3644- Study guide 4 Guillain-Barre syndrome (GBS) Know symptoms, mechanisms, know what clinical tests of function would

show Multiple sclerosis Know symptoms, mechanisms Know what clinical tests of function would show Spinal cord trauma Know 3 major spinal cord tracts and functions; general location within cord; if they cross near site of entry in sc or higher in medulla Difference between primary and secondary injury Be able to name at least 3 mechanisms of injury Immediate response to SCI Spinal shock and neurogenic shock Know general points (circled on study powerpoint) of secondary injury cascade Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis Know symptoms, mechanisms of ALS Difference between lower motor neurons & upper motor neurons General characteristics of both LMN signs & UMN signs Why motor neurons more vulnerable compared to other neurons Spinal muscular atrophy Know symptoms, mechanisms of SMA Know cellular function of SMN protein Regeneration and remyelination Events occurring after injury: 1. Immediate (and progressive) cell death and activation of secondary injury cascades 2. Cyst formation 3. Formation of connective tissue scar (astrocytes, progenitor cells and microglia) 4. Ascending/descending axons interrupted & fail to regenerate over long distances 5. Axons sprouting forming new connections/circuits 6. Phagocytosis of disconnected myelinated axon segments by macrophages 7. Spontaneous remyelination (mostly PNS Schwann cells) 8. Denervated muscles atrophy Things inhibiting regeneration/remyelination: 1. Glial scarring/cyst formation 2. Failure to sufficiently express regeneration associated genes or trophic factors 3. Inhibitory molecules on axon or myelin cell surface Therapies/treatments:

1. Exogenous interventions enhance/diminish mechanisms to help regeneration /sprouting: (a) Neurotrophic factors (b) antibodies, peptides, enzymes to inactivate inhibitory molecules 2. Cellular replacement also favors beneficial immunological processes or foster remyelination: (a) progenitor cells neurons or precursors of myelinating cells (b) bridge cystic cavity or glial scar (c) macrophage invade and clear much of the cellular debris, and prepare a permissive environment for axonal growth 3. Rehabilitation (treadmill training) can accelerate and stabilize locomotor performance: stabilize synapses and reverse muscle atrophy Traumatic brain injury: Mechanisms of brain damage due to TBI: primary brain injury, secondary brain injury Clinical tests for diagnosis General differences between types of TBI (mild, moderate, severe) Brain Tumor Primary vs. metastatic tumors Mechanisms (3) by which tumor produces symptoms Cerebral edema: vasogenic vs. cytotoxic Glioblastoma multiforme vs. cerebral metastases (diagnosis, origin, treatment, prognosis) Disorders of cerebrovascular system Define a stroke 3 types of stroke: define each Mechanisms of each type of stroke Clinical tests for diagnosis Cascade of general events leading from brain ischemia to cell death Pathophysiology of ischemic stroke Transient ischemic attack: define- how does this differ from ischemic stroke Intracranial hemorrhage: what is it? Secondary effects: edemas Non-traumatic subarachnoid hemorrhage Extrapyramidal system Function of the extrapyramidal system Parkinsons Disease What is PD? Symptoms and signs Pathophysiology Diagnostics Interventions/therapies Huntingtons Disease What is HD? Symptoms and signs

Pathophysiology Trinucleotide repeats Diagnostics Epilepsy Classification of seizures Symptoms for each Progress of each (steps characteristic of this type of seizure) Treatments 3 possible cellular mechanisms of epilepsy (from 3 slides with drawings of cells) Migraine Know symptoms, stages, and mechanisms of migraine (hypotheses)