Mt s vn chn lc ca Cng ngh thng tin v truyn thng, Lt 2006

TNG TC DA TRN ROLE TRONG H A AGENT

Trn nh Qu Khoa Cng ngh Thng tin Hc vin Cng ngh Bu chnh Vin thng Email: tdque@ptithcm.edu.vn Nguyn Th Thanh Huyn Trng i hc Cng ngh i hc Quc gia H Ni Email: huyenntt_dhcn@vnu.edu.vn Tm tt: Cc mi trng tnh ton s hn thi thng l khng thun nht, ng v phn tn. Vic pht trin cc h phn mm phc tp trn mi trng nh vy i hi phi c cc phng php lun v cng c ph hp. Mc d phng php hng i tng c s dng rng ri hin nay nhng n t ra khng thch ng vi yu cu thch nghi, phn tn v tng tc linh hot. Trong nhng nm gn y, cch tip cn hng agent thu ht nhiu quan tm nghin cu v c cho l thch hp cho pht trin cc h phn mm phc tp. S thch ng ca h a agent vi mi trng tnh ton ngy nay l do kh nng tng tc linh hot gia cc agent t ch khi thc hin mt cng vic vt qu kh nng ca mnh. Trong cc m hnh tng tc cho cc h a agent, m hnh tng tc da theo cu trc x hi vi role thu ht nhiu quan tm nghin cu. Mc ch ca bi bo ny l nhm trnh by m hnh tng tc da trn khi nim role v xem xt p dng m hnh ny cho thng lng song phng trong thng mi in t. T kho: H a agent, cng ngh phn mm hng agent, tng tc, role, thng lng. 1. GII THIU Cc mi trng tnh ton hn thi nh mng truyn thng, mng Internet, web ng ngha (semantic web), tnh ton hu khp (pervasive/ubiquitous computing)thng khng ng nht, phn tn, ng, m m chng ta khng th on trc cc hnh vi ca h thng trong thi gian thit k ([1], [2]). Vic pht trin cc h phn mm phc tp trn mi trng nh vy i hi phi c phng php lun v cng c ph hp. Mc d phng php hng i tng c s dng rng ri hin nay l mt tin ho ng k trong lnh vc k ngh phn mm ca nhng nm 80-90 nhng n t ra khng thch ng vi yu cu thch nghi, phn tn v tng tc linh hot ([1]). Trong nhng nm gn y, cch tip cn da trn agent cho pht trin cc h phn mm phc tp thu ht nhiu quan tm nghin cu ([1-5]). Ngoi kh nng hng ch, phn x mt cch t ch vi s thay i ca mi trng, cc thnh phn gi l agent cn c kh nng tng tc vi nhau hoc di dng cng tc, hp tc, cnh tranh, thng lng [5]. Tng tc trong h a agent cng ngy cng c xem l mt vn quan trng cn phi i mt khi pht trin cc ng dng phn tn.

Mt s vn chn lc ca Cng ngh thng tin v truyn thng, Lt 2006 Cho n nay c nhiu m hnh tng tc c ngh nh da trn ch hay da trn role v m hnh da trn role1 c xem l c nhiu u im trong pht trin phn mm ([3], [4]). Mc ch ca bi bo ny l nhm trnh by m hnh tng tc da trn role v nhng vn quan tm nghin cu. Bi bo c cu trc nh sau: Phn 2 trnh by mt s c trng tng tc trong h hng i tng truyn thng; Phn 3 trnh by m hnh tng tc trong h a agent; Phn 4 l mt v d minh ho cho dng thng lng song phng da trn role v Phn 5 l kt lun. 2. TNG TC TRONG H HNG I TNG Hin nay, cc phng php k ngh phn mm nh hng i tng, hng thnh phn hay hng agent u c xu hng phn r h thng mun pht trin thnh cc thnh phn nh hn. Mi thnh phn ny s thc hin mt nhim v no v tng hp cng vic ca tt c cc thnh phn ny s cho kt qu tng th ca h thng. Nh vy, hai iu quan trng m chng ta cn phi quan tm khi xy dng h thng. Th nht, cch phn r cc thnh phn v cch thc hin cng vic ca cc thnh phn ca h thng nh th no. Th hai, cc thnh phn phi hp vi nhau trong qu trnh thc hin mc tiu tng qut ca h thng bng cch no. Mc ch ca chng ta trong bi bo ny tp trung xem xt vn th hai tc l cch m cc thnh phn ca h thng thc hin c mc tiu tng qut. thc hin c nhim v chung, cc thnh phn s phi tng tc ln nhau hoc theo kiu phi hp hnh ng hoc theo kiu cnh tranh nhm chia s ti nguyn nh thng tinT quan im cu trc x hi [3], tng tc trong h thng phn mm cng ging nh cc mi quan h x hi trong th gii con ngi, rt a dng v phc tp. hiu r hn tng tc cn thit cho cc h thng phc tp, chng ta s phn tch cc c trng ca tng tc trong h hng i tng quen thuc. 2.1. Tng tc trong h hng i tng Cc i tng trong h hng i tng l cc thnh phn tnh v tng tc gia chng ch n gin l s trao i thng ip qua li gia cc bn. Thng ip c truyn bng cch gi thc hin mt phng thc no i tng bn kia. i tng nhn s thc hin hnh ng tng ng theo yu cu. Chng ta s d cm nhn c mi tng tc gia cc i tng l quan h mt chiu. i tng nhn thng ip ch vic thc hin yu cu v thng bo li kt qu (nu thnh cng) hoc li (khi khng thnh cng). Mt im na trong tng tc hng i tng l s kch hot ln nhau khng c s lan ta, tc l khi mt i tng nhn c yu cu, n s thc hin yu cu ny ch trong kh nng ca mnh m khng h c s lin h vi cc i tng khc tm kim thm thng tin cng nh nh s h tr hay thng lng. Chnh im thiu lan to ny lm cho tng tc gia cc i tng km hiu qu. Chng ta s phn tch cn thn hn tng tc trong h hng i tng hiu c hn ch ca cch tip cn ny. Trc ht, ta thy mc d i tng ng gi trong n c trng thi v hnh vi nhng thc cht n hon ton b ng, ngha l n phi nhn c mt s kch hot no trc khi thc s thc hin mt hnh ng. Ni cch khc, i tng Obj1 khng c c kh nng t thn kch hot hnh vi ca mnh m phi nh vo mt i tng khc. thc hn hnh vi ca mnh mt i tng no khc Obj2 s phi gi mt li gi thc thi mt phng thc cho Obj1 khi phng thc ny cho php truy cp kiu public. Mt khi phng thc c gi, hnh ng tng ng s

tin li cho trnh by, trong bi bo ny, chng ti tm thi s dng thut ng role v vai tr u c ngha nh nhau.

Mt s vn chn lc ca Cng ngh thng tin v truyn thng, Lt 2006 c thc hin. iu ny cng ng ngha vi vic, i tng khng c kh nng la chn hnh ng m vic thc hin hnh ng l do i tng khc p t ln. Th hai, nh trnh by trn, i tng l hon ton b ng nn c th coi i tng ch l nhng k bit nghe li i tng khc. Do vy, phng php hng i tng ch c th p dng cho cc ng dng trong mi trng m s cng tc c xc nh trc v d iu khin. N khng thch hp vi cc mi trng phc tp hoc c tnh cnh tranh cao. Hn ch ny chnh l do quan im t tt c nhim v gi, v quyt nh thc hin cc hnh vi ln khch th cn ch th khng c vai tr g trong vic ny. Nhng nghin cu v t chc x hi v khoa hc chnh tr cho thy cc phng php mt chiu nh vy thng khng pht trin tt [2]. Cng vic s tin hnh tt hn khi cho nhng i tng thc hin hnh ng c mt ting ni no , tc l vic gi thc hin mt hnh ng tr thnh mt qu trnh tha thun gia cc i tng vi nhau. Nh vy, i tng thc hin hnh ng s hiu r hn v hnh ng m n cn phi thc thi, t bit c l do m n c gi thc hin hnh ng c th trong tnh hung hin thi. Ch c nh vy, i tng thc hin mi c th t chi yu cu hoc t nht l ch ra nhng hu qu tim tng nu n thc hin hnh ng theo yu cu y. Nhng nhn nh ny tr nn ng n hn khi phn mm chuyn t hot ng trong mi trng chu s chi phi ca mt t chc n l ( hoc nhm cc t chc hp tc vi nhau) sang mi trng m m cc t chc phi cnh tranh vi nhau. Th ba, cc phng php hng i tng h tr rt t cho cu trc t chc nn tng ca tng tc trong cc h thng phc tp. Cc mi quan h, tng tc trong h hng i tng ch c nh ngha n gin bng cu trc lp k tha. c im cui cng l phng php hng i tng khng cung cp mt tp khi nim v cc k thut y m hnh ha cc kiu h thng khc nhau. i vi cc h thng phc tp, i tng, lp v module l nhng phng tin ct yu nhng cha tru tng ha. Cc i tng ring l l mt tp hp cc phng thc v vic gi thc hin phng thc c cho l qu n gin nn khng th m t ht cc kiu tng tc xy ra trong h thng phc tp. Vic nhn thc nhng nhc im ca cc phng php hng i tng dn n s pht trin nhng k thut tru tng ha mnh hn nh mu thit k, khung ng dngTrong khi cha khng nh c tin b no th cc k thut ny gp phi nhiu tr ngi nh khng th p ng c cc yu cu ca pht trin h thng phc tp. Phng php lun hng agent c cho l ng c vin nhm khc phc nhng hn ch ca phng php hng i tng cng nh cc mu thit k, khung ng dngnh cc c trng thng minh, t ch v di ng ca cac thnh phn agent. Phn n dnh trnh by m hnh tng tc ca cc agent. 3. M HNH TNG TC DA TRN ROLE TRONG H A AGENT 3.1 M hnh tng tc trong h a agent Trong cc h thng a agent, nhim v chnh ca h thng c phn thnh cc nhim v nh hn v giao cho cc agent thc thi. Mi agent khi s m nhim mt nhim v con v n phi lm cch no hon thnh s mnh ca mnh. Cch thc m cc agent thc hin nhm t c mc tiu t ra l tng tc vi cc agent khc ly thng tin, cng tc, cnh tranh...Cng ngy ngi ta cng nhn ra rng ngoi cc c trng t ch, phn x, th cc c trng tng tc mang tnh x hi cng tr thnh quan trng cho pht trin cc h phn mm phc tp. Trong h thng phc tp nh tnh ton hu khp v dch v Web, cc tng tc c th c phn lm hai loi: Tng tc kiu cng tc, h tr: y l nhng tng tc thng xy ra gia cc agent thuc cng h thng nhng thuc cc h thng con khc nhau. Chng hn, mt agent bn cn bit

Mt s vn chn lc ca Cng ngh thng tin v truyn thng, Lt 2006 thng tin v cc sn phm my tnh hin c, n s yu cu cho cc agent tm kim cung cp cc thng tin ny. Khi , quan h gia agent bn v agent tm kim l quan h cng tc. Tng tc kiu cnh tranh: Thng thng, cc agent thuc cc h thng khc nhau c mi tng tc mang tnh cnh tranh. Kiu tng tc ny xy ra khi cc agent mu thun li ch vi nhau, tranh ginh nhau t c ci mnh mun, nh khi cng truy xut n cc ti nguyn dng chung hoc quan h gia hai agent mua v agent bn. Nh vy, khi pht trin mt h a agent, bn cnh nhng vn lin quan n tnh ton s hc trong bn thn ca mi agent, chng ta cn phi xem xt mt vn cng ht sc quan trng l tng tc gia chng. Hn na, cn phi phn tch rch ri hai kiu tng tc gip cho qu trnh pht trin h thng d dng hn. Ngoi ra, i vi tng tc trong cc h thng phc tp nh tnh ton hu khp, dch v Web cn t ra mt s yu cu phi chc nng trong vic pht trin ([1], [3]): Tnh tng qut: Phng php pht trin ca chng ta phi tng i tng qut, ngha l mc d c lin quan n mt tnh hung c th nhng vn c th iu chnh c d dng v c tnh linh hot cao cho cc tnh hung khc. Tnh cc b: Mt xu hng mi trong pht trin h a agent hin ny l vic chp nhn tnh cc b trong tng tc gia cc agent. Ngha l agent c hiu l bao gm tp hp cc mi trng tng tc cc b trong tng tc xy ra. Da vo v tr hin thi ca mnh, mt agent c th c nh v trong mt mi trng tng tc cho trc v c quyn truy cp n ti nguyn cc b v tng tc vi cc agent thc thi trong cng mi trng. Tnh dng li c: Nhng ngi pht trin khng nn t lm t u n cui mt ng dng bt k m nn s dng li nhng g ngi khc pht trin kh tt trc . Mt phng php m hnh tng tc bt k phi cho php ngi pht trin s dng li d dng c m ngun v gii php ca ng dng. Cc tnh nng hng agent: Yu cu quan trng nht l tng tc trong h a agent phi c m hnh theo mt phng php hng agent no , ngha l tt c cc tnh cht c trng ca agent phi c tnh n mt cch k lng. Tnh thc tin: Bn cnh nhng phng php hnh thc m hnh tng tc nh cc phng php k ngh hng agent da trn UML, vic m hnh ha tng tc agent phi c h tr v n gin ha theo mt cch thc c th. C nhiu phng php khc nhau (xem [1], [4]) cho m hnh tng tc trong h a agent nh Message passing, Linda.Phng php Message passing xem tng tc n gin ch l s trao i thng ip gia hai agent. Phng php Linda da ch yu trn m hnh cng tc khng cp i v khng gian d liu chia s. Nhn chung, cc phng php ny mi ch dng li mc thay i cc phng php tng tc trc y bng cch thm vo mt s khi nim mi nh meeting point, event channel hoc tuple space cho ph hp vi agent m cha thc s tnh n nhng c trng ca agent nh tnh x hi, kh nng phn ng v t ch. khc phc nhc im ny, ngi ta cng a ra mt vi phng php khc m hnh tng tc agent di dng cc dch v (service) v nhim v (task) nh Agentis. Tuy nhin, s ghp ni ny khng a n mt cch tip cn tng qut v hn na, cha c mt phng php no h tr c cho cc pha pht trin phn mm. Mi phng php ch p dng cho mt trong cc pha phn tch, thit k hoc ci t. iu ny li dn n s manh mn trong chnh gii php pht trin phn mm. Chnh cc hn ch ny dn n s pht trin m hnh tng tc da trn role v l mc ch ca phn c trnh by trong mc n.

Mt s vn chn lc ca Cng ngh thng tin v truyn thng, Lt 2006 3.2 M hnh tng tc da trn role Khi nim role c s dng rng ri trong cc phng php hng i tng trong role c hiu l mt tp hnh vi m mt i tng c th p t ln i tng khc lm thay i kh nng cng nh hnh vi ca i tng [2]. Mt s phng php khc th xem role l mt tp cc i tng hoc thc th nhn mnh s tng ng gia role trong chng trnh my tnh v trong th gii thc. Bi bo ny theo quan im ca nhm Zambonelli et al. [2]: Role l tp cc kh nng, hnh vi mong i v tri thc m agent c th s dng n khi cn.Tp cc kh nng ca mt role l tp cc hnh ng m mt agent m nhn role c th thc hin hon thnh nhim v ca mnh. Hnh vi c mong i l tp cc s kin m agent phi qun l nhm thc hin c nhim v ca role . Do , mt tng tc gia cc agent c th c biu din bi cp (hnh ng, s kin). Phng php tng tc da trn role c mt s u im so vi cc phng php trc nh sau: Role cho php tch quan tm gia nhng vn v tnh ton v vn v tng tc trong qu trnh pht trin ng dng hng agent. Cc vn tnh ton c gi gn trong chnh bn thn agent khi nh ngha hnh vi c bn ca n. Mt khc, giao tip ca agent vi cc agent khc s c tch hp trong role v cc hnh vi thm khc. Ngi ta c th pht trin agent v role c lp nhau v mt thi gian cng nh phng php. iu ny gip tng kh nng phn r v do lm n gin ha qu trnh pht trin h thng. Role l mt khi nim tru tng mc cao nn cho php s c lp nht nh gia cc tnh hung c th, nh nng cao c tnh tng qut ca cc phng php da trn role. Role c th c pht trin theo nhu cu v quy tc cc b. Nh vy m tnh cc b c nng cao trong khi pht trin cc h thng phn tn c quy m ln. Role cho php s dng li gii php cng nh sn phm phn mm. Trn thc t, role thng gn lin vi mt ng cnh h thng v c lp vi agent. V th, ngi thit k c th s dng li nhng role c thc hin tt trc cho nhng ng dng tng t. Chng ta hon ton c th coi role l mt dng ca mu thit k (design pattern) v khi tp cc role c lin quan cng vi nh ngha cch thc chng tng tc vi nhau c coi l mt gii php cho mt vn c th v n c th c s dng li trong nhiu tnh hung tng t. Hai yu cu khc l tnh agent v kh nng s dng c th khng suy ra c trc tip t role nhng tng phng php c th s c cch p ng nhng yu cu ny. C nhiu m hnh tng tc da trn role v mt s tiu chun c a ra nh gi, so snh (xem [1]) cc m hnh ny nh: n c h tr nhiu pha trong qu trnh pht trin hay khng? N c cung cp tp k hiu m t role v cc hnh vi ca agent hay khng? C p ng c s thay i mi trng thc thi hay khng? Ngi pht trin c th dng bn phn tch da trn role ca phng php ny thit k, ci t bng phng php khc hay khng? Da trn nhng tiu chun ny m ngi ta a ra mt s nhn xt cho mt s phng php lun khc nhau sau y ([1], [5]): AALADIN: Mt phng php da trn ba khi nim c bn l agent, role v group, trong group l mt tp cc agent c coi l thnh phn thc hin nhim v nh nht. Tc l n l mc thp nht c th hon thnh c mt nhim v ca h thng. Tuy nhin, trong phng php ny role gn cht vi khi nim agent nn n s gy kh khn cho nhng ngi lp trnh mun c c s c lp gia role v agent.

Mt s vn chn lc ca Cng ngh thng tin v truyn thng, Lt 2006 ROPE: Role c nh ngha l nhng thc th ring bit v c th c cc agent m nhn mt cch linh ng. Phng php ny tp trung nhiu vo s cng tc nn n thiu mi tng tc cnh tranh gia cc agent. GAIA: M hnh h a agent di dng cc t chc m cc role c th tng tc. Role c dng nhiu trong cc pha phn tch v thit k. Role c bn thuc tnh c bn l: trch nhim (responsibility), quyn hn (permission), hot ng (activity)v giao thc (protocol). GAIA cung cp mt tp k hiu da trn tp k hiu FUSION c t quyn hn ca role. Ngoi ra, GAIA cng a ra c m hnh tng tc biu din c s ph thuc v mi quan h qua li gia cc role trong h thng. RoleEP (Role based Evolution Programming): H tr nhiu cho vic pht trin nhng ng dng cng tc trong cc agent tng tc vi nhau t c mc tiu chung. Phng php ny da trn bn khi nim c bn l mi trng, i tng, agent v role. Tuy nhin, phng php ny cng ch h tr cho duy nht giai on ci t trong qu trnh pht trin. BRAIN: H tr tt c cc giai on trong qu trnh pht trin h thng. Phng php ny cng c tp k hiu da trn XML c t role v hn na n cn c c c s h tng tng tc (interaction infrastructure) gip agent qun l cc role. Phng php BRAIN hi t nhiu u im theo quan im role v c chng ti s dng m hnh ha mt dng tng tc c th l thng lng song phng. l ch trong phn tip theo. 3.3. BRAIN Framework cho tng tc da trn role Khung BRAIN (Behavioral Roles for Agent INteractions) l mt khung h tr nhiu pha khc nhau trong qu trnh pht trin mt ng dng hng agent. Khung BRAIn cung cp 3 thnh phn khc nhau, c cu trc thnh 3 tng khc nhau: i) Tng th nht: l m hnh tng tc da trn role ii) Tng th hai: tp k hiu da trn XML m t role iii) Tng th ba: c s tng tc c nhim v qun l cc role trong h thng (c s ny s da trn m hnh v tp k hiu XML c nh ngha hai tng trn)

Khung BRAIN M hnh tng tc da trn role

Tp k hiu da trn XML

C s tng tc

Hnh . BRAIN Framework

Mt s vn chn lc ca Cng ngh thng tin v truyn thng, Lt 2006

3.3.1.M hnh tng tc Trong m hnh BRAIN, role c nh ngha l mt tp cc kh nng v mt hnh vi mong i. Tp cc kh nng l tp cc hnh ng m mt agent m nhn mt role c th thc hin hon thnh nhim v ca n. Mt hnh vi mong i l tp cc s kin m agent phi qun l c th hnh x c nh ngi dng yu cu. Tng tc gia cc agent c biu din bi mt cp (hnh ng, s kin). Cp (hnh ng, s kin) ny c h tng tc mc di x l. Hnh 2 minh ha cch thc tng tc gia hai agent. Khi agent A mun tng tc vi agent B, n s phi thc hin mt hnh ng (hnh ng ny c chn trong s cc kh nng c cung cp bi role m n m nhn). Hnh ng ny s c dch thnh mt s kin nh h thng tng tc mc di. S kin s c gi ti agent B, y B s c nhim v qun l s kin ny mt cch hp l.

Role A Kh nng Hnh vi Hnh ng

H thng tng tc

Role B

Kh nng
S kin

Hnh vi

Hnh 2. Tng tc gia hai agent trong thng lng

M hnh ny l tng qut, n gin v ph hp vi cc c trng ca agent: Cc hnh ng c th c coi l mt th hin c th ca tnh t ch ca agent trong khi cc s kin phn nh tnh phn ng ca agent. 3.3.2. Tp k hiu Tp k hiu c xut trong m hnh BRAIN l XRole. Tp k hiu ny cho php chng ta nh ngha role di dng XML. Vic s dng XML em li tnh lin tc cao bi n cho php cc i tng phn mm khc nhau, c pht trin bi cc cng ngh khc nhau c th dch v hiu chnh xc cc nh ngha role. Hn na, nh c XML, nhng ngi pht trin phn mm c th c nhiu cch nhn khc nhau v cng mt ti liu. iu ny gip chng ta la chn dng ch nhng thng tin tht cn thit. Mt im cn lu na l do c nhiu cch khc nhau nhn nhn mt ti liu nn cc pha khc nhau ca quy trnh pht trin phn mm c th dng cng mt thng tin, to ra s lin tc trong sut qu trnh pht trin. V d, trong pha phn tch, phn tch vin to ra ti liu Xrole theo lc XML c trong tp k t Xrole ca BRAIN. Chnh ti liu ny s ch ra mt s tnh nng ca role phi nh ngha sau ny. Sau , nhng ti liu ny s c dch thnh cc ti liu nh dng HTML cung cp bn m t mc cao tin cho vic s dng cc pha sau. Trong pha thit k, cc ti liu Xrole ny c dch thnh cc ti liu HTML chi tit hn gi ra nhng chc nng ca cc i tng lin quan. Cui cng, ti pha ci t, mt ln na chnh cc ti liu Xrole ny s c trin khai thnh cc lp Java thc thi cc thuc tnh c role.

Mt s vn chn lc ca Cng ngh thng tin v truyn thng, Lt 2006

3.2.3. C s tng tc BRAIN Nh trong hnh v pha trn ch ra, BRAIN cho php cc bn ci t khc nhau ca c s tng tc c th c gn vo h thng agent mt cch d dng thng qua h qun tr platform. C s tng tc cho php cc agent m nhn role theo nhiu cch khc nhau. Ngoi ra, c s tng tc cng qun l cc tng tc gia cc agent vi nhau theo cch n s thc hin vic dch mt hnh ng thnh mt s kin v chuyn s kin ny ti agent nhn. C s tng tc c th iu khin tng tc v thit t cc chnh sch cc b, nh cho php hay t chi tng tc gia agent m nhn mt role no ...Tnh nng ny ca BRAIN to ra tnh thch nghi cao bi mi nn c th s dng mt nn tng tc hiu qu nht vi mc ch ca n. Trn thc t, khng c mt bn ci t no l tt nht, vic s dng kin trc nh vy cho php chng ta pht trin nhiu bn ci t khc nhau, kim th chng tm ra ci ph hp nht vi mc ch s dng c th. Chng ta cng cn phi lu rng c s tng tc l tng thp nht trong khung BRAIN (xem hnh 1) v iu ny c ngha l hai tng trn s khng b thay i theo cc c s tng tc. Kh nng ny cho php chng ta s dng li cc phn mm v tt c cc ti liu phn tch v Xrole c th c s dng trong khi ci t c s tng tc. Ni cch khc, vic s dng mt kin trc 3 tng nh vy cho php ngi pht trin tp trung vo pha phn tch m c th b qua cc chi tit v c s tng tc. iu ny thc s c ngha bi hai agent hai nn vi ci t BRAIN khc nhau vn c th tng tc bng cch trao i s kin vi nhau. Hin nay nhm tc gi ca BRAIN a ra hai bn ci t khung ny l RoleSystem v RoleX. Trong bi ny, chng ti ch xem xt bn ci t RoleSystem. Bn ci t RoleSystem biu din role bng cc lp tru tng. Trong h thng ny, mt agent mun m nhn mt role, n phi ng k vi nhn h thng. Khi RoleSystem nhn c yu cu ng k, n phi kim tra xem agent c kh nng m nhn role yu cu hay khng. Nu c, n gi li cho agent mt th xc nhn ng k. Th ny cho php agent m nhn role m n yu cu, tc l c th thc hin c cc hnh ng c trong role . Thc t, agent thc hin hnh ng v ch s kin t agent khc u thng qua th ng k ca n. Vy nn c th coi th ny l cu ni gia agent v role. Khi agent mun gii phng role, agent ch cn giao tip vi nhn RoleSystem thi hi role. Li h thng s v hiu ha th ng k ca agent n khng s dng th ny c na, ng ngha vi vic thot khi mi trng tng tc. Bn ci t ny c u im l s dng v ci t kh n gin.

4. C T THNG LNG SONG PHNG DA TRN ROLE Thng lng l mt khi nim thng c dng ch tin trnh tha hip gia cc bn (c li ch xung t nhau) i n mt tho thun thng nht c th chp nhn c. Trong thng mi in t ([6], [7]):
Thng lng t ng l mt qu trnh thng lng, trong , ngi mua v ngi bn c thay th bng cc agent. Vic tm kim, mua bn v tho thun gia ngi mua v ngi bn c thc hin t ng bi cc agent.

C nhiu kiu thng lng t ng khc nhau [7]: Thng lng kiu u gi, u thu, ch l dng thng lng trong mi phin giao dch c th c mt agent bn, nhiu agent mua (u gi), nhiu agent bn mt ngi mua (u thu) hay nhiu ngi bn v nhiu ngi mua (ch). Loi thng lng ny lin quan nhiu n thuc tnh gi c ca hng ha. Thng lng song phng

Mt s vn chn lc ca Cng ngh thng tin v truyn thng, Lt 2006 l dng thng lng ch c mt bn mua v mt bn bn tham gia vo qu trnh giao dch. Thng lng c th lin quan n nhiu thuc tnh ca hng ha nh gi bn, cht lngPhn ny ch tp trung vo xem xt c t thng lng song phng theo m hnh role. 4.1. Thng lng song phng da trn rng buc m Theo m hnh thng lng da trn rng buc m c trng s ca Jennings [7], yu cu ca bn mua c din t bng cc rng buc m i vi sn phm thng qua thuc tnh nh thch, rt thch... Vic nh gi sn phm m bn bn a ra c tha mn yu cu hay khng cng khng tht s chc chn m phi do bn mua quyt nh. V vy, cn c vo u tin ca cc thuc tnh, bn mua cung cp cho bn bn cc rng buc ca mnh ln sn phm ln lt theo th t u tin t cao xung thp. i vi bn bn, h s tm kim cc sn phm tha mn cc rng buc theo th t gim dn u tin. Gi s, ngi mua cn mua mt chic my tnh xch tay, nu bn mua cn nht l my phi r, sau l cu hnh cao th bn bn s u tin tm sn phm tha mn v gi c trc, trong s sn phm tm c s tm nhng ci tha mn rng buc v cu hnh...Trong qu trnh tm kim, nu khng tm thy sn phm tha mn cc rng buc, bn bn s yu cu bn mua nhng b bt cc rng buc. Tuy nhin, vic nhng b khng th l v hn v qu trnh thng lng s kt thc khi tm c sn phm tha mn rng buc ca bn mua hoc bn mua khng th nhng b hn c na (chi tit tham kho [8], [9]). 4.2. M hnh thng lng song phng da theo role Chng ta xt mt trng hp c th l mt h thng mua bn my tnh nhm minh ha cch thc hot ng ca cc h a agent da trn role. H thng ny s phi thc hin cc cng vic nh sau: Ly thng tin yu cu t ngi mua: gi c sn phm, nh sn xut, mu sc, cu hnh... Tm kim cc nh cung cp sn phm. Thng lng mua c sn phm nh . Nh vy, cc agent i din ngi mua s phi tng tc vi cc agent ca nhiu h thng khc trong cc mi trng khc nhau. Cc chc nng ca h thng bao gm cc role sau: Request_Getter (Ly thng tin), Buyer (Bn mua) v Seller (Bn bn). Vai tr Request_Getter Role ny chu trch nhim ly cc yu cu t ngi dng. Mi ngi dng khi c nhu cu mua mt mt hng no s phi khi ng mt agent ngi dng. Sau agent ny s tm kim v m nhn mt role gi l Request_Getter. Khi m nhn role ny, agent s yu cu ngi dng nhp vo cc yu cu v sn phm cn mua. Vic ly yu cu ny s c thc hin thng qua role bng cch gi mt dch v trong role, v d Get_Request. Sau khi ly c yu cu ngi dng, agent s phi lu cc yu cu ny di dng sao cho d hiu v chuyn c d dng sang h thng khc. V vy, role Request_Getter phi c thit k c mt nh dng lu tr thng tin tt v mt phng thc tr d liu v cho agent. nh dng tt nht thng c dng biu din d liu hin nay l XML do tnh kh chuyn v gn nh ca n. gii quyt vn th hai l tr d liu v cho agent, agent s phi gi mt phng thc, chng hn, store_data ly d liu v lu vo mt bin trong. Sau khi lu li d liu trong agent, agent ngi dng s gii phng role Request_Getter v bt u qu trnh i tm cc h thng thng mi in t. Vai tr Buyer, Seller v qu trnh thng lng

Mt s vn chn lc ca Cng ngh thng tin v truyn thng, Lt 2006 Agent ngi s dng s tm kim ngi bn, ng k v m nhn role ngi mua Buyer. Vi vic m nhn vai tr Buyer, n c php giao dch vi agent bn ca h thng. Agent bn s lun m nhn vai tr Seller trong h thng. Vai tr Buyer c cc hnh ng v s kin sau:
Hnh ng: send_request (gi yu cu n agent bn), make_order (t hng), refuse (t chi sn phm agent bn a ra), end (kt thc thng lng). S kin: list_sent (danh sch c gi), downrequirement (bn bn gi gim bt yu cu).

Vai tr Seller c cc hnh ng v s kin sau:

Hnh ng: get_request (ly yu cu), require_search (yu cu tm kim thng tin), list_product (lit k danh sch sn phm t yu cu), send_list (gi danh sch sn phm n agent mua), suggest_downRequirement ( ngh gim bt yu cu) S kin: request_sent (yu cu c gi), refused (bn mua t chi ngh), end (kt thc thng lng) Agent mua, qua vai tr Buyer s gi cho vai tr Seller ca agent bn cc thng tin v yu cu ca ngi dng. Agent bn s phn tch yu cu v kim tra xem n c hng ha tha mn yu cu khng. Qu trnh tm kim sn phm p ng s khng c trnh by y. Nu agent bn tm ra mt danh sch cc sn phm tha mn hon ton yu cu v gi cho agent mua th da trn quyt nh ca mnh Agent mua s tin hnh t.Qu trnh thng lng kt thc ti y. Nu agent bn khng tm ra sn phm p ng mi yu cu ca agent mua. N a ra danh sch p ng nhiu yu cu nht v ngh agent mua gim bt yu cu cha tha mn. Nu agent mua chp nhn, qu trnh thng lng tip tc, ngc li agent mua s kt thc thng lng v chuyn qua h thng khc.

Thng lng gia hai agent ny s tin hnh theo cch thc sau:

5. KT LUN Bi bo ny trnh by ngha tng tc gia cc thnh phn trong h thng t quan im hng i tng v hng agent. Da trn cc phn tch, chng ti xem xt m hnh tng tc ca cc agent da trn role. M hnh h a agent da trn t chc x hi vi role ang l ch thu ht nhiu quan tm nghin cu. Chng ti cng a ra v d s dng m hnh da trn role c t dng thng lng song phng trong thng mi in t. Nhng trnh by trong bi bo ny mi ch l nhng bc u nghin cu ca chng ti. Nhiu vn cn phi tip tc nghin cu hn na nh lm th no qun l cc role, ci t h thng da trn role, m hnh hnh thc khi nim role... l nhng ch nghin cu tip theo v s c trnh by trong cc cng trnh khc ca chng ti. TA LIU THAM KHO [1] G. Cabri, L. Ferrari and L. Leonardi, Agent role-based collaboration and coordination: a survey about existing approaches, The 2004 IEEE Systems, Man and Cybernetics Conference, Netherlands, October 2004. [2] G. Cabri, L. Ferrari, L. Leonardi, F. Zambonelli, Role-based Approaches for Engineering Interactions in Large-scale Multi-Agent Systems [3] G. Cabri, L. Ferrari, L. Leonardi, F. Zambonelli, Implementing Role-based Interaction for Internet Agents, International Symposium on applications and Internet, USA, 2003.

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Mt s vn chn lc ca Cng ngh thng tin v truyn thng, Lt 2006 [4] [5] G. Cabri, L. Ferrari, L. Leonardi, F. Zambonelli, BRAIN: a framework for flexible rolebased interacions in multiagent systems , Workshop of EUMAS, UK, 2003 N. R.Jennings, M. Wooldridge, F. Zambonelli Developing Multiagent Systems: the Gaia Methodology, ACM Transactions on Software Engineering and Methodology, Vol. 12, No.3, 2003, pp. 317 370. M. He, N.R. Jennings and H. Liung. On Agent- Mediated Electronic Commerce, IEEE Transactions on Knowledge and Data Systems, 15(4), pp.985-1003, 2003. X. Luo, N. R. Jennings et al. A Fuzzy Constraint Based Model for Bilateral, Multi-issue Negotiations in Semi-competitive Environments, Journal of Artificial Intelligence, V.148, No.1-2, pp.53 -102, Aug. 2003. T.D. Que and N.M. Hung. Agent making decision based user preferences, Proceedings of the National Conference on Information Technology, Thainguyen, Vietnam, August 2003, pp.15-27. T.D. Que and N.M Hung. Bilateral negotiation among agents in e-commerce, Proceedings of Scientific Conference of Posts and Telecommunication, Hanoi, Vietnam, Aug. 2003, pp.48-55.

[6] [7]

[8]

[9]

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