DESIGN OF BOX TYPE CULVERT

1.50

1 In side diamentions
2 Super imposed load
3 Live load
4 Wieght of soil
5 Angle of repose
6 Nominal cover top / bottom
6 Cocrete

Mscbc

300
300
230

8 Thickess of side wall

Thickness of top slab
Thickness of bottom slab

x
N/m

1.50

N/m2
N/m2
Degree
mm

Nominal cover side

wt. of concrete

Water side sst

415

7 Steel

12000
60000
18000
25
50
25
7

N/m2

m
N/m2 sst

150

50
24000
13
190

mm

thickness of side wall is OK

mm

O.K.

mm
kg/m3
N/m2

mm

9 Reinforcement
Top slab

16
12

mm F @

Vertical

16
16
12
12
20

mm F @

Distribution

mm c/c

mm F @

230
310
200
200
370
-580
300

12

mm F @

310

mm c/c

460

mm c/c

Main
Distribution
At supports

Bottom slab

Main
Distribution
At supports

Side vertical wall

16 mm F @

mm F @
mm F @
mm F @
mm F @

12 mm F @

200

16 mm F @

mm c/c
mm c/c
mm c/c
mm c/c
mm c/c

Through out slab at bottom

mm c/c

Both side

mm C/C
310

mm C/c

300
300
20 mm F @
300 mm C/C

16 mm F @
230 mm C/C

1.50

12 mm F @
310 mm C/C
16 mm F @
200 mm c/c
230
16 mm F @
400 mm c/c
300
pk_nandwana@yahoo.co.in

12 mm F @
200 mm C/C
1.50

16 mm F @
310

mm C/c
300

O.K.

1
2
3
4
5
6
6

In side diamentions
Super imposed load
Live load
Wieght of soil
Angle of repose
Nominal cover top/bottom
Cocrete

7 Steel
1 Solution

DESIGN OF BOX TYPE CULVERT

1.5
x 1.5 m
12000
N/m3
60000
N/m2
18000
wt. of water
N/m2
25
Degree
50
mm
Nominal cover Side
25
wt. of concrete
M2
7
m
scbc
N/m
Out side sst
415
Fy
water side side sst

9800

N/m3

50
mm
24000 N/m3
13
190
N/m2
150
N/m2

Genral

For the purpose of design , one metre length of the box is considered.
The analysis is done for the following cases.
(I) Live load, dead load and earth prssure acting , with no water pressure from inside.
(II) Live and dead load on top and earth pressure acting from out side, and water pressure acting from inside,
with no live load on sides
(III) Dead load and earth pressure acting from out side and water pressure from in side.
Let the thicness of Horizontal slab
Vertical wall thicness
Effective slab span
Effective Height of wall

300
300
1.5
1.5

mm
mm
+
0.3
+
0.3

=
=
=
=

0.3
0.3
1.8
1.8

m
m
m
m

2 Case 1 : Dead and live load from out side of while no water pressure from inside.
7200
Self weight og top slab =
0.3 x
1x
1 x #### =
72000
Live load and dead load =
60000 + ####
=
79200
Total load on top =
12960
Weight of side wall =
1.8 x
0.3 x ####
=
\ Upward soil reaction at base = ( 79200 x
1.8 )+(
2 x #### )=
93600
1.8
1 - sin 25
10.42
0.58 = 1.16 =
Ka =
=
=
1 + sin 25
1 + 0.42
2.84
1.42
\ Latral pressure due to dead load and live load = Pv x Ka
p = #### x
0.41 = 29265.8 N/m2
Latral pressure due to soil Ka x w x h
=
0.41 x #### h = 7316.5 h
Hence total pressure
= #### + 7316 h
Latral presure intencity at top
= 29265.8 N/m2
Latral pressure intencity at bottom
= #### + 7316 x
1.8 = 42435.4
Fig 1 show the box culvert
frame ABC D, along with the
external loads, Due to symmetry,
half of frame (i.e. AEFD ) of box
culvert is considered for moment
distribution. Since all the members
have uniform thickness, and uniform
diamentions, the relative stiffness
K for AD will be equal to 1 while the
relative stiffness for AE and DF will
be 1/2.

w=

79200 N/m

N/m2
0.41

N/m2

29265.82

29266
A

1.80

h
29265.8228

1.80

7316.5 h
D

C
29265.82 13169.62

42435
w

93600 N/m

Fig 1
pk_nandwana@yahoo.co.in

N/m2
N/m2
N/m2
N/m

Distribution factore for AD and DA=

1
=
1+1/2

Fix end moments will be as under : MFAB=

Mfdc=
MFAD = +
MFAD = +

pL2
12
29266

+
x
12

WL
15
1.8

2/3
wL2
12

Distribution factore for AB and DC=

1/2
=
1+1/2

1/3

#### x
1.8 2=
-21384 N - m
12
#### x
wL2
1.8 2= 25272 N - m
+
=
12
12
Where W is the total tringular earth pressure.
2

+ #### x
2

1.8

1.8
15

9325

WL
pL2
12
15
29266 x
1.8 2-- #### x
1.8
1.8 = -7902
MFDA = x
12
2
10
The Moment distribution is carried out as illustrate in table

N-m

MFDA = -

-2133

-10035

Fixed End Moments

Member

DC
25272

DA
-10035

AD
9325

AB
-21384

The moment distribution carried out as per table 1 for case 1

D
A
Joint
DC
DA
AD
AB
Member
0.33
0.67
0.67
0.33
Distribution factore
25272
-10035
9325
-21384
Fix end moment
-5079
-10158
8039
4020
Balance
4020
-5079
Carry over
-1340
-2680
3386
1693
balance
1693
-1340
Carry over
-564
-1129
893
447
balance
447
-564
Carry over
-149
-298
376
188
balance
188
-149
Carry over
-63
-125
99
50
balance
50
-63
Carry over
-17
-33
42
21
balance
21
-17
Carry over
-7
-14
11
6
balance
6
-7
Carry over
-2
-4
5
2
balance
18052
-18052
14959
-14959
Final moment

14959

79200

14959

28572

71280

71280
28572

29266

14959

17117

14959

0.9
1986
1.8 m

18052

0.9

13170 D
42435

D
35960

18052

84240

19856

84240

35960

93600

Fig 2

79200 N/m2.
For horizontal slab AB, carrying UDL @
79200 x 1.8 =
71280 N/m2
Vertical reactionat a and B =
0.5
x
Similarly, for the Bottom slab DC carrying U.D.L.loads @ #### N/m2
93600 x 1.80 = 84240
Vertical reaction at D and C = 0.5
x
N
The body diagram for various members, including loading, B.M. And reactions are shown in fig.2
For the vertical member AD, the horizontal reaction at A is found by taking moments at D.Thus
( -ha x 1.80
) + 14959 - #### + #### x 1.80 x 1.80 x 1/2
1/2
13170 x 1.80 x 1.80 x 1/3
+
x
-3093
47410.6 + 7111.59
-ha x 1.80 +
+
From which, ha = 28572
Hence , hd =( 29266 + #### )x 1.80 #### = 35960 N
pk_nandwana@yahoo.co.in
2

x 1.80 2=
32076
N-m
8
32076
14959
17117 N-m
Net B.M. at E =
=
93600
x 1.80 2=
Similarly, free B.M. at F =
37908 N -m
8
37908
18052
19856 N-m
Net B.M. at F =
=
For vertical member AD , Simply supported B.M. At mid span
29265.8228 x 1.80 2+
1/16 x #### x 1.80 2= 14520
Simply supporetd at mid sapn =
8
18052
+ 14959
Net B.M. =
=
16506 - #### = 1986 N-m
2
3 Case 2 : Dead load and live load from out side and water pressure from inside.
In this case , water pressure having an intensity of zero at A and
9800 x 1.80 = 17640 N/m2
At D, is acting, in addition to the pressure
considered in case 1. The various pressures
w=
79200 N/m2
are marked in fig 3 .The vertical walls will thus
29265.823
29265.82
29265.82278
be subjected to a net latral pressure of
2
4470.38
= 29266 N/m At the Top
Itensity
A
E
B
And
= 42435 17640
1.80
= 24795 N/m2 at the bottom
1.80

42435.443

42435.44
w

Fig 3
= #### x
1.80 2=
-21384 N - m
12
#### x
wL2
1.8 2= 25272 N - m
=
12
12
Where W is the total tringular earth pressure.

Mfdc=

MFAD = +

pL2
12
24795

+
x
12

WL
10
1.8

24795

93600 N/m2

wL2
12

Fix end moments will be as under : MFAB=

MFAD = +

Net latral pressure diagram

79200

Free B.M. at mid point E =

4470 x
2

1.8

1.8
10

WL
pL2
12
15
24795 x
1.8 2- 4470 x
1.8
1.8
MFDA = x
12
2
15
The moment distribution is carrired out as illustred in table.

7419

N-m

-7178

N -m

MFDA = -

Fixed End Moments

Member

DC
25272

DA
-7178

AD
7419

AB
-21384

The moment distribution carried out as per table 1 for case 1

D
A
Joint
DC
DA
AD
AB
Member
0.33
0.67
0.67
0.33
Distribution factore
25272
-7178
7419
-21384
Fix end moment
-6031
-12063
9310
4655
Balance
4655
-6031
Carry over
-1552
-3103
4021
2010
balance
2010
-1552
Carry over
-670
-1340
1034
517
balance
517
-670
Carry over

13887

79200

13887

23412

71280

29266

71280
13887

18189

23412

13887

0.9
4368
1.8

16743
24795 D

0.9
D

-172

balance
Carry over
balance
Carry over
balance
Carry over
balance
Carry over
balance
Final moment

-74
-19
-8
-2
16743

-345
223
-149
57
-38
25
-17
6
-4
-16743

447
-172
115
-74
50
-19
13
-8
6
13887

223

25244

57

21165

16743

84240

84240

25244

25
93600

Fig 4

3
-13887

79200 N/m2.
For horizontal slab AB, carrying UDL @
79200 x 1.8 =
71280 N/m2
Vertical reactionat a and B =
0.5
x
Similarly, for the Bottom slab DC carrying U.D.L.loads @ #### N/m2
93600 x 1.80 = 84240
Vertical reaction at D and C = 0.5
x
N
The body diagram for various members, including loading, B.M. And reactions are shown in fig.3
For the vertical member AD, the horizontal reaction at A is found by taking moments at D.Thus
( -ha x 1.80
) + 13887 - #### + #### x 1.80 x 1.80 x 1/2
1/2
4470
+
x
x 1.80 x 1.80 x 2/3
-2856
40168.6 + 4828.01
-ha x 1.80 +
+
From which, ha = 23412
Hence , hd =( 24795 + #### )x 1.80 #### = 25244 N
2
79200
x 1.80 2=
Free B.M. at mid point E =
32076
N-m
8
32076
13887
18189 N-m
Net B.M. at E =
=
2
93600
x 1.80 =
Similarly, free B.M. at F =
37908 N -m
8
37908
16743
21165 N-m
Net B.M. at F =
=
For vertical member AD , Simply supported B.M. At mid span
24795.443 x 1.80 2+
1/16 x 4470 x 1.80 2= 10947
Simply supporetd at mid sapn =
8
16743
+ 13887
Net B.M. =
=
15315 - #### = 4368 N-m
2
4 Case 3 : Dead load and live load on top water pressure from inside no live load on side.
in this case, it is assume that there is no latral oressure due to live load . As before .
The top slab is subjected to a load of '=
79200 N/m2
w=

79200 N/m2

4000

4000
A

N/m

N/m

4000

1.80
1.80

Hence earth pressure at depth h is =

4000

6000

14800

Earth pressure intensity at top

4000

N/m2

14800
17640

w=

4470.379747

93600 N/m217640

Fig 5
14800 N/m2
Earth pressure intensity at Bottom= 4000 + 6000 x 1.80
=
In addition to these, the vertical wall lslab subjectednto water pressure of intensity ZERO at top and
N/m2 at Bottom, acting from inside . The lateral pressure on vertical walls Is shown in fig 5 and 6
pk_nandwana@yahoo.co.in

Net latral pressure diagram

and the bottom slab is subjected to a load

= 93600 N/m2
Itensity
Lateral pressure due to dead load =
1/3 x 12000 = 4000
Lateral pressure due to soil
=
1/3 x 18000 = 6000

17640

wL2
12

#### x
1.80 2=
-21384 N - m
12
#### x
wL2
1.8 2= 25272 N - m
=
12
12
Where W is the total tringular earth pressure.

Fix end moments will be as under : MFAB=

Mfdc=
MFAD = +
MFAD = +

pL2
12
4000

x
12

WL
15
1.8

4470 x
2
1080 -

1.8

1.8
15

WL
483
pL2
+
12
10
4000 x
1.8 2- 4470 x
1.8
1.8
MFDA = x
12
2
10
The moment distribution is carrired out as illustred in table.
MFDA = -

598

N-m

-356

N -m

Fixed End Moments

Member

DC
25272

DA
-356

AD
598

AB
-21384

The moment distribution carried out as per table 1 for case 1

D
A
Joint
DC
DA
AD
AB
Member
0.33
0.67
0.67
0.33
Distribution factore
25272
-356
598
-21384
Fix end moment
-8305
-16611
13857
6929
Balance
6929
-8305
Carry over
-2310
-4619
5537
2768
balance
2768
-2310
Carry over
-923
-1846
1540
770
balance
770
-923
Carry over
-257
-513
615
308
balance
308
-257
Carry over
-103
-205
171
86
balance
86
-103
Carry over
-29
-57
68
34
balance
34
-29
Carry over
-11
-23
19
10
balance
10
-11
Carry over
-3
-6
8
4
balance
13332
-13332
10477
-10477
Final moment

10477

79200

10477

=
71280

71280
10477

4000
A
10477

21599
A
0.9

11190
1.8

13332
0D
4470

0.9

D
13332

84240
-673

24576
84240

93600
Fig 4

79200 N/m2.
For horizontal slab AB, carrying UDL @
79200 x 1.8 =
71280 N
Vertical reactionat a and B =
0.5
x
Similarly, for the Bottom slab DC carrying U.D.L.loads @ #### N/m2
93600 x 1.80 = 84240
Vertical reaction at D and C = 0.5
x
N
The body diagram for various members, including loading, B.M. And reactions are shown in fig.6
For the vertical member AD, the horizontal reaction at A is found by taking moments at D.Thus
( ha x 1.80
) + 10477 - #### + 4000 x 1.80 x 1.80 x 1/2
1/2
4470
x
x 1.80 x 1.80 x 1/3
-2855
6480
2414
-ha x 1.80 +
+
-673
From which, ha =
Hence , hd =( 4470 x 1.80 )- 4000 x
1.80 - -673 = -2504
2
79200
x 1.80 2=
Free B.M. at mid point E =
32076
N-m
8

10477
21599 N-m
=
x 1.80 2=
Similarly, free B.M. at F =
37908 N -m
8
37908
13332
24576 N-m
Net B.M. at F =
=
For vertical member AD , Simply supported B.M. At mid span
4000
x 1.80 2+
1/16 x 4470 x 1.80 2= -714.7
Simply supporetd at mid sapn =
8
13332
+ 10477
Net B.M. =
=
11905 + -715 = 11190 N-m
2
Net B.M. at E =

32076
93600

5 Design of top slab :

Case
(i)
(II)
(II)

Mid section
The top slab is subjected to following values of B.M. and direct force
B.M. at Center (E)
B.M. at ends (A)
Direct force (ha)
17117
14959
28572
18189
13887
23412
21599
10477
-673

28572 N -m
The section will be design for maximum B.M. =
for water side force
wt. of concrete = #### N/m3
= 150 N/mm2
sst =
2
wt of water = 9800 N/mm2
7
=
N/mm
scbc =
for water side force
m
= 13
m*c
13
x 7
k=
=
= 0.378
K =
0.378
13 x
7
+ 150
m*c+sst
0.874
j=1-k/3 =
1 0.378 /
3
= 0.874
J =
1.155
R=1/2xc x j x k
x
7
x 0.87 x 0.378 = 1.155
R =
= 0.5
Provide over all thickness
= 300 mm so effective thicknesss
= 250
mm
72202327
28572000
1000 x 250 2=
>
O.K.
Mr = R . B .D2
= 1.155 x
2
28572000
= 872 mm
BMx100/sstxjxD=
Ast =
150 x 0.874 x 250
3.14 x 16 x 16
3.14xdia2
using
16 mm F bars
A
=
=
= 201 mm2
4 x100
4
230 mm
Spacing of Bars =Ax1000/Ast
201 x 1000 / 872 =
231
say
=
Hence Provided
16
230 mm c/c
mm F Bars @
Acual Ast provided 1000 x
201 /
230 =
874
mm2
Bend half bars up near support at distance of L/5
=
1.80 /
5 = 0.40 m
0.1 x(
300 100
%
Area of distributionn steel =
0.3
= 0.24
450 100
Ast
=
0.24
x
300 x 10 = 729 mm2
area on each face= #
mm2
2
3.14 x 12 x 12
3.14xdia
using
12 mm F bars
A
=
=
= 113 mm2
4 x100
4
310 mm
Spacing of Bars = Ax1000/Ast =
113 x 1000 / 365 =
310
say
=
mm F Bars @
310 mm c/c on each face
Hence Provided
#
Section at supports :14959 N-m. There is direct compression of
28572 N also.
Maximum B.M.=
But it effect is not considered because the slab is actually reinforced both at top and bottom .
sst =
Since steel is at top
190 N/mm2
concrete M
20
k = 0.324
J = 0.89
R = 1.01
14959000
=
=
354
\
Ast
mm2
190 x
0.892 x
250
pk_nandwana@yahoo.co.in

Area

874
available from the bars bentup from the middle section =
/
2 = 437
mm2
354 < 436.9 Hence these bars will serve the purpose. However, provide 8 mm dia.
Additional bars @ 200 mm c/c

6 Design of bottom slab:

The bottom slab has the following value of B.M. and direct force.
Case
B.M. at Center (F)
B.M. at ends (D)
Direct force (ha)
(i)
19856
18052
35960
(II)
21165
16743
25244
(II)
24576
13332
-2504
35960

The section will be design for maximum B.M.

for water side force
wt. of concrete
= 150 N/mm2
sst =
2
wt of water
7
=
N/mm
scbc =
m
= 13
m*c
13
x 7
k=
=
13
x
7
+ 150
m*c+sst
j=1-k/3 =
1 0.378 /
3
R=1/2xc x j x k
x
7
x 0.87 x 0.378
= 0.5
35960000
=
177
mm
\ d =
1000 x
1.155
Provide thickness of bottom slab D= 230 mm so that d =
35960000
BMx100/sstxjxD=
Ast =
150 x 0.874 x 180

3.14xdia2
4 x100
Spacing of Bars =Ax1000/Ast
314 x 1000 / 1524
Hence Provided
20
mm F Bars @
Acual Ast provided 1000 x
314 /
200
Bend half bars up near support at distance of L/5
=
1.80
0.1 x(
230
Area of distributionn steel =
0.3
450 100
Ast
=
0.26
x
230 x 10 = 605

20 x 20
= 314 mm2
4
200 mm
=
206
say
=
200 mm c/c
= 1570
mm2
/
5 = 0.40 m
100
= 0.26 %

using

20

mm bars

= #### N/m3
= 9800 N/mm2
for water side force
= 0.378

0.378

= 0.874
= 1.155

J
R

=
=

0.874
1.155

mm bars

227

mm

180 mm
= 1524 mm2
=

mm2

using 12

N -m

3.14xdia
=
4 x100
x 1000 / 303 =
mm F Bars @
#
=

3.14 x

303 mm2
area on each face=
3.14 x 12 x 12
= 113 mm2
4
370 mm
373
say
=
370 mm c/c on each face

Spacing of Bars = Ax1000/Ast =

113
Hence Provided
Section at supports :18052 N-m. There is direct compression of
35960 N also.
Maximum B.M.=
But it effect is not considered because the slab is actually reinforced both at top and bottom .
sst =
Since steel is at top
190 N/mm2
concrete M
20
k = 0.324
J = 0.89
R = 1.01
18052000
=
=
592
\
Ast
mm2
190 x
0.892 x
180
1570 /
Area available from the bars bentup from the middle section =
2 = 785
mm2
Hence these bars will serve the purpose. However, provide 8 mm dia.
592 < 785
Additional bars @ 200 mm c/c

-193
mm2
3.14 x 12 x 12
3.14xdia
A
=
=
= 113 mm2
4 x100
4
113 x 1000 / -193 = -586
say
= -580 mm
-580 mm c/c throught out the slab, at its bottom.

Additional reinforcemet required

2

using 12

mm bars

Spacing of Bars = Ax1000/Ast =

Hence Provided # mm F Bars @

7 Design of side wall:

The side wall has the following value of B.M. and direct force.
B.M. at Center (F)
B.M. at ends (D)
Direct force (ha)
1986
18052
84240
4368
16743
84240
11190
13332
84240

Case
(i)
(II)
(II)

18052 N -m, and direct force =

84240
N
1000
x
=
215
mm
84240
proposed thickness of side wall '=
300 mm
215 /
300 = 0.72 < 1.5 OK
\ e/D
thickness of side wall is OK
Let us reinforce the section with
20 mm F bars @
300 mm c/c provided on both faces, as shown
and D = 300 mm
in fig xxx . With cover of
50 mm
1000
3.14 x
20 x
20
Asc = Ast =
x
=
1047
mm2
300
4
The depth of N.A. is computed from following expression:
b n D - dt - n + (m - 1)Asc 1 (n - dc)(D - dt- dc)
n
3
3
D
= e+
- dt
b n + (m -1) Asc n - dc
D - dt - n
2
- m Ast
n
n
The section will be design for maximum B.M. =
18052
Eccentricity =

1000 n
2
1000 n+
2

or

500 n

300

12

250

12560
500 n+
n

50

1047
x
n
n
3

n
3

12

50

50

####
n

50

167

n2

+ -1256000

13

250

multiply by n
125000 n2
500 n2

167 n3
12560

+ -1256000 n
n- 628000 -

125000 n2
157500 n2

167 n3
8242500

+ -1256000 n
n
-

-62800000
1269345000

-32500 n2

6986500

\ c'

= (

500

x
x(

pk_nandwana@yahoo.co.in

n
=

##### +
300 -

-100

50

-n

#### n

315

= 167 n3

-1206545000

7239270
113.14 mm
12 x
1047
( #### 113.14
50 - #### )

= 215 + 100

12560

41919
-195 n2
+
Solwing this trial and error we get, n

1047
x 300 n

-62800000
3401667 +

50

315

500 n

-62800000
n
=
3401667
+ ####
n

628000
n

-1E+06
n

125000 n

1047
x
n

= n3

50

)-

13 x 1047
113.14

136.86 =
47124
56572 +
111 x 63.14 120 x
84240
=
<
\ c' =
1.79
7
N/mm2 Stress is less than permissiable
47124
m c'
13 x
1.79
Also stress in steel t =
(D-dc-n)
=
x ( 300 50
- 113.14
)
113.14
n
= 28.11 N/mm2
< 190 N/mm2
O.K.
Stress in steel is less than permissiable Hence section is O.K.
or

pk_nandwana@yahoo.co.in

Box culverts

16 mm F @

460

mm c/c

12 mm F @

200

16 mm F @

mm C/C
310

mm C/c

300
300
20 mm F @
300 mm C/C

16 mm F @
230 mm C/C

1.50

12 mm F @
310 mm C/C
16 mm F @
200 mm c/c
230
16 mm F @
400 mm c/c
300

12 mm F @

16 mm F @

200 mm C/C

310 mm C/c

1.50

300

Table 1.15. PERMISSIBLE DIRECT TENSILE STRESS

Grade of concrete
M-10

Tensile
stress

1.2

M-15

M-20

M-25

M-30

M-35

M-40

2.0

2.8

3.2

3.6

4.0

4.4

Table 1.16.. Permissible stress in concrete (IS : 456-2000)

Grade of
concrete
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M

10
15
20
25
30
35
40
45
50

Permission stress in compression (N/mm 2)

Bending acbc
Direct (acc)
(N/mm2)
3.0
5.0
7.0
8.5
10.0
11.5
13.0
14.5
16.0

Kg/m2
300
500
700
850
1000
1150
1300
1450
1600

(N/mm2)
2.5
4.0
5.0
6.0
8.0
9.0
10.0
11.0
12.0

Kg/m2
250
400
500
600
800
900
1000
1100
1200

Permissible stress in bond (Average) for

plain bars in tention (N/mm2)
2
(N/mm2) in kg/m
--0.6
60
0.8
80
0.9
90
1.0
100
1.1
110
1.2
120
1.3
130
1.4
140

Table 1.18. MODULAR RATIO

Grade of concrete
M-10

Modular ratio m31

(31.11)

M-15
19
(18.67)

M-20
13
(13.33)

M-25
11
(10.98)

M-30
9
(9.33)

M-35
8
(8.11)

M-40
7
(7.18)

Table 2.1. VALUES OF DESIGN CONSTANTS

Grade of concrete

M-15

M-20

M-25

M-30

M-35

M-40

Modular Ratio
scbc N/mm2

18.67
5

13.33
7

10.98
8.5

9.33
10

8.11
11.5

7.18
13

93.33

93.33

93.33

93.33

93.33

93.33

kc

0.4

0.4

0.4

0.4

0.4

0.4

jc

0.867

0.867

0.867

0.867

0.867

0.867

Rc

0.867

1.214

1.474

1.734

1.994

2.254

Pc (%)

0.714

1.214

1.429

1.643

1.857

kc

0.329

0.329

0.329

0.329

0.329

0.329

0.89
0.732

0.89

0.89

0.89

0.89

0.89

1.025

1.244

1.464

1.684

1.903

0.433

0.606

0.736

0.866

0.997

1.127

kc

0.289

0.289

0.289

0.289

0.289

0.289

jc

0.904

0.904

0.904

0.904

0.904

0.904

Rc

0.653

0.914

1.11

1.306

1.502

1.698

Pc (%)

0.314

0.44

0.534

0.628

0.722

0.816

m scbc

(a) sst =
140
N/mm2
(Fe 250)

(b) sst = j
c
190
Rc
N/mm2
Pc (%)
(c ) sst =
230
N/mm2
(Fe 415)

Grade of concrete M
tbd (N / mm2)

Shear stress tc
100As
M-20
bd
0.15
0.18
0.16
0.18
0.17
0.18
0.18
0.19
0.19
0.19
0.2
0.19
0.21
0.2
0.22
0.2
0.23
0.2
0.24
0.21
0.25
0.21
0.26
0.21
0.27
0.22
0.28
0.22
0.29
0.22
0.3
0.23
0.31
0.23
0.32
0.24
0.33
0.24
0.34
0.24
0.35
0.25
0.36
0.25
0.37
0.25
0.38
0.26
0.39
0.26
0.4
0.26
0.41
0.27
0.42
0.27
0.43
0.27
0.44
0.28
0.45
0.28
0.46
0.28
0.47
0.29
0.48
0.29
0.49
0.29
0.5
0.30
0.51
0.30
0.52
0.30
0.53
0.30
0.54
0.30
0.55
0.31
0.56
0.31

Reiforcement %
100As
M-20
bd
0.18
0.15
0.19
0.18
0.2
0.21
0.21
0.24
0.22
0.27
0.23
0.3
0.24
0.32
0.25
0.35
0.26
0.38
0.27
0.41
0.28
0.44
0.29
0.47
0.30
0.5
0.31
0.55
0.32
0.6
0.33
0.65
0.34
0.7
0.35
0.75
0.36
0.82
0.37
0.88
0.38
0.94
0.39
1.00
0.4
1.08
0.41
1.16
0.42
1.25
0.43
1.33
0.44
1.41
0.45
1.50
0.46
1.63
0.46
1.64
0.47
1.75
0.48
1.88
0.49
2.00
0.50
2.13
0.51
2.25

Value of angle
Degree
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
30
35
40
45
50
55
60
65

sin
0.17
0.19
0.21
0.23
0.24
0.26
0.28
0.29
0.31
0.33
0.34
0.36
0.37
0.39
0.41
0.42
0.50
0.57
0.64
0.71
0.77
0.82
0.87
0.91

cos
0.98
0.98
0.98
0.97
0.97
0.97
0.96
0.96
0.95
0.95
0.94
0.93
0.93
0.92
0.92
0.91
0.87
0.82
0.77
0.71
0.64
0.57
0.50
0.42

tan
0.18
0.19
0.21
0.23
0.25
0.27
0.29
0.31
0.32
0.34
0.36
0.38
0.40
0.42
0.45
0.47
0.58
0.70
0.84
1.00
1.19
1.43
1.73
2.14

0.57
0.58
0.59
0.6
0.61
0.62
0.63
0.64
0.65
0.66
0.67
0.68
0.69
0.7
0.71
0.72
0.73
0.74
0.75
0.76
0.77
0.78
0.79
0.8
0.81
0.82
0.83
0.84
0.85
0.86
0.87
0.88
0.89
0.9
0.91
0.92
0.93
0.94
0.95
0.96
0.97
0.98
0.99
1.00
1.01
1.02
1.03
1.04
1.05
1.06
1.07
1.08

0.31
0.31
0.31
0.32
0.32
0.32
0.32
0.32
0.33
0.33
0.33
0.33
0.33
0.34
0.34
0.34
0.34
0.34
0.35
0.35
0.35
0.35
0.35
0.35
0.35
0.36
0.36
0.36
0.36
0.36
0.36
0.37
0.37
0.37
0.37
0.37
0.37
0.38
0.38
0.38
0.38
0.38
0.38
0.39
0.39
0.39
0.39
0.39
0.39
0.39
0.39
0.4

1.09
1.10
1.11
1.12
1.13
1.14
1.15
1.16
1.17
1.18
1.19
1.20
1.21
1.22
1.23
1.24
1.25
1.26
1.27
1.28
1.29
1.30
1.31
1.32
1.33
1.34
1.35
1.36
1.37
1.38
1.39
1.40
1.41
1.42
1.43
1.44
1.45
1.46
1.47
1.48
1.49
1.50
1.51
1.52
1.53
1.54
1.55
1.56
1.57
1.58
1.59
1.60

0.4
0.4
0.4
0.4
0.4
0.4
0.4
0.41
0.41
0.41
0.41
0.41
0.41
0.41
0.41
0.41
0.42
0.42
0.42
0.42
0.42
0.42
0.42
0.42
0.43
0.43
0.43
0.43
0.43
0.43
0.43
0.43
0.44
0.44
0.44
0.44
0.44
0.44
0.44
0.44
0.44
0.45
0.45
0.45
0.45
0.45
0.45
0.45
0.45
0.45
0.45
0.45

1.61
1.62
1.63
1.64
1.65
1.66
1.67
1.68
1.69
1.70
1.71
1.72
1.73
1.74
1.75
1.76
1.77
1.78
1.79
1.80
1.81
1.82
1.83
1.84
1.85
1.86
1.87
1.88
1.89
1.90
1.91
1.92
1.93
1.94
1.95
1.96
1.97
1.98
1.99
2.00
2.01
2.02
2.03
2.04
2.05
2.06
2.07
2.08
2.09
2.10
2.11
2.12

0.45
0.45
0.46
0.46
0.46
0.46
0.46
0.46
0.46
0.46
0.46
0.46
0.46
0.46
0.47
0.47
0.47
0.47
0.47
0.47
0.47
0.47
0.47
0.47
0.47
0.47
0.47
0.48
0.48
0.48
0.48
0.48
0.48
0.48
0.48
0.48
0.48
0.48
0.48
0.49
0.49
0.49
0.49
0.49
0.49
0.49
0.49
0.49
0.49
0.49
0.49
0.49

2.13
2.14
2.15
2.16
2.17
2.18
2.19
2.20
2.21
2.22
2.23
2.24
2.25
2.26
2.27
2.28
2.29
2.30
2.31
2.32
2.33
2.34
2.35
2.36
2.37
2.38
2.39
2.40
2.41
2.42
2.43
2.44
2.45
2.46
2.47
2.48
2.49
2.50
2.51
2.52
2.53
2.54
2.55
2.56
2.57
2.58
2.59
2.60
2.61
2.62
2.63
2.64

0.50
0.50
0.50
0.50
0.50
0.50
0.50
0.50
0.50
0.50
0.50
0.50
0.51
0.51
0.51
0.51
0.51
0.51
0.51
0.51
0.51
0.51
0.51
0.51
0.51
0.51
0.51
0.51
0.51
0.51
0.51
0.51
0.51
0.51
0.51
0.51
0.51
0.51
0.51
0.51
0.51
0.51
0.51
0.51
0.51
0.51
0.51
0.51
0.51
0.51
0.51
0.51

2.65
2.66
2.67
2.68
2.69
2.70
2.71
2.72
2.73
2.74
2.75
2.76
2.77
2.78
2.79
2.80
2.81
2.82
2.83
2.84
2.85
2.86
2.87
2.88
2.89
2.90
2.91
2.92
2.93
2.94
2.95
2.96
2.97
2.98
2.99
3.00
3.01
3.02
3.03
3.04
3.05
3.06
3.07
3.08
3.09
3.10
3.11
3.12
3.13
3.14
3.15

0.51
0.51
0.51
0.51
0.51
0.51
0.51
0.51
0.51
0.51
0.51
0.51
0.51
0.51
0.51
0.51
0.51
0.51
0.51
0.51
0.51
0.51
0.51
0.51
0.51
0.51
0.51
0.51
0.51
0.51
0.51
0.51
0.51
0.51
0.51
0.51
0.51
0.51
0.51
0.51
0.51
0.51
0.51
0.51
0.51
0.51
0.51
0.51
0.51
0.51
0.51

Table 3.1. Permissible shear stress Table tc in concrete (IS : 456-2000)

100As
bd
< 0.15
0.25
0.50
0.75
1.00
1.25
1.50
1.75
2.00
2.25
2.50
2.75

Permissible shear stress in concrete

M-15
M-20
M-25
M-30
0.18
0.18
0.19
0.2
0.22
0.22
0.23
0.23
0.29
0.30
0.31
0.31
0.34
0.35
0.36
0.37
0.37
0.39
0.40
0.41
0.40
0.42
0.44
0.45
0.42
0.45
0.46
0.48
0.44
0.47
0.49
0.50
0.44
0.49
0.51
0.53
0.44
0.51
0.53
0.55
0.44
0.51
0.55
0.57
0.44
0.51
0.56
0.58
0.44
0.51
0.57
0.6

3.00 and above

tc N/mm2
M-35
M-40
0.2
0.2
0.23
0.23
0.31
0.32
0.37
0.38
0.42
0.42
0.45
0.46
0.49
0.49
0.52
0.52
0.54
0.55
0.56
0.57
0.58
0.60
0.60
0.62
0.62
0.63

Table 3.2. Facor k

Over all depth of slab

300 or more

1.00

275
1.05

250
1.10

225
1.15

200
1.20

175
1.25

150 or less
1.30

Table 3.3. Maximum shear stress tc.max in concrete (IS : 456-2000)

Grade of concrete

M-15
1.6

tc.max

M-20
1.8

M-25
1.9

M-30
2.2

M-35
2.3

M-40
2.5

Table 3.4. Permissible Bond stress Table tbd in concrete (IS : 456-2000)
Grade of concrete M10
-tbd (N / mm2)

15
0.6

20
0.8

25
0.9

30
1

35
1.1

40
1.2

Table 3.5. Development Length in tension

Plain M.S. Bars
Grade of
concrete tbd (N / mm2)
kd = Ld F

H.Y.S.D. Bars
tbd (N / mm2)

kd = Ld F

M 15

0.6

58

0.96

60

M 20

0.8

44

1.28

45

M 25

0.9

39

1.44

40

M 30

35

1.6

36

M 35

1.1

32

1.76

33

M 40

1.2

29

1.92

30

M 45

1.3

27

2.08

28

M 50

1.4

25

2.24

26

45
1.3

Value of angle
tan
0.18
0.19
0.21
0.23
0.25
0.27
0.29
0.31
0.32
0.34
0.36
0.38
0.40
0.42
0.45
0.47
0.58
0.70
0.84
1.00
1.19
1.43
1.73
2.14

Degree
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
30
35
40
45
50
55
60
65

sin
0.17
0.19
0.21
0.23
0.24
0.26
0.28
0.29
0.31
0.33
0.34
0.36
0.37
0.39
0.41
0.42
0.50
0.57
0.64
0.71
0.77
0.82
0.87
0.91

cos
0.98
0.98
0.98
0.97
0.97
0.97
0.96
0.96
0.95
0.95
0.94
0.93
0.93
0.92
0.92
0.91
0.87
0.82
0.77
0.71
0.64
0.57
0.50
0.42

: 456-2000)
50
1.4