Regulating Employment Relationships for

Decent Work
Changing employment relationships, labour law &
ILO Recommendation No 198

ACTRAV-Turin

Federation of Trade Unions- Burma

*k%o
f u
d mQ &Sad om tvkyt
f udik t
f wGuf tvkycf ef@xm;jcif;qdik &f m qufqrH r_ sm;.
pnf;rsO;f pnf;urf;
tvkycf ef@jcif;qdik &f m qufqrH r_ sm;ajymif;vJjcif;/ tvkyo
f rm;Oya'ESifh
tdik t
f ,f(vf)tdak xmufccH suf trSwf 198

ACTRAV-Turin

Federation of Trade Unions- Burma

Why focus on Employment Relationships?

Traditionally, unionism, labour law & workers rights have been based on
Existence of employer-employee relationship

Wage earner status of workers

A fixed work place- factory/firm/establishment

But the changing world of work & flexible labour markets are exposing the inadequacies
of such assumptions

Federation of Trade Unions- Burma

rnfonft
h a=umif;a=umifh tvkycf ef@jcif;qdik &f m qufqrH r_ sm;udt
k m&Hpk u
dk &f o vJ?
tpOftvmtm;jzifh tvkyo
f rm;or*~pepf/tvkyo
f rm;Oya'ESit
hf vkyo
f rm;rsm;.
&ydik cf iG rfh sm;onf
tvky&f iS f - tvkyo
f rm; tjyeftvSeq
f ufqrH _ wnf&jSd cif;
tvkyo
f rm;rsm;. vkycf pm; tqift
h wef;
worwfwnf;jzpfaom vkyif ef;cGiaf e&m- tvky&f Hk-puf&/Hk ukr%
` /D tzGJ@ tpnf;
wkd@tay:wGit
f ajccHonf?
odk@&mwGif ajymif;vJaeaom tvkyt
f udik f avmuESifh tvG,w
f ulajymif;vJEidk af om tvkyo
f rm;avmua=umifh
,lqcsurf sm;udk jynfph jHk cif;rjzpfapcJh

Federation of Trade Unions- Burma

Issues for consideration

Purpose of labour law? Labour law protects who?
Who is an employee becomes a crucial issue for labour law & for
workers protection
What does denial of employment relationship do?
Unprotected worker, precarious employment, denial of right to
collective bargaining & Increase in legal disputes
Shifts business risks & liabilities from employer/enterprise to
worker & society (in case of accident, for social security)
Fall in social security contributions & tax collections
?????

Federation of Trade Unions- Burma

pOf;pm;p&m ta=umif;tcsurf sm;

tvkyo
f rm;Oya'. &nf&,
G cf su?f rnfol@udk tvkyo
f rm;Oya'rS tumtuG,af y;oenf;?

tvkyo
f rm;rsm;tm;tumtuG,af y; &eftwGuEf iS t
fh vkyo
f rm;Oya'twGufta&;ygaomta=umif;
t&mwpfco
k nf rnfodk@aom tvkyo
f rm;wpfa,muftwGuf jzpfvmEkid o
f enf;?
tvkycf ef@jcif;qufE,
G rf q
_ ikd &f mudk jiif;y,frr_ mS bmjzpfEidk o
f enf;?
tumtuG,rf aJh omtvkyo
f rm;/ rwnf+idraf omtvkycf ef@jcif;/ Oya'qdik &f m tjiifymG ;r_rsm;
wd;k vmjcif;ESifh pkaygi;f nEd i_d ;f ta&;qdrk u
_ dk jiif;y,fjcif;?
pGef@pm;aom pD;yGm;a&;vkyif ef; ajymif;vJjcif;ESifh vlr_tzGJ@tpnf;ESifh tvkyo
f rm;tay:
tvky&f iS /f vkyif ef;rSwm0ef&jSd cif;rsm; (rawmfwq xdcu
dk rf &_ cSd v
Jh #if vlrz_ v
l aHk &;twGuf tmrcHr)_ ?
vlrz_ v
l aHk &;ulnaD xmufyjHh cif;ESifh tcGeaf umufcjH cif; wkd@yg0ifvmjcif;?
????

Federation of Trade Unions- Burma

Examples: Changing employment relations

owner-driver schemes: drivers converted to owners of the trucks or cars- drive it
exclusively or almost exclusively for one company; instead of wage, paid per load
(tonnage) delivered or on number of Kms driven
Cabin crew given commercial contracts to provide in-flight services rather than
employment contracts
Mini-bus conductors employed by drivers who themselves are paid by passenger
load
Porters, cleaners on trains, stations, catering services, security guards Airport
services loading, unloading & other ground staff

Federation of Trade Unions- Burma

Oyrmrsm; - tvkycf ef@jcif;qkid &f m qufqrH r_ sm; ajymif;vJjcif;

ydik &f iS -f um;armif;eSio
f l pDrcH surf sm; - ,mOfarmif;olrsm;onf avmf&u
D m;rsm;.ydik &f iS ftjzpfodk@r[kwf

ukr%
` w
D pfc.
k oD;oef@,mOfarmif;olrsm;tjzpf ajymif;vJcv
Jh #if vkyt
f m;ctpm;/ ydk@aqmifaom0ef
tav;csed f (wefcsed )f jzifh tca=u;aiGay;&rnf odk@r[kwf armif;ESiaf omuDvrkd w
D mtuGmta0;ay:wGif
tca=u;aiGay;&rnf?
av,mOfay:&Sd tr_xrf;rsm;tm;tvkycf ef@xm;onfh pmcsKyfrsm;t&r[kwb
f J av,mOfyso
H ef;pOf
0efaqmifrr_ sm;qdik &f m pD;yGm;a&;pmcsKyfrsm;jzifah y;aqmifonf?
,mOfarmif;olrsm;rScef@xm;onfh tao;pm;bwfpum; vufrw
S af &mif;olrsm;udk wifaqmifonfh
c&D;onf 0efcsed t
f & ay;onf?
ukex
f rf;orm;rsm;/ &xm;rsm;/ blwm&Hrk sm;rS oef@&iS ;f a&;orm;rsm;/ tau|;tarG;wm0ef,o
l nfh
0efaqmifrr_ sm;/ vH+k cHKa&;tpmift
h =uyfrsm; - avqdy0f efaqmifrr_ sm; - ukepf nf wifcsjcif;eSifh wjcm;
ajrjyif0efxrf;rsm;?
Federation of Trade Unions- Burma

What is common to all these?

Domestic work. Construction, agriculture labour, repair maintenance jobs in building

& services industry, etc

Manual workers, Agency workers, home based, piece rate work, contract labour,
loading unloading work, EPZs r SEZs,

Largely precarious work, outsourced done predominantly by women and migrants

with little or on rights!

Federation of Trade Unions- Burma

Tt&mtm;vH;k wGif bmawG wlnrD &_ ySd govJ

tdrw
f iG ;f tvky/f aqmufvyk af &;/ pdu
k yf sK;d a&;tvkyo
f rm;/ taqmuftOD;jyKjyif xde;f odr;f a&;tvkyrf sm;ESifh
0efaqmifrv
_ yk if ef;ursm; - ponfjzifh
um,tvkyo
f rm;rsm;/ at*sipf t
dD vkyo
f rm;rsm;/ tdrt
f ajcjyK/ ta&twGupf m;/ txnfpm;tvky/f
uefx&du
k t
f vkyo
f rm;/ 0efpnfwifcsjcif;tvky/f ydk@uek v
f yk if ef;pOf Zkerf sm;ESifh txl;pD;yGm;a&;Zkerf sm;?
}uD;rm;onfh rwnf+idraf omtvky/f tjyifraS y;oGi;f vmaomtvkyf tvkyo
f rm;&ydik cf iG hf r&Sad om
odk@r[kwf &ydik cf iG t
fh enf;tusO;f om&S+d yD; trsK;d orD;rsm;ESifh a&$@ajymif;tvkyf orm;rsm; omvkyaf vh&aSd om

Federation of Trade Unions- Burma

What is PRECARIOUS WORK?

Employment relation that gives employers flexibility but leaves workers with
unstable and insecure work, with limited rights & benefits
more control, lower costs and less responsibility
Not only cheap labour but also flexible labour
It pits workers against each other to undermine full time permanent employment
Mostly women and migrants overrepresented
First to be hit in times of crisis labour laws deficient

Federation of Trade Unions- Burma

rwnf+idraf omtvkyq
f w
dk m bmvJ?
tvkycf ef@tyfjcif;qkid &f mqufqaH &;rS tvky&f iS rf sm;taejzifh ajymif;vJv,
G rf u
_ dk jzpfaponf?

odk@aomf tvkyo
f rm;rsm;. &ydik cf iG rfh sm;ESifh tusK;d tjrwfrsm;udk uef@owfxm;jcif;a=umifh
tvkyo
f rm;rsm;twGuf wnf+idrrf r_ &Sad om/ vH+k cHKr_r&Sad om tvkyjf zpfonf?
xde;f csKyfry_ I
dk wif;=uyfjcif;/ p&dwrf sm;enf;yg;jcif;eSifh wm0efcrH e_ nf;yg;
aps;aygvyk t
f m;omru tvG,w
f ulajymif;vGI
J &aom vkyt
f m;vnf;jzpfonf?
4if;onf tcsed jf ynfh t+rJwrf;tvkycf ef@tyfjcif;udk xdcu
dk yf sujf ym;ap+yD; tvkyo
f rm;rsm;
wpfa,mufeiS fh wpfa,mufqef@usi=f u&ef tuGuq
f ifjcif; jzpfonf?
trsm;pkrmS trsK;d orD;rsm;ESifh a&$@ajymif;tvkyo
f rm;rsm; - ydrk rdk sm;jym;onf?
tusyt
f wnf;umvrsm;wGif OD;pGmxdcu
dk o
f rl sm;jzpfonf tvkyo
f rm;Oya' rjynfpjkH cif;?
Federation of Trade Unions- Burma

Gaps in labour law

Labour laws based on the assumption of employer employee relationship but
most of the law employment is contractual
- where the employment is offered not as appointment but as assignment (as if in
a client supplier relationship) often takes the workers out of the ambit of labour
law
Many benefits under labour law depend on long term employment/ regular status
Labour law does not adequately cover employment relationship in informal
economy
Labour law does not address unequal bargaining position of workers engaged in
work for remuneration outside the strict employment relationship

Federation of Trade Unions- Burma

tvkyo
f rm;Oya'wGif uGm[csurf sm;
tvkyo
f rm;Oya'rsm;onf

tvky&f iS f tvkyo
f rm;qufqaH &;ay:wGif tajccHonf?

odk@aomf topfjzpfaomtvkycf ef@xm;jcif;wkid ;f wGif pmcsKyfcsKyfqjdk cif; jzpfonf?

tvkycf ef@tyfjcif;udk
tvkyftyfEiS ;f jcif;jzifrh urf;vSr;f yJ
wm0efay;tyfjcif;jzifu
h rfvrS ;f jcif;(azmufonf ay;oGi;f ol
qufqaH &;taejzifh jzpfv#i)f
tvkyo
f rm;rsm;udk r=umc% tvkyo
f rm;Oya'vrf; a=umif;jyifyodk@ a&mufomG ;aponf?
tvkyo
f rm;Oya'atmufrS tusK;d tjrwfrsm;pGmonf umv&Sn=f umtvkycf ef@jcif;/yHrk eS ftqift
h wef;
tay:rlwnfonf?
yHrk eS rf [kwaf om pD;yGm;a&;vkyif ef;wGit
f vkyform;Oya'onftvkycf ef@jcif;qufqaH &;udktumtuG,f
vHak vmufpmG ray;Ekid yf g?
rnDr#aom nEd i_d ;f awmif;qdk tajctaewGif&Sdonfh wif;=uyfaom tvkyftudik cf ef@xm;jcif; qkid &f m
qufqaH &;. jyifywGi&f &Sad om vkyt
f m;cudt
k vkyfuv
dk yk u
f idk af om tvkyo
f rm;rsm;twGuf tvkyo
f rm;
Oya'oufa&mufjcif;r&S?d
Federation of Trade Unions- Burma

Main focus of labour law reforms today?

Promote employment flexibility, increase management powers of bringing about

changes at work place & create conditions for precarious employment
& --- what about the workers?
In return for flexibility, higher compensation, training & redeployment for workers BUT
this should be done mainly by the State!

While the costs of downsizing, insecurity of workers & investment in human capital
(education & training ) are sought to be passed on to the State, its role in regulation &
legislating workers rights is being reduced

Federation of Trade Unions- Burma

,ae@umvwGif tvkyo
f rm;Oya' jyefvnfjyifqifa&;udk t"dutm&Hpk u
dk rf nfvm;

ajymif;vG,jf yifv,
G af om
tvkycf ef@jcif;udk
jriw
fh ifjcif;/
vkyif ef;cGiYf
ajymif;vJrr_ sm;udk
,laqmifay;Ekid af ompDrt
H yk cf sKyfr_ t
_ m%mudk jriw
fh ifjcif;eSifh rwnf+idraf om tvkyt
f udik f twGut
f ajctaezefw;D ay;jcif;?
+yD;awmh tvkyo
f rm;awGtwGuaf um ajymif;vG,jf yifv,
G fjcif; rltm;wkef@jyefaom tm;jzifjh rifrh m;aomavsmaf =u;
ay;jcif;/ avhusio
fh if=um;ay;jcif;ESifh jyefvnfae&mcsxm; ay;jcif;wkd@udk Edik if aH wmfrS t"duvkyaf qmifoifo
h nf?
ukeu
f sp&dwf jzwfawmufonft
h cgwGif tvkyo
f rm;rsm;. rvH+k cHKr_EiS fh vlom;&if;ES;D jrKyfErSH _ t&if;tES;D (ynma&;ESifh
avhusio
fh if=um;jcif;)udk Ekid fiaH wmftm; v$aJ y;&ef &SmazGppD pf&rnf? pnf;rsO;f pnf;urf;ESifh tvkyo
f rm;rsm;&ydik cf Gifhrsm;
Oya'jyXmef;jcif;rS ,if;.tcef;uudk av#mch sjcif; jzpfonf?

Federation of Trade Unions- Burma

So, what should be the national policy on protection for

workers in an employment relationship so as to ensure Decent
Work for All?

Federation of Trade Unions- Burma

Todk@qdv
k #if tm;vH;k twGuf *k%o
f u
d mQ &Sad om tvkyt
f udik u
f dk tmrcHEikd af p&eftwGuf
tvkyt
f udik cf ef@xm;jcif;qkid &f mwGif tvkyo
f rm;rsm;twGuf tumtuG,af y;Edik &f ef
Edik if aH wmfYrnfo
h dk@aom rl0g'&So
d ifo
h enf;?

Federation of Trade Unions- Burma

Determination of Employment Relationship ILO Recommendation

Whether an employment relationship exists or not should be determined by facts not

form
Provide for legal presumption of existence of employment relationship where one or
more relevant indicators are present
Reduce or reverse the burden of proof from workers to employers
In consultation with W & E organization, provide that workers with certain
characteristics in general or in a particular sector deemed to be either employed or self
employed List criteria for determination of employment relationship

Federation of Trade Unions- Burma

tvkyt
f udik cf ef@jcif;qufqaH &; tm;aumif;apa&; tdik t
f ,f(vf)tdak xmufccH suf
tvkyftudik fcef@jcif;qufqaH &;

&So
d nfjzpfap r&So
d nfjzpfap/ yHpk EH iS fh rqH;k jzwfyf J rSeu
f efaom
tcsut
f vufrsm; ay:wGiq
f ;Hk jzwfoifo
h nf?
tvkyftudik cf ef@tyfjcif;qufqaH &; wnf&rSd u
_ dk Oya'a=umif;t& rSeu
f efonf[,
k q
l csuf twGuf wck
okd@r[kwf wckxufyrdk adk om qufE,
G o
f nfh azmf!$e;f csurf sm;udt
k yfEiS ;f yg?
taxmuftxm;. 0efxyk 0f efy;dk udk av#mjh cif; odk@r[kwf qef@usib
f ufuv
kd yk yf g- tvkyo
f rm;rsm;rS
tvky&f iS rf sm;odk@
tvkyftudik fEiS fh tvkycf ef@jcif; tzGJ@tpnf;rsm;ESifh twkid ftyifvyk &f mwGif tvkyo
f rm;rsm; ESifhtwl
xl;jcm;aom taxGaxGvuQ%mrsm;udk pDpOfygodk@r[kwf wpfO;D csi;f tvku
d f tcef;utm; tvkyftudkif
cef@c&H jcif; odk@r[kwf ud,
k yf ikd ftvky&f jSd cif; wckcu
k ,
dk q
l yg tvkycf ef@jcif;qufqaH &;. qH;k jzwfcsuf
twGuf E_id ;f ,SOq
f ;Hk jzwf&efru
l dk pm&if;jyKyg?

Federation of Trade Unions- Burma

Determination of Employment Relationship

National Law/regulations could include indicators of the existence of
employment relationship such as
the level of control the employer has over workers activities
whether the worker provides his/her own equipment
whether the workers hires his/her own helpers
the degree of financial risk taken by the workers
the degree of responsibility for investment & management by the worker
workers opportunity for profit in the performance of his/her own tasks

Federation of Trade Unions- Burma

tvkyt
f udik cf ef@xm;jcif;qufqaH &; owfrw
S cf suf
Edik if aH wmf. Oya'pnf;rsO;f rsm;wGiv
f uf&Sd wnf&aSd eaom tvkycf ef@jcif; qufqaH &;.
&;.oauF
;.oauFw
rsm;yg0
f nf/ ,if;wkd@rmS yg0ifEikd o
tvkyo
f rm;rsm;. aqmif&u
G cf surf sm;tay:wGif tvky&f iS .
f xde;f csKyfEidk af om tajctae?

tvkyo
f rm;rsm; (ol/ olr) twGuf ykid q
f idk af om ypPn;f ud&,
d mrsm;ay;tyfxm;jcif; &S/d r&S?d
tvkyo
f rm;rsm;onf ol/ olr wkd@yidk q
f idk af om ulno
D rl sm;tm; iSm;&ef;jcif; &S/d r&S?d
tvkyo
f rm;rsm;taejzifh aiGa&;a=u;a&; pGef@pm;r_twkid ;f twm?
tvkyo
f rm;rsm;. &if;ES;D jrKESrH E_ iS fh pDrt
H yk cf sKyfrt
_ ay:wkd@wiG f wm0efc&H onfh twkid ;f twm?
ol/ olrwkd@. vkyif ef;wm0efrsm;aqmif&u
G jf cif;rS tvkyo
f rm;rsm;taejzifh tusK;d tjrwf&&SdapEdik f
onfh tcGit
fh a&;?

Federation of Trade Unions- Burma

Employee v/s Self employed

Under the control of other

Supplies labour only

Receives a fixed wage
Cannot sub contract the work
Does not supply materials for the job
(equipment?)
Not exposed to personal financial risk in
carrying out work
No responsibility for investment &
management
No opportunity to profit
Fixed hours of work, OT, etc
What else?

Owns own business

Exposed to financial risk
Responsibility for investment & management
Opportunity to profit from sound management
of work
Control over what is done, when where & who
does it
Free to hire other people
Can provide services to more than one person/
business
Provides materials, equipment, etc for the job
Costs & agrees price for job
Control over hours of work
What else?

Federation of Trade Unions- Burma

tvkyo
f rm;ESifh rdru
d ,
dk yf idk t
f vkyv
f yk o
f l
tjcm;aomol. xde;f csKyfra_ tmufwiG f
vkyt
f m;uk,
d o
f m axmufyHh
wpforwfwnf;jzpfaom vkyt
f m;c&&Sjd cif;
tjcm;oltm; ykwjf ywftvky(f uefx&du
k )f ay;r&
tvkyt
f wGuf ypPn;f ud&,
d mrsm; raxmufy&Hh
tvkyt
f aumiftxnfazmf&eftwGuf ud,
k yf ikd f aiGa=u;
pGef@pm;r_ rjrifomyg
pDrt
H yk cf sKyfrE_ iS fh &if;ES;D jrKyfErSH t
_ wGuf wm0efr,l&
tjrwftpGe;f &&ef tcGit
fh vrf;r&Sd
wdusaomtvkycf sed ef m&DEiS fh tcsed yf pkd onfjzifh
wjcm;bmrsm;&Sad o;ovJ

ud,
k yf idk f pD;yGm;a&;udk ydik q
f idk o
f nf
aiGa=u;pGef@pm;r_ jrifomonf
pDrt
H yk cf sKyfrE_ iS fh &if;ES;D jrKyfErSH t
_ wGuf wm0ef,&l
aumif;aom pDrt
H yk cf sKyfrr_ S tjrwftpGe;f &&ef tcGit
fh vrf;&Sd
rnfonft
h vky/f rnfonft
h csed /f rnfonfah e&m rnfow
l dk@u
vkyo
f nfwdk@udk xde;f csKyf
wjcm;olrsm;udk vGwv
f yfpmG tca=u;aiGay;I iSm;&ef;Ekid f
vkyif ef;0efaqmifrr_ sm;ukd vlwpfO;D (odk@) pD;yGm;a&;
vkyif ef;wpfcx
k uf ydI
k pDpOfEikd f
tvkyt
f wGuf ypPn;f ud&,
d mrsm; pDpOfay;&
ukeu
f sp&dwEf iS fh vkycf twGuf oabmwlnD
tvkyv
f yk cf sed t
f ay: xde;f csKyf
wjcm;bmrsm;&Sad o;ovJ

Federation of Trade Unions- Burma

Other measures to be taken

Settlement of disputes effective access
Measures to ensure compliance : labour inspection services, collaboration with
social security administration & tax authorities
Remove incentives to disguise an employment relationship
Promote the role of collective bargaining & social dialogue as a means to finding
solutions to work place problems
Monitoring & implementation mechanism - & involvement of workers &
employers organizations

Federation of Trade Unions- Burma

tjcm;vkyaf qmif &rnft

h csurf sm;
tjiif;yGm;r_rsm;tm; ausat;jcif; - xda&mufaom csO;f uyfr_

vdu
k af vsmr_ aocsmap&efvyk af qmifrr_ sm; - vkyif ef;cGif ppfaq;jcif; 0efaqmifrr_ sm;/ vlrz_ l
vHak &;qdik &f m tkycf sKyfrE_ iS fh tcGeOf ;D pD;r_ wm0ef&o
Sd rl sm;ESifh yl;wGaJ qmif&u
G jf cif;
tvkycf ef@jcif;qufqaH &;wGif zH;k uG,o
f nfrh ufv;Hk rsm;tm; z,f&mS ;jcif;
pkaygi;f nEd i_d ;f ta&;qdrk e_ iS fh vlra_ &;aqG;aEG;r_wkd@. uudk jriw
fh ifjcif;jzifh vkyif ef;cGijf y\emrsm; udk
tajzrsm;ukad jz&Si;f onfh enf;vrf;w&yftjzifh oH;k &ef
apmif=h unfph pfaq;jcif; taumiftxnfazmfjcif; enf;vrf;(,E &W m;)ESifh tvkyo
f rm;rsm;ESifh
tvky&f iS rf sm;tzGJ@tpnf;rsm; yg0ifr_

Federation of Trade Unions- Burma

Law & precarious work

Canada: dependent worker recognized under labour law to extend protection to
workers not on the regular payroll
India: Contract Workers Law responsibility of principle employer the law limits
the use of contract workers for core production work but . . . . .
Argentinas Labour Code holds principle employer responsible for contract or
agency workers
France: Supreme Court ruled that supposedly self employed workers operation
under conditions and prices set by their client company are covered by the labour laws.
European unions are demanding for Europe wide laws on equal treatment of
agency workers.
Asian enterprise union system: law needs to be reformed to give right to union to
represent the agency worker in the enterprise applicability of CBA

Federation of Trade Unions- Burma

Oya'ESifh rwnf+idraf omtvkyt

f udik f
uae'g tm;xm;rScD akd e&aomtvkyo
f rm; onf tvkyo
f rm;rsm;yHrk eS v
f pmr&Sad om tvkyo
f rm;rsm;
tvkyo
f rm;Oya' atmufwiG f todtrSwjf yKI umuG,rf a_ y;onf &onf?

tdE,
Nd - uefx&du
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Federation of Trade Unions- Burma

Group Work
What kind of employment/jobs and workers you would call precarious?
What rights does the labour law provide for contract casual/agency workers?
What initiatives are the unions taking for workers in precarious jobs? Give examples.
Any success story in organization workers in precarious employment?
What can be the union response to employment flexibility demand of the employers?

Federation of Trade Unions- Burma

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Federation of Trade Unions- Burma