counter rotates against the front wind rotor. The
increase of the wind speed make the both rotational
speeds increase, and the rotational speed of rear wind
rotor becomes faster than that of the front wind rotor
because of its small size. The rear wind rotor reaches the
maximum rotational speed at rated wind speed. With
more increment of the wind speed, the rear wind rotor
decelerates gradually and begins to rotate at the same
direction of the front wind rotor so as to coincide with

I J E N S
larger rotational torque of front wind rotor. Such
behaviour of rear wind rotor is induced from the reason
why the small sizes wind rotor must work as the blowing
mode against the attacking wind because the wind rotor
turbine mode can \not generate adequately the rotational
torque corresponding to the front wind rotor. The
behaviour of the front and rear wind rotors also depends
on the blade profiles and flow condition between both
rotors, and will be discussed. The rotational direction and
speed of the rotors are adjusted in response to the wind
circumstance (see figure 2)

Fig. 1 Drawing IWTG [1]

Fig. 2 Operation of IWTG [1]

The authors has proposed the optimized blades with
adopted the NACA Air foils for rear and front blades of
the contra rotation wind turbine. It is difficult, however to
know the rotational torque but also to get optimized
blades profiles, using the contra rotation model. In order
to elaborate and to get the optimized blades, the model
was separated from tandem to single isolated wind turbine,
however the rear turbine has the velocity datas from the
front wind turbine blade simulation.

III. AIR FOIL AND ROTOR PERFORMANCE
ANALYSIS.

Airfoil has made rotor possible to rotate in high speed
and load, early aerodynamics of wind turbine has based
on theory of air plane wings. However, aerodynamics of
wind turbine has been required different idea, the
accuracy of rotor performance analysis depend mainly on
the treatment of the wake effect, because the wake of
propeller type wind turbine is induced a large velocity in
rotor plane. For Horizontal Axis Wind Turbine blades the
aviation airfoils such as NACA series have been widely
used. But these air foils have been recognized to be
insufficient for requirements, such reduction of rapid stall
characteristics, in-sensitivity to wide Reynolds number
the range of between 5.10
5
to 2.10
6
. Rotor performance
analysis has been performed using several methods. The
Blade Element Momentum (BEM) method is mainly
employed as a tool of performance analysis because of
their simplicity and readily implementation. Vortex wake
methods can adequately treat the effect of wake vortices
and have some advantages over BEM.

3.1 Blade Element Momentum Method
Most wind turbine design codes are based on Blade
Element Momentum (BEM) method [7]. The basic BEM
method assumes the blade can be analyzed as a number of
independent elements in span wise direction. The induced
velocity at each element is determined by performing the
momentum balance for an annular control volume
containing the blade element. The aerodynamic forces on
the element are calculated using lift and drag coefficient
from empirical two dimensional wind tunnel test data at
the geometric angle of attack (AOA) of the blade element
relative to the local flow velocity.
BEM method have aspect by reasonable tool for
designer, but are not suitable for accurate estimation of
effect of wake, complex flow such as three dimensional
flow or dynamic stall because of their assumption.

3.2 Vortex Wake Method
The induced velocity in the rotor plane of Horizontal
Axis Wind Turbine (HAWT) is largely increased in heavy
loading condition and the wake vortices of HAWT
develop to the downstream constructing highly skewed
vortex sheet in largely decelerated axial flow near rotor
plane. Thus determination of the velocity induced by
wake and wake geometry is one of the most important
aspects in the rotor performance analysis.
Vortex wake method directly calculates the induced
velocity from the bound vortices of blades and the trailing
vortex in wake which are represented by lifting line or
lifting surface model [4]. The treatment of wake geometry
can be classified roughly into two type, as a prescribed
wake model and free wake model. In the former model
the wake represented by a line a vortex or spiral vortices
with fixed pitch. In later one a fractional step scheme is
adopted and the configurations of the wake are calculated
at every time step using local velocity including the
components induced by wake and bound vortices. The
free wake model is generally tackled with vortex lattice
method which can fit on arbitrary blade shape with
camber, taper and twist.
Another method of the vortex wake methods is use of
an asymptotic acceleration potential. Acceleration
potential method is basis on the Laplace equation of
pressure perturbation. The rotor blades are represented in
the model as discrete surfaces on which a pressure

I J E N S
discontinuity is present. The model implies the presence
of span wise and chord wise pressure distributions, which
are composed of analytical asymptotic solution for
Laplace equation. More elaborate model makes it possible
to calculate the dynamics load caused by dynamic inflow
and yawed inflow situation [5].

3,3 Computational Fluid Dynamic
Recent development of the computational fluid
dynamics (CFD) allows us to simulate overall flow
around HAWT including tower and nacelle. In 1999
Duque et al. [6] calculated aerodynamics of HAWT using
RANS model and overset grids to facilitate the simulation
of flow about complex configuration. Recently, some
CFDs codes actively are developed of CFD analysis of
rotor flow by three dimensional Navier Stokes code.
Though the state of the art CFD is needed
considerable computer power and validation for Navier
Stokes model, CFD has potential advantage for detailed
understanding of aerodynamic of the HAWT.

IV. OPTIMAL ROTOR BLADE
4.1 The NACA series air foil
The design model, which is composed of tandem wind
rotor, designed based on Blade Element Momentum
(BEM) method. The design is used the 4 (four) digit
NACA airfoil and to be chosen among 7 (seventh) airfoil
profile as shown at figure 3.

A : 1
st
digit is the percent of chord
B : 2
nd
digit is the ten percent of the chord
C : 3
rd
and 4
th
digit is the percent of chord

Fig. 3 Airfoil Profile of 4 digits NACA XXXX

The criteria of NACA airfoil to be implemented to the
front rotor and rear rotor, the XFOIL software is used to
simulated the Lift and Drag Coefficient at function of
AOA, the criterias are
a. The airfoil has a good performance, should have
as bigger as possible the ratio of the ratio the Lift
and Drag coefficients as shown at Table 1.
b. The section of the airfoil has simple form
possible, which has a flat suction in order to
simply the blades manufacturing, see Fig. 3.

Table 1.The maximum Lift and Drag ratio of NACA 5 and 6
series

Beside the Lift and Drag Ratio, the camber to chord ratio
can be influenced the Lift to Drag Ratio, and as shown at
fig. 4. The NACA airfoil has been chosen, have a certain
AOA at the maximum Lift to Drag Ratio.
The number of blades at the front and rear rotor depend
on the velocity to tip ratio as shown at table 2 [5]. The
rotation of the front and rear rotor depend on the tip speed
ratio, for tip speed ratio between three and more than four,
the number of rotor is three.

Table 2 The number of blade depend on speed tip ratio
B [number of blade]
1 8 24
2 6 12
3 3 6
4 3 4
More than 4 1 3

The rotor performance analysis of IWT has been
calculated by the model Actuator Disc and Blade Element
Momentum. This method has been modelled and
developed by Glauert (Ingram, 2005), the inflow near the
rotational blade or disc as the induced velocity in the rotor
plane is largely increased and represent by rotational
inflow factor.
The aerodynamic forces on element are calculated using
the lift and drag coefficient from XFOIL software.

Fig. 4 The Lift to Drag ratio of the NACA XXXX series
The optimum blade can be concluded by comparing the
data on table 1 and performance of blade in the figure 1


I J E N S
and 4 with respect to the criterion above, the chosen blade
has thickness to chord ratio of 12%, the camber to chord
ratio is 6% and the air foil NACA 6412 is chosen as
airfoil for front and rear rotor.

4.2 Optimal rotor blade using GLAUERT-PRANDTL-
XU model.
The calculation is based on the Blade Element
Momentum (BEM) method, this method is suitable for
engineering development and there are two kinds of
categories: fixed pitch and variables pitch rotor blade. The
blade length is divided into several small elements for
which the two dimensional airfoil theory can be applied.
The dimensionless coefficient, C
L
and C
D
, the net force,
power and torque caused by B blades, each of local chord
c, are as follow [6]:

For torque:
| |Bcc cos
D
C sin
L
C r
2
W
2
1
Q = (1)
For power:
| | r Bc cos
D
C sin
L
C r
2
W
2
1
Q P = = (2)
For thrust:
| | r Bc sin
D
C cos
L
C
2
W
2
1
T + = (3)
where
sin
u
W = =
( )
cos
w r +

Fig. 5 Local element velocities and flow angles [8]

Based on actuator disc theory and Using dimensionless
axial and radial induction factor,
( )
0
0
V
u V
a

= and
r
w
' a
= and solidity,
R
Bc
= we find equation above

became

Fig. 6 Local elemental forces [8]

( )
|
|
.
|
\
| +
|
.
|
\
|
=

2
D L
sin
sin C cos C
r 8
R
a 1
a
(4)
( )
|
|
.
|
\
|
|
.
|
\
|
=
+

cos sin
cos C sin C
r 8
R
' a 1
' a
D L
(5)

Also we have
w r
u
tan
+
=
( )
( ) ' a 1 r
a 1 V
0
+
( )
( ) ' a 1 x
a 1
+
= (6)
where, x =
0
V
r
, is local speed ratio. At the end of the
blades, r become R, and we find the most important
parameter for wind turbine rotors, the tip-speed-ratio,
or
0
V
R
X

= , using X, we can
write,
( )
( )
(
|
.
|
\
|
=
' a 1
a 1
rX
R
tan , the two dimensional lift
and drag coefficients C
L
and C
D
are both function of angle
of attack and
L
D
C
C
= , Instead of using the average
solidity, its define a symbol called the blade loading
coefficient,
r . 8
Bcc
l
= , using and we obtain

( )
|
|
.
|
\
| +
=

sin
cot
a 1
a
(7)
And

( )
|
|
.
|
\
|
=
+

sin
tan
' a 1
' a
(8)
To obtain a single point optimum including the effect of
drag, deriving a local power coefficient [6],

3
0
D L
2
3
0 2
1
'
P
V 2
) cos C sin C ( Bc W
A V
P
C

= = (9)

I J E N S
where,
| | dr Bc cos C sin C r V dQ dP
D L
2
total
2
1
= =
and dA =2 dr by using :
( ) ( )
2 2 2 2 2 2
total
a 1 r a 1 U V + + =

and equation 6, then
equation 9 can be write
( ) ( ) ( ) cos sin x 4 cot 1 a 1 C
2 2
p
+ + =
(10)
Then, eliminating using equation 7 and expanding 1/(cot
+ ) in a Taylors series of two terms, there results
( )( )( ) tan 1 tan a 1 xa 4 C
p
+ =
(11)
Since the optimum value of a is founded to be quite
insensitive to changes in , this implies that
p
C

decreases
monotonically as increases. By defining a local Froude
efficiency (Eq. 12), we can relate the performance of each
blade element to the ideal value of unity [6].
p F
C
16
27
|
.
|
\
|
= (12)
The correction factor for total losses can actually be quite
well represented by Prandtl and Xu represent the tip
losses and hub losses, the equation is quite simple but can
give the good matched on HWAT (Horizontal Axis Wind
Turbine) [10], the Prandtl tip correction factor is
( ) { }
1
2
cos exp 7
tip tip tip
Q f if f

=

1 7
tip tip
Q if f = >
(13)
( )
2 sin
tip
B R r
f
r
=

And for hub correction factor can be written as
( ) { }
1
2
cos exp 7
hub hub hub
Q f if f

=

1 7
hub hub
Q if f = >
(14)
( )
2 sin
hub
hub
hub
B r R
f
R
=

Early 2001, Xu proposed the correction factor on hub
losses by using the Prandtl correction factor as written
above and the Xu correction factor for hub can be written
as

( )
( )
0,85
0, 5 0, 5 0, 7 1
new
tip tip
r
Q Q if
R
= +
(15)
( )
/ 0,7
1
1 0.7
0, 7
tip
r R
new
tip
r Q
r
Q if
R
R
=
= <

Flowchart in figure 7 explained the complete procedures
of rotor turbine design. This flow chart refers to optimum
design procedure of rotor blade and the source program is
written in FORTRAN code, while XFOIL is used to
obtain the Lift coefficient and Drag coefficient of airfoil
data which is chosen for blade design. After obtaining the
Lift and Drag Coefficients an interpolation is performed
to justify Reynolds number and angle of attack (AOA) on
calculation XFOIL or two dimensional flow over the
airfoil by Fluent.

Fig. 7 Flowchart to calculate forces and power at the
optimum performance

Wind turbine rotor with three blade formed by several
airfoil profile with smaller chord length from hub to tip
every blade along the span. Figure 8 displayed graphic of


I J E N S

Fig. 8 Graphic of distribution of chord length and twist
angle at rotor span

chord length and stagger angle in function of angle of
attack (AOA).
Figure 9 shown graphic of the torque and the efficiency
curve versus the rotational speed and the figure 10 shown
graphic of the torque and efficiency versus rotational
velocity results of the numerical simulation using the
FLUENT software. Figure 11 shown graphic of the
efficiency as functions of the velocity source calculated
manually and simulated three dimensional numerically
using the FLUENT.

Fig. 9 Graphic of torque versus rotational speed calculated
and simulated numerically
Figure 8 to 9 shown the graphics of chord length versus
span length of rotor, the torque versus rotational speed
and the efficiency versus rotational speed respectively,
these results has been calculated by PRANDTL-XU
correction equation and simulated numerically using the
FLUENT 6.3.26. We can concluded the optimum
performance is used the angle of attack with 6 , 0 to be
chosen with regard of
The Maximum efficiency is near of the working or
design point at the rated rotation
The produced torque has relatively high
The values of the efficiency of the wind speed
region (2 until 12 m/s) are always relatively high
and stable as shown at figure 11.

Fig. 10 Simulation result using the Blade Element
Momentum and Prandtl_Xu correction factor on efficiency
versus rotational speed

The optimum blade is NACA 6412, blade has thickness to
chord ratio of 12%, the camber to chord ratio is 6% and
the angle of attack is 6 , 0 multiplier.


I J E N S

Fig. 11 The efficiency versus wind speed

V. DESIGN AND SIMULATION OF THE IWT
5.1 Design Procedures for Wind Turbine Rotor
Flowchart in figure 7 explained the complete
procedures of rotor turbine design. This flowchart refers
to optimum design procedure of rotor blade, and the
source program is written in EXCELL code, while the
XFOIL or FLUENT software is used to obtain lift
coefficient (C
L
) and drag coefficient (C
D
) of airfoil data
which is chosen for the blade design. After obtaining the
lift coefficient (C
L
) and drag coefficient (C
D
), an
interpolation is performed to justify Reynolds number and
angle of attack on calculation.

5.2 Simulation Procedures for Intelligent Wind
Turbine Front and Rear Rotors
The simulation of Intelligent Wind Turbine front and
rear rotors are using computational fluid dynamic (CFD)
method through Fluent software. The simulation process
consists in two parts, the two dimension model and three
dimension models. Two dimension model is using
FLUENT DDP to calculate lift coefficient (C
L
), drag
coefficient (C
D
), pressure coefficient and flow
characteristic through airfoil profile in two dimension,
while Fluent 3D is used to calculate force components
which rotor produced and flow characteristic in three
dimension, especially flow behind the rotor which shown
velocity decrease and wind energy, turbulence, and wake.
The two dimension simulation proposed to obtain airfoil
characteristics which will be used in blade design with
angle of attack variation and Reynolds number variations,
then served as an input on blade design by using
interpolation. The airfoil profile has been calculated and
simulated at section 4.
Two dimension simulation process is completed by
Gambit meshing around 66.000 cells and iteration using
FLUENT 2DDP with assumption of compressible flow
and coupled solver was used including energy calculation
using absolute velocity formulation in steady condition.
These assumptions are requisite in order to obtain
accurate current model on airfoil surface by showing
turbulence phenomenon, flow separation, boundary layer,
and reversed flow. This flow phenomenon is their natural
flow characteristic, where the decreasing of whole airfoil
performance and rotor efficiency in extreme situation [9].
The result of calculation for the front and rear rotor
can be shown as bellows:

Fig. 12 Result of distribution of chord length (c) of the
front and rear rotor span of IWT

Fig. 13 Result of distribution of pitch angle of the front
and rear rotor span of IWT


I J E N S

Fig. 14 The front at the left figure and rear rotor at the right

5.3 The three Dimensional Model Simulation of the
IWT front and rear rotor.
The analyzed aerodynamic problem is flow detriment
including wake around rotor, distribution of velocity and
pressure decrease in axial direction. The first simulation is
made to a front rotor with 60 cm diameter which placed in
a cylinder wind tunnel with 150 cm diameter and 300 cm
length. Flow condition is steady, front rotor speed
constantly at 600 rpm and tip speed ratio of 3.142 wind
condition for rear rotor can show at figure 15.

Fig. 15 Position of the pickup velocities and pressures from
the front rotor blade

directions are assumed uniform velocity input before hits
the rotor. The second simulation is made a rear rotor with
60 cm diameter, the boundary condition of the input rear
blade are the velocity vectors output from the first
simulation of the front blade. The pickup boundary
Three dimension wind turbine rotor is produced using
3D Inventor modeling program (Inventor 2008) version.
Blade is made of several airfoil profiles along the span
using blend method to form blade with twist pattern,
previously these airfoil profiles were kept in *.sec format.
Afterwards, the blade making result that produced by
Inventor 2008 are exported to Gambit in *.igs format.

Fig. 16 Intelligent Wind Turbine, the front and rear blades
in isometric and front view

Modeling process in Gambit is making meshing
around 6.0 million cells (TGRID) and defining boundary
conditions. Modeling in Gambit taking the wind tunnel
analogy as boundary conditions, and there is only one
volume control around rotor as rotating frame. In Fluent,
the finishing process is using segregated solver model
Front rotor

Axis of rotor

Rotor axis

Blade 3

Blade 2

Blade 1


I J E N S
with relative velocity formulation or multiple reference
frames (MRF) model and steady conditions. It is
important to do the relative velocity formulation because
the volume control that used is rotating frame (non
inertia) [2], in order to analyze relative velocity impact to
a rotor and exposed current flow behind the rotor (wake)
[9]. The expected result in 3D simulation is to get far flow
around rotor, not just only at the rotor surface. The
applied viscous model is the same model that applied in
2D simulation which is viscous k- model [8], [10].

VI. RESULT AND DISCUSSION
Two dimension and three dimension rotor turbine are
analysis using optimum blade design and calculated with
BET PRANDTL-XU methods or designed and simulated
by 3D Fluent indicates a good results and have same
similitude. If we compare both analyses result by fluent
and by BET PRANDTL-XU methods, it turned out that
there is only small difference on calculation results of
resultant velocity. It is showed by calculation result of
velocity resultant distribution along the blade shown at
figure 9 and 10, where the torque is 17 Nm and the
efficiency is 35% at 500 rpm and by using numerical
simulation Fluent, the torque is 0.14 Nm and the
efficiency is 30% at 500 rpm. The same way the
efficiencies calculated by both methods has a same tend.

Fig. 17 Simulation result of the torque and efficiency curve
of the front and rear rotor IWT

The BET-PRANDTL-XU method has been used for the
front and rear rotors optimum design condition and
produced the front and rear rotor blades as shown at
figure 14 above. The numerical simulation used FLUENT
to get the performance shown at figure 17 is the numerical
simulation result give the torque and the efficiency curves
in function of rotation speed of the both rotor, front and
rear rotor blades. The simulation is conducted by separate
the front rotor as a single wind turbine. To get the result
of rear rotor numerical simulation, the boundary condition
should be setup from the output of the front rotor
numerical simulation. The boundary condition for the rear
rotor has been taped as shown at figure 15, there are
several pick up datas in the radial direction and datas at
direction of flow in the upstream and downstream as we
can see at z
1
, z
2
and z
3
. The pickup data at radial direction
are indicated by raw r
1
until r
5
. The 3 dimensional IWT
design can be seen at figure 16, the front rotor has 3 blue
blades and the rear blade rotor has green color. The result
of numerical simulation using the FLUENT has results as
shown at figure18, the efficiency curve of IWT versus
wind velocity and figure 19 shown the characteristic of
the rotational velocity relative of the front and rear blades
depend on the wind velocity.

Fig. 18 Efficiency Curve of IWT

Fig. 19 IWT Rotational speed versus wind speed


I J E N S
In the classical wind turbine, there are two ways in
controlling the output of wind turbine power, they are:
1. Blade pitch controlled wind turbine
2. Stall controlled wind turbines; passive stall controlled
wind turbines and active stall controlled

On the Intelligent Wind Turbine (IWT) with contra
rotation rotor blades has speed adjustment depend on the
wind speed as shown at figure 17. The IWT both rotors
start to rotate at low wind speed, namely cut in wind
speed, but the rear rotor contour rotates against the front
rotor. The increase of the wind speed make the both
rotational speeds increase, and the rotational speed rear
rotor become faster than that of the front rotor. At wind
speed of 4 m/s the rotational of front rotor is 400 rpm and
rotational speed of rear rotor is -400 rpm and until wind
speed of the 6 m/s, the rotational of front rotor is 600 rpm
and rotation of rear rotor is -500 rpm, that means the
relative rotational velocity is 1100 rpm and IWT has
maximum efficiency of 27%.
At the wind speed more than 7 m/s, the rotational speed of
rear rotor decreased until the wind speed 11.5 m/s, the
rotation speed direction of both rotor, front and rear rotors
has a same direction but the relative rotational speed
remain same is 1100 rpm.

VII. CONCLUSION
The IWT which composed of tandem rotors and
contra rotation has characteristic superior as the
conventional wind turbine, than no need pitch control or
stall control to controlling the rotational speed when wind
speed became too high. The IWT can start rotate on weak
wind speed. At moderate wind speed IWT can rotated
relatively on adequate rpm, because the IWT has contra
rotation rotor. When the wind speed increased, the
relative rotational speed remain constant, event at high
wind speed the relative rotational speed remain constant
about 1100 rpm, the rear rotor has been entrainment by
the front rotor and rotated at same direction.
The numerical simulation was demonstrated the
direction of the rotation of both front and rear rotor should
have a same order torque. The method to get the optimum
blade profile and the numerical simulation can be used as
preliminary design and to get the estimated characteristic
of contra rotation blade span.

ACKNOWLEGMENT

This works was supported by Riset Unggulan 2010 LPPM
(Research and Service to the Community Institute)
INSTITUT TEKNOLOGI BANDUNG.

REFERENCES

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International Journal.
[2] Dahl K. S., et al., Experimental Verification of the
new RISO-Al Airfoil family for wind turbine, Proc of
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[3] Wilson, R.E., and Lissaman, P.B.S., Applied
Aerodynamics of Wind Power Machine, NTIS PB
238594, Oregon State University, 1974
[4] Afjeh, A.A., and Keith Jr. T.G. A Vortex Lifting Line
Method for the analysis of Horizontal Axis Wind
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International Journal of Mechanical & Mechatronics Engineering IJMME-IJENS Vol: 11 No: 01 16

115301-7474 IJMME-IJENS February 2011 IJENS

= we find equation above

= , using and we obtain

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