TIU chun vit nam

TCVN 5994 : 1995

ISO 5667-4: 1987
Cht lng nc Ly mu- Hng dn ly mu h ao t nhin v nhn to
Water quality - Sampling - Guidance on sampling from natural lakes and
man- made lakes
0.
M u
Tiu chun ny cn c p dng cng vi ISO 5667- l, TCVN 5992: 1995 (ISO
5667-2) v TCVN 5993: 1995 (ISo 5667- 3).
Cc thut ng chung c dng ph hp vi cc phn ca TCVN 5981: 1995 (ISO
6107-2).
1.
Phm vi p dng
Tiu chun ny trnh by nhng nguyn tc chi tit p dng vch k hoch ly
mu, cho cc k thut ly mu v bo qun mu nc ly t h ao t nhin v nhn
to. Phn ny khng bao gm ly mu phn tch vi sinh. Cc i tng chnh c
trnh by cc mc 1.l. n l.3.
1.1. o c trng cht lng
o cht lng nc trong mt thi gian di (vi nm) trn ton b mt vng nc.
1.2. o kim tra cht lng
o cht lng nc trong mt thi gian di mt hoc nhiu im xc nh ca mt
vng nc, nc c (hoc c th c) ly s dng.
1.3. o v nhng l do c bit
Nhn bit v do nhim, th d chim, tm c b cht, hoc nhng hin tng bt
thng khc (xut hin mu mi l hoc c, to cc lp vng).
2.
Tiu chun trch dn
ISO 5667- l, Cht lng nc - Ly mu - Phn l: Hng dn vch cc chng trnh ly mu.
TCVN 5992: 1995 (ISO 5667-2), Hng dn k thut ly mu.
TCVN 5993: 1995 (ISO 5667-3), Hng dn bo qun v x l mu.
TCVN 5981: 1995 (ISO 6107-2), Cht lng nc - Thut ng - Phn 2.
3.
nh ngha
3.1. Mu n
Mu ring l c ly ngu nhin t mt vng nc (c ch n thi gian v/hoc
a im).
(nh ngha rt t TCVN: 5981 (ISO 6107-2).
3.2. Mu theo chiu su
Mt lot mu nc ly t nhng su khc nhau v mt a im nh ca
mt vng nc.
Ch thch: bit c trng cht lng ca ton b vng nc cn ly mu nhng
su nhiu a im khc nhau.
3.3. Mu theo b mt
Mt lot mu nc ly mt su nht nh v nhiu a im khc nhau ca
mt vng nc.
1

3.4. Mu t hp
3.4.1. Mu t hp theo chiu su
Hai hoc nhiu mu nc ly gin on hoc lin tc mt a im xc nh ca
mt vng nc, hoc gia b mt v lp trm tch, hoc gia hai su xc nh,
theo mt ng thng ng, v sau trn li vi nhau.
3.4.2. Mu t hp theo din tch
Mu nc trn ca mt lot mu ly nhlu a im v mt su nht nh
ca mt vng nc.
4.
Thit b ly mu
4.1. Vt liu
Cc bnh cha mu phi c chn sao cho khng c s tc ng gia nc v vt liu
lm bnh (nh thp khng g, cht do). nh sng c th nh hng n cc sinh vt
c trong mu v c th dn n nhng phn ng ho hc khng mong
mun.
Hng dn chung trnh by TCVN: 5992 (ISO 5667-2).
4.2. Cc loi dng c, my mc
4.2.1. Dng c ly mu m v dng c ly mu b mt
Dng c ly mu m l nhng bnh h ming, dng ly mu nc st mt nc.
Nu c cc vt ni, khng th ly c mu i din hoc mu lp li.
4.2.2. Dng c ly mu ng
l nhng vt th rng, c van, dng ly mu nc su xc nh (mu n
hoc mu lot) hoc ly mu t hp theo chiu su. Dng c ny c
nhng xung nc bng dy hoc cp ti. Cn c thit b ui khng kh (hoc
kh) b ko vo mu. Van c iu khin t xa hoc ng m t ng khi dng c
c nhng xung v ko ln nhanh. Khi ly mu gn y nc, cn ch trnh khuy
ng lp trm tch. Mt s dng c t ng ng khi chm vo trm tch (iu
khin c hc hoc din); loi ny rt thch hp cho ly mu nc gn lp trm tch.
4.2.3. Bm
Bm ht dng tay hoc mt, hoc bm nhng, hoc my ly mu phun hi u
s dng c. Bm c nhng xung mt su mong mun bng cp ti hoc xc
nh vo ni ly mu. Thit b tng t c th dng ly mu nhng su
xc nh (mu n, mu lot v mu to hp theo chiu su).
Khi ly mu bng bm nhng, cc sinh vt nh yu c th b h hi v dn n cc
kt qu sai lc.
Khi ly mu sinh vt, cn so snh kt qu khi dng bm vi kt qu khi dng dng c
ly mu ng. Kiu bm, tc bm, p lc ht, ng dn, chuyn ng ca nc
qua ng dn u c th nh hng n ly mu.
Cc loi khc nhau c th c phn ng khc nhau i vi ly mu bng bm.
5.
Cch ly mu
5.1. V tr ly mu
Xem hng dn chung ISO 5667- l.
Khi mt nc c nhng vt ni, cn dng dng c ly mu nc b mt c bit.
S phn b khng gian ca cc a im ly mu ch c th quyt nh chnh
xc sau khi nghin cu k bng cch dng mt s ln v tr ly mu nhm cung cp
mt s thng tin p dng c k thut thng k.
2

 nh gi c nh hng ca cc dng nc, cn dng mt chng trnh o c bit.

5.1.1. Phn b theo phng nm ngang ca cc v tr ly mu
5.1.1.1.
im ly mu cho c trng cht lng nc
Khc vi cc h ao gn nh trn, h ao thc t hoc l bao gm nhiu vng hoc
c ng b rt phc tp (th d hu ht h nhn to) v do c s khng ng
u ln theo hng nm ngang. nh gi khng ng u, cn t nhiu
im ly mu v tin hnh nhng nghin cu s b. D liu thu c cho php
quyt nh s im ly mu. Mt im ly mu pha trn ch su nht l
cho nhng ao h m khng ng u theo hng nm ngang nh. Cc im ly
mu cn c nh du r rng, v nu c th th t phao. Dng cc thit b hng
hi nhn bit cc im ly mu nu b mt h qu ln v khng cho php cm
phao.
5.1.1.2.
im ly mu cho kim tra cht lng
Cn ly mu ca ra, ni ly nc s dng, hoc ca vo ca ngun nc chnh.
5.1.1.3.
im ly mu cho nhng nghin cu c bit
Thng thng, mu c ly mt hoc vi ln im xut hin hin tng bt thng. V
tr ly mu cn c ch r trong bo co, v nu c th, km theo bn hoc s
.
5.1.2. Phn b theo phng thng ng ca cc v tr ly mu
Cht lng nc h ao t nhin v nhn to c th c s khng ng u kh ln theo
phng thng ng do hin tng phn tng. Nguyn nhn l do nhng nh hng ca
mt nc (thay i cht lng do quang hp vng trn mt v thay i nhit do
t nng) v nhng nh hng xut hin t lp trm tch (ho tan cc cht t trm
tch). Ngoi ra, khng ng u thng ng cn c th sinh ra t s lng ca
cc cht l lng. S khc bit ln v cht lng nc cng thng thy s thay i
nhit . Do khong cch theo chiu su ly mu n nhng vng
khng ng u cn rt ngn. S b tr chnh xc ca cc v tr ly mu tu thuc
vo thng tin yu cu v hon cnh a phng. Bi vy cn tin hnh nhng
nghin cu s b vi cc my o (nhit , pH, dn, c, clorophyl
hunh quang), chng cho php quan trc lin tc hoc trong tng khong thi
gian ngn.
Trong nhng trng hp nh vy, hy nh chiu su ly mu c th t c ton
b khng ng u theo chiu thng ng. Mt khi chng trnh ly mu c xc nh, cn tin hnh nhanh, bi v nhng s thay i trong qu trnh ly
mu lm cho s liu nhn c khng ph hp vi nhau. nhng vng nc rng v su,
c th c chuyn ng trong lng nc, khi nn dng mu lot ly ng thi.
5.2. Tn s v thi gian ly mu
Hng dn chi tit, k c thng k nu ISO 5667- l. l
Cht lng nc h ao t nhin v nhn to thay i theo ma. Do , tn s mu ph
thuc vo thng tin yu cu. Ni chung, khong cch mt thng gia cc ln ly mu
dn l chp nhn c cho c trng cht lng trong thi gian di. kim tra cht lng, nn dng khong cch ti thiu mt tun l. Nu thy cht lng nc thay
i nhanh cn ly mu hng ngy hoc thm ch ly mu lin tc.
Ngoi ra, cht lng nc thay i mnh theo thi gian trong ngy. Do , cc mu cn
lun lun ly ti cng mt thi im ca ngy gim nh hng ny trong trng hp
cn nghin cu xu hng. Nu s bin i trong ngy l rt ng quan tm ti th
nn ly mu cch hai hoc ba gi mt ln.
3

5.3. Chn phng php ly mu

Chn phng php ly mu ph thuc vo i tng ca chng trnh ly mu. Cc mu
ly cho nhng l do c bit hoc cho kim tra cht lng hu ht l mu n.
gim st cht lng nc, dng mt lot mu n, nhng mu t hp c th l c ch.
Phn tch mt lot mu n thng t nn chng hay c gp li gim gi
thnh. Tuy nhin, mu t hp ch cho bit gi tr trung bnh m khng ch ra chi
tit nhng cc tr v iu kin v s thay i cht lng. Nn kt hp ly mu t hp
nhng khong thi gian ngn v lot mu n nhng thi gian di hn.
5.4. Vn chuyn, n nh v lu gi mu
TCVN: 5993 (ISO 5667- 3) nu hng dn chung v x l v bo qun mu. Phi bo
m cc bnh cha mu gi n phng th nghim c y kn v bo v khi nh
sng, sc nng bi v cht lng nc c th thay i nhanh chng do trao i kh cc
phn ng ha hc v s ng ha ca sinh vt. Cn n nh v bo qun nhng
mu khng th phn tch ngay. gi mu trong thi gian ngn c th lm lnh
n 40C, trong thi gian di nn ng lnh ti -200C. Nu ng lnh, cn bo
m mu tan hon ton trc khi phn tch v qu trnh ng lnh c th lm tp
trung mt s thnh phn vng gia bnh do ng lnh sau. Mu c th c bo
qun bng cch thm ha cht. Ch chn phng php bo qun khng cn tr
phng php phn tch tip sau hoc nh hng n kt qu.
Ghi chp mi bc bo qun trong bo co. o v ghi nhit ti ch. Cc thng s vt
l khc (th d pH) nn phn tch ngay ti ch sau khi ly mu. Nu mu cha cacbon
dioxit t do, cn o ngay pH.
6.
Ch an ton
Phi ch mi nguy him v tun theo quy tc an ton. Trong ISO 5667- 1 trnh by
mt s ch an ton, cho cch ly mu bng thuyn.
Phi tun theo mi quy nh an ton hin hnh ca nh nc.
7.
Ghi chp v nhn dng mu
M t tng im ly mu. Trong trng hp chng trnh di hn nhng iu kin
xc nh m khng thay i th khng cn phi nhc li. Trong trng hp ny ch
cn cp ti nhng php o ti ch v nhng thay i nh iu kin thi tit v
nhng iu bt thng quan st c. Khi ly mu v l do c bit, cn bo co chi
tit, gm c l do ly mu v bo qun mu. Cn km theo s v tr ly mu. Mu
bo co nu ph lc A.

Ph lc A
Bo co - Ly mu t h ao t nhin v nhn to .
L do ly mu . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
....
Nhn
dng
im
ly
mu: . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .: . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Ngy . . . . thng . . . . . . . . . nm . . . . . .
nh mc nc . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .th tch
Thi im bt u . . . . . . . . . . . . . . kt thc . . . . . . . . . . . . . ly mu
Phng php ly mu: . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
...
4

Mu t hp theo chiu su . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . lot mu t cc su khc

Trng hp mu t hp theo chiu su: . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
...
Ly gia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . v . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . m.
Nhng quan st im ly mu: . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
.....
B mt ng lnh vi . . . . . . . . . .khng c . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . lp tuyt
c, gy ra bi cc ht l lng . . . . . . . . . . . . sinh vt ni
Mu . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . mi . . . . . . . . . .
Thc vt nc . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . st di b mt (chm)
Ton
b
hoc
mt
phn
tri
ni
hoc
ng
(ni) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . , . . . .
Mc dng ca cc nhnh: . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
...
(Cao/trung bnh/thp) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
...
iu kin kh hu a phng . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
.....
Nhit khng kh: . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
.....
Sc gi:
Hng gi: . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
..
My
(%): . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . , . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Ghi
ch: . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
.

Nhit nc
pH
o ti hin trng
Nhng ghi ch v x l mu, c bit l bo qun: