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Week 5 Tutorial Questions 1. What are the 4 primary responsibilities of the Transport Layer?

Tracking the individual communications btw applications on the source and destination hosts. Segmenting data and managing each piece. Reassembling the segments into streams of the application data. Identifying the different applications. 2. What does the Transport Layer header provide? Source and destination information. 3. Describe the process of segmentation and reassembly? Segmentation: break data into smaller pieces requiring headers to be added to indicate to the appropriate application. Reassembly: reassemble each segment of data in the correct order and then direct to the appropriate application. 4. How does the Transport Layer accomplish conversation multiplexing? Assign a unique identifier (port number) to an application. 5. What are the four additional duties the Transport Layer can provide? Flow control, error recovery, initiating a session and data requirements vary. 6. What are the four processes that the Transport Layer uses to control conversations? Establishing a session, reliable delivery, same order delivery and flow control. 7. What does reliability mean to a network? Ensuring that each piece of data that the source sends arrives at the destintation 8. What are the three basic operations of reliability at the transport layer? Tracking transmitted data, acknowledging received data and retransmitting any unacknowledged data. 9. How is a best-effort protocol different from a reliable protocol? Best-effeort protocol: doesnt guarantee delivery of packets and has no facility to handle error-recovery. Reliable protocol: each packet has a sequence number/ acknowledgement number the data stream can be re-assembled at the destination if packets have been received in the wrong order or have been lost en-route and retransmitted. 10. What are the two most common protocols at the Transport Layer? Transmission control protocol ( TCP ) User datagram protocol ( UDP) 11. What is the advantage of using UDP? Provide low-over headed data delivery 12. What are the 3 additional functions that TCP offers compared with UDP? Same-order delivery, Reliable delivery and flow control. 13. What do acknowledgements do? They form the basis of reliability within the TCP session. 14. What are the three steps in TCP connection establishment? The initiating client sends a segment containing an initial sequence value. The server responds with a segment containing an acknowledgement value equal to the received sequence value plus1. The initiating client responds with an acknowledgement value equal to the sequence value it received plus 1. 15. What does window size specify? The amount of data that a source can transmit before an acknowledgement must be received. 16. What happens to window size when network resources are constrained? . Window size decreases.

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