Hydraulic system Hydraulics

An area of engineering science that deals with liquid flow and pressure
Hydraulics

hydraulics [h drlliks ]

noun

study of fluids: the study of water or other fluids at rest

Hydraulic applications

or in motion, especially with respect to engineering applications

Hydraulic systems are everywhere from:

Large excavation equipment Steering in your car Shocks Power trains

Hydraulic Theory Important Properties

Important Properties
Shapelessness

Liquids have no neutral form Conform to shape of container Easily transferred through piping from one location to another Liquids are essentially incompressible Once force is removed, liquid returns to

Incompressibility

Transmission of Force

original volume (no permanent distortion) Force is transmitted equally & undiminished in every direction -> vessel filled with pressure

Hydraulic Fundamentals

Using liquids to transfer force

They conform to their container Practically incompressible Apply pressure in all directions Flow in any direction through lines and hoses.

Hydraulic Fundamentals

Liquids for all practical purposes are incompressible.

When a substance is compressed it takes up space. A liquid does not do this even under large pressures. The space any substance occupies is called displacement.

Hydraulic Fundamentals

Hydraulics doing work.

Pascals law Pressure exerted on a confined liquid is transmitted undiminished in all directions and acts as a equal force on all equal areas. Thus a force exerted on any part of a confined liquid the liquid will transmit that force (pressure) in all directions within the system.

In this example a 500 pound force acting upon a piston with a 2 inch radius creates a pressure of 40 psi on the fluid. This same liquid with a pressure of 40 psi acting on a piston with a 3 inch diameter can support 1130 pounds.

Hydraulic Fundamentals

Pascals Law

To understand how this works we must understand a very simple but fundamental formula. To find one of the three areas two of the others must be known.

Force The push or pull acting on a body usually expressed in pounds. Pressure The force of the fluid per unit area. Usually expressed in pounds per square inch or psi. Area A measure of surface space. Usually calculated in square inches. To calculate the area of a circle use the formula Area = Pi (3.14) x radius squared.

Hydraulic Fundamentals

Ex: For a 2 diameter piston A=3.14x(2x2) or A= 12.5 sq. in.

Pascals Law

With the knowledge of the surface area it is possible to

determine how much system pressure will be required to lift a given weight. The pressure needed for a 500 pound given weight is calculated with the formula

Pressure = Forced Area P = 500lbs 12.5 Sp. In. P = 40 psi

Hydraulic Fundamentals

Gases are compressible

When a gas is compressed it takes up less space and its displacement is less. For this reason liquids are best used for hydraulic systems.

Mechanical Advantage

Ideal mechanical advantage (IMA)

Assumes no frictional losses Calculated as ratio of output force to input force

Actual mechanical advantage (AMA)

always less than ideal difficult to calculate

Application of Pascals Law in a Simple Hydrostatic System

How much force must you exert on piston A to lift a load on piston B of 500 lbs? What is the ideal mechanical advantage of this system?

Problem Solving
Step 1:
Determine the pressure in the system using information about piston B

Known A = 500 in2 F = 500 lb

Unknown P=?

Equation

No algebra needed

Substitution & Solution STEP 2: Use the pressure calculated in STEP 1 and
information about piston A to calculate force

Known A = 1.0 in2

Unknown F=?

Equation and algebra: Substitution & Solution

Problem Solving
Known F(input) = 1 lb F(output) = 500 lb Equation Unknown IMA=?

Step 3: Determine the ideal mechanical advantage

(IMA) of the system using information from STEPS 1 &2

No algebra needed

Substitution & Solution

Advantages of hydraulic system

It is easy and simple in design Working units can be fitted anywhere and iny position Speed can be easily controlled Working capacity individual unit can be controlled It is cheaper to maintain Heavier works can be done easily with less force

Basic Hydraulic System

Hydraulic tank Hydraulic valve Hydraulic Fluid

Pressure Source

Usually oil

Pressure user

Hydraulic pump (A-end of system) Hydraulic motor (B-end of system) Get fluid from A-end to B-end

Piping system (w/ valves, tanks, etc)

Hydraulic cylinder

A Hydraulic System Tank/Reservoir

Storage device which is open and not pressurized

Pumps Pumps

Positive displacement pump (Gear Pump): a specific amount of fluid passes through the pump for each rotation

Centrifugal pump (Vane Pump): no specific amount of fluid flow per rotation; flow depends on speed of blades

Internal Gear Pump :

the principle of internal gear pump. One driver gear with external teeth rotate inside a internal gear with crescent ring. The engagement and disengagement of teeth causes the oil flow.

Advantage of internal gear-pump is its compact size, but it can not be used above 100 kg/cm2.

Vane pump

In case of axial piston pump, the pumping assemblies have similar cylinder, piston and check valves, but piston reciprocates either parallel or at some angle to pump shaft axis, but not perpendicular to it. Axial piston pump are of two

types namely swash plate type and bent axis type. Piston pump of both radial piston and axial piston type are available fixed as well as variable displacement type pump

Hydraulic Pump Radial pump

In redial piston pump the cylinder of pumping element is fixed to main pump-body and piston is forced against rotor by spring, Rotor is placed eccentric to the pump body, hence when it rotates it produces

reciprocating motion of piston assemblies. In radial piston pump, piston reciprocates perpendicular to axis of rotor.

Control valves

Pump only generates the flow of oil. It does not develop pressure. Pressure gets developed when flow of oil opposed by the some restriction. If development of pressure is not checked and controlled then pressure may keeps on building up, and may reach beyond the safe limit of hydraulic component, resulting in permanent damage to system or an accident. Hence pressure relief valve is basic and most important part of a hydraulic system. In addition to controlling maximum pressure, a hydraulic system demand manipulation of pressure and flow of oil in many ways. To fulfill such need various types of hydraulic valves have been developed

Valves

DIRECTION CONTROL VALVE

Check Valve

General Description:a. Direction control valves are used to start, stop and control the direction of fluid flow. b. The direction controlling elements in the valve body of direction control valve may be a poppet (piston or ball) a sliding spool or a rotary spool. In industrial hydraulic generally we use sliding spool type direction control valve. c. Direction control valve may be actuated by manual, electrical, hydraulic, pneumatic, and mechanical

activator or combination of these.

Rotary Actuators
Single-Vane

Use hydraulic power to rotate Double-Vane

FLOW CONTROL VALVE

Flow control valves are used to control the speed of hydraulic actuator that is hydraulic cylinder and motor. A simple orifice or a needle valve could be used

Linear Actuators

to control the flow of fluid and can be called as Flow-Control-Valve.

Use hydraulic power to move linearly Single Acting Double Acting

Hydralics pipes

Pipes used in hydraulic system are two types High pressure steel pipes fixed at places where there is no moving parts Other is high pressure flexible pipe are used where

A typical hydraulic system Hydraulic Systems

movement is needed

Traction booster

If some weight of implement is transferred to the rear driving wheels of tractor ,its wheel adhesion (traction) will be improved

Ploughs because of their heavy weight and chiseling action penetrates in the soil and when being pulled go on penetrating deeper and deeper. The more plough penetrates the harder it will be for the tractor to pull. If they

are not checked from penetrating further quite likely that they may break tractor components Secondly to plough the field to certain depth to obtain better yield

depth wheel

Depth wheel Draft and depth control

While ploughing and sowing The implement penetrate into the soil to a certain depth The easiest method is used by depth wheel Depth control wheel is fixed with adjustable height an adjusting screw jack

Hydraulic control

System will automatically raise or lower an implement as the draft of the attached implement increases or decreases The sensing devices that tells the hydraulic system to lower or raise the hitch linkage is located on either the lower links or top link dependig on size of tractor

Automatic control of an attached implement and allow the operator to preselect and position the implement is determined by position of hand control lever.The relative position of hand lever and power cylinder are identical.