IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON INDUSTRIAL ELECTRONICS, VOL. 46, NO.

3, JUNE 1999

483

A Robust Three-Phase Active Power-Factor-Correction and Harmonic Reduction Scheme for High Power
Bang Sup Lee, Member, IEEE, Jaehong Hahn, Student Member, IEEE, Prasad N. Enjeti, Senior Member, IEEE, and Ira J. Pitel, Fellow, IEEE

Abstract This paper proposes a robust three-phase active power-factor-correction (PFC) and harmonic reduction scheme suitable for higher power applications. The proposed system is a unique combination of a low-kilovoltampere 12-pulse rectier system with a single-phase boost PFC scheme to shape the input current to near sinusoidal waveshape. The voltampere rating of the active PFC converter is 0.05 pu and is not exposed to line transients under varying load conditions. The proposed system is suitable for utility interface of higher power rectiers employed in power supplies and adjustable-speed drive systems which demand clean input power characteristics in the range of 1500 kW. The proposed system is rugged and, in the event the active control were to fail, the system reverts to 12-pulse operation with fth and seventh harmonic cancellation. Analysis and design of the system is examined in detail, and simulation and experimental results on a 10-kVA prototype are shown. Index Terms Clean power, harmonic reduction, three-phase rectier.

I. INTRODUCTION

N MOST POWER electronics applications, diode rectiers are commonly used in the front end of a power converter as an interface with the electric utility. The rectiers are nonlinear in nature and, consequently, generate harmonic currents into the ac power source. The nonlinear operation of the diode rectiers causes highly distorted input current. The nonsinusoidal shape of the input current drawn by the rectiers causes a number of problems in the sensitive electronic equipment and in the power distribution network. The distorted input current owing through the system produces distorted voltages at the point of common coupling (PCC). Thus, the increased harmonic currents result in increasing voltampere ratings of the utility equipment, such as generators, transmission lines, and transformers. In addition to the inefcient use of electric energy, the discontinuous conduction of the bridge rectier
Manuscript received November 18, 1997; revised November 15, 1998. Abstract published on the Internet March 1, 1999. B. S. Lee is with Texas Instruments Incorporated, Dallas, TX 75243 USA (e-mail: banglee@ieee.org). J. Hahn and P. N. Enjeti are with the Power Electronics Laboratory, Department of Electrical Engineering, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843-3128 USA (e-mail: p.enjeti@ieee.org). I. J. Pitel is with Magna-Power Electronics, Boonton, NJ 07005 USA. Publisher Item Identier S 0278-0046(99)04127-1.

results in a high total harmonic distortion (THD) in the input lines and can lead to malfunctioning of the sensitive electronic equipment. The recommended practice, IEEE-519, and IEC 1000-3 have evolved to maintain utility power quality at acceptable levels [1][3]. In order to meet IEEE-519 and IEC 1000-3, a cost-effective and economical solution to mitigate harmonics generated by power electronic equipment is currently of high interest. One approach is to use three single-phase power-factorcorrected rectiers in cascade [11][13]. The main advantage of this conguration is that a well-known single-phase powerfactor=correction (PFC) technique can be used in three-phase applications. However, this approach suffers from several disadvantages, which include the following: 1) cascading three single-phase PFC circuits requires the use of additional diodes; 2) increased component count; 3) complicated input synchronization logic; and 4) higher dc-link voltage due to boost current shaping. At best, input THD of 10% can be achieved [14]. Another approach is to employ a single boost switch in conjunction with a three-phase diode rectier bridge [15]. This system requires discontinuous operation, resulting in much higher dc-bus voltage and high EMI. Both of the above two methods are suitable for 10-kW output power and, hence, not practical in higher power ranges. In this paper, a robust three-phase clean-power rectier system is proposed [22]. The proposed system combines the unique features of a low-kilovoltampere 12-pulse rectier scheme along with a single-phase boost PFC scheme to shape the input current to a near sinusoidal waveshape ( 1% THD). The proposed rectier system is suitable for clean-power utility interface of power electronic systems in 1500 kW ranges. The single-phase boost PFC stage is rated at 0.05 pu and assists in shaping the input current under varying load conditions. The following sections describe the system in more detail. II. PROPOSED SYSTEM Fig. 1(a) shows the circuit topology of the proposed rectier system. The proposed system (Fig. 1) combines the unique features of an autotransformer-based 12-pulse rectier system and a low-cost single-phase boost-type active current-shaping

02780046/99$10.00 1999 IEEE

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(a)

(b)

(d)

(c)

Fig. 1. Proposed robust three-phase clean-power rectier system. (a) Circuit diagram. (b) Winding conguration of ZSBT. (c) Winding conguration of the AIPT. (d) Implementation of the single-phase boost PFC circuit.

circuitry to achieve clean input power characteristics. An autotransformer is employed to generate 30 phase-shifted voltages to rectier bridges I and II [16]. Fig. 2 shows the vector diagram and winding conguration of the autotransformer. applied to node (Fig. 2), voltages From the line voltage and are generated due to the interconnection of transformer windings. To achieve 30 phase shift between and is necessary. This arrangement results

in low kilovoltamperes, since the autotransformer does not provide isolation. Rectiers I and II are connected in parallel (Fig. 1) via zero-sequence blocking transformers (ZSBTs) [17] and an active interphase transformer (AIPT) [19]. The purpose of the ZSBT is twofold: 1) to offer high impedance to cross conduction paths between the diodes in rectiers I and II and 2) offer low impedance and promote independent operation of rectier bridges I and II in a parallel-connected

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nonisolated 12-pulse rectier system. Further, ZSBTs are symmetrically placed to result in near-equal impedance in the two parallel conduction paths of rectiers I and II. Power electronic converter loads, such as power supplies (dc/dc converters) and variable-frequency inverters (dc/ac converters) can be connected from the center tap of the AIPT to the negative rail [Fig. 1(a)]. Single-phase boost PFC circuitry is connected across the auxiliary winding of the AIPT [Fig. 1(a) and (d)]. The boost converter output is fed back to the dc link. The boost converter is controlled by popular control circuit, such as a Motorola MC34261, to draw a current in phase with the voltage . The auxiliary winding current in the AIPT is then shown to alter the shape of the to a near-sinusoidal current shape. utility input current set to zero (i.e., boost With the auxiliary winding current exhibits 12converter disenabled), the utility input current pulse characteristics, i.e., fth and seventh harmonic currents are cancelled. The kilovoltamperes of the boost converter connected across the AIPT is 0.05 pu of the output power, which is low. III. ANALYSIS In this section, analysis of the proposed system is presented in detail. A. Autotransformer Voltage and Current Relationships Fig. 2 shows the winding conguration and the associated vector diagram of the autotransformer. From Fig. 2, the following equation can be written: (1) (2) where is the line-to-neutral voltage of phase and (3) Also, (4) is the rms of the line-to-line voltage. where From the autotransformer winding conguration and the can be following MMF relationship, the input current expressed as (5) (6) A detailed analysis of the autotransformer can be found in [16]. B. Rectier Output Voltage Analysis As explained in the previous section, the ZSBTs exhibit high impedance to zero-sequence currents and ensure indepen-

(a)

(b) Fig. 2. Reduced kilovoltampere delta-type polyphase autotransformer. (a) Vector diagram. (b) Winding conguration.

dent operation of rectier bridges I and II and 120 conduction for each rectier diode [17]. 1) ZSBT: For the purpose of detailed voltage analysis, an equivalent circuit of the proposed system in Fig. 1(a) is developed and is shown in Fig. 3. The equivalent circuit consists of two positive and negative groups of diodes along with ZSBT and AIPT connections [Fig. 3(a) and (b)]. In the positive group, the cathodes of the diodes and are at a common potential . Therefore, the diode with its anode at the highest potential will conduct the current . The cathodes of the diodes and are at a [Fig. 3(a)]. Therefore, the diode with its common potential , anode at the highest potential will conduct the current and the rest of the diodes are reverse biased. Similarly, in the negative group [Fig. 3(b)], the diodes with their cathodes at the lowest potential will conduct, and the rest of the diodes are reverse biased. Thus, the voltage across the ZSBT depends on the conduction sequence of diodes. Further, the voltage across , is identical to , since they are the ZSBT , magnetically coupled with each other. From the equivalent

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Fig. 4. Switching function

Sa1

for rectier I.

From Figs. 1(a) and 3, we have (11)

(a)

(12) Equation (12) can be simplied as

(13) Substituting (4) in (13), we have

(14) contains only tripplen freIt should be noted that quency components, hence, if properly designed, the ZSBT impedes the ow of tripplen harmonic currents. In other words, the ZSBT ensures independent 6-pulse operation of the two rectier bridges I and II. 2) Voltage Analysis of AIPT and Output Voltage: The and Fourier series representations of the voltages [Fig. 7(d)], i.e., the voltages between and nodes with respect to the neutral, can be expressed as [18]

(b) Fig. 3. Equivalent circuit of the dc-side output. (a) Upper side diodes of rectiers I and II. (b) Lower side diodes of rectiers I and II.

circuit [Fig. 3(b)], we have (7) for for (8)

, and is one period of . where Fig. 7(d) shows the instantaneous waveshapes of voltages and due to the conduction of positive and negative groups of diodes, as shown in Fig. 3. can be expressed in Fourier series as Mathematically, and are given by follows. The node voltage at

(15)

(16)

(9) (17) Now, from the equivalent circuit [Figs. 3(a) and 1(a)], the across the AIPT becomes voltage (18)

(10)

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(a)

(b)

(c)
Ix is injected. (c) Input line current Ia with Ix = 0.

Fig. 5. Computation results by (32) and (33). (a) Shape of the injected current Ix for sinusoidal-shaped input current Ia . (b) Input line current Ia after

Substituting (14) and (17) in (18), we have

C. Input Current Analysis In this section, the input current analysis is discussed. In order to analyze the input utility line current , which can be expressed in terms of the injected current and output current , switching functions are introduced [19]. The switching for phase (Fig. 4) is given by function

(19) Equation (19) can be simplied as (20) across the Fig. 7(e) shows the waveshape of the voltage AIPT. From (15) and (16), the dc output voltage at node with respect to neutral [Fig. 3(a)] is (21) Similarly, the output voltage follows: at node [Fig. 3(b)] is as (22) Therefore, the average dc output load voltage proposed system is of the (23) Substituting (4) in (23), we have (24) The output voltage is about 3.5% higher than a conventional 6-pulse system.

(25) is identical to rectier input current , as shown in Fig. 7(c), except for magnitude. For phase and , the switching functions can also be written as (26) Similarly, the switching functions for rectier II are as follows: (27) Therefore, the input currents through the diode rectiers I and II can be written in terms of the switching functions and the rectier output currents as follows: and (28)

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(a)

(b)

(c)

(d)

(e)

(f)

Fig. 6. Simulation results after Ix is injected. (a) Input line current Ia . (b) Frequency spectrum of Ia . (c) Rectier I input current Ia1 . (d) Triangular-shaped injected current Ix . (e) Rectier I output current Io1 . (f) Rectier II output current Io2 .

The following equation can be written for the AIPT to describe and and the injected the relationship between currents [Fig. 1(c)]: current (29) and are the number of turns on the AIPT where [Fig. 1(c)] . From (6) and (29), we have rectier output as follows: currents in terms of the injected current (30) (31)

Equation (5) can now be modied using (30), (31), and switching functions (28) as

(32)

Equation (32) illustrates the relationship between injected current , output current , and input current . For input current to be sinusoidal, the injected current as a function

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(a)

(b)

(c)

(d)

(e) Fig. 7. Simulation results with Ix = 0. (a) Input line current Ia . (b) Frequency spectrum of Ia . (c) Rectier I input current Ia1 . (d) 0 Vqn ; and the voltage across the ZSBT, VZSBT . (e) voltage across the AIPT, Vm .
V

pn ;

qn ;

pn ;

of the output current

becomes

(33) is replaced by , which is the fundamental where component of . Therefore, (33) describes the exact shape for a given load current to result in a sinusoidalof shaped input current . Fig. 5(a) shows the waveshape of for to be sinusoidal. It is noted [Fig. 5(a)] that exhibits discontinuities at specic intervals. This is due to

the denominator in (33) tending to a low value. Also, from Fig. 5(a), it can be concluded that the waveshape of resembles a triangular wave. Therefore, it is conjectured that, in the AIPT by injecting a triangular waveshape current auxiliary winding, a near-sinusoidal input current can be obtained. Fig. 6 shows the validity of this assumption via is a near-sinusoidal shape simulation. The waveshape of with a triangular current in the AIPT winding. An important result has been derived in this section, i.e., by injecting a triangular wave shape of current in the AIP, a near% THD is obtained. Also, sinusoidal input current from Figs. 6(d) and 7(e), it can be observed that the AIPT [Fig. 7(e)] and the required auxiliary winding voltage

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TABLE I VOLTAMPERE RATINGS OF THE MAGNETICS

injected current [Fig. 6(d)] are both triangular in shape and in phase. Therefore, low-cost single-phase boost PFC circuitry and along with its control IC can satisfy the criteria for to be identical in shape and in phase. The output power from the boost PFC circuit is fed back to the dc link [Fig. 1(d)]. is sensed and utilized in the control of The load current magnitude, such that input current is near sinusoidal, even under varying output load conditions. Thus, the proposed approach is a unique combination of a low-kilovoltampere 12pulse rectier system along with a single-phase boost PFC connected across the AIPT. D. Component Ratings In this section, the kilovoltampere ratings of each component in the proposed system are calculated. 1) Voltampere Rating of the Autotransformer: From rms value Fig. 6(c), the autotransformer winding current can be shown to be (34) and have the same rms The currents given in (34). From the MMF equations of the value as winding conguration of the autotransformer [Fig. 2(b)], the

delta-connected winding current

can be expressed as (35)

Therefore, from Fig. 6(c) and (35), we have (36) The rms voltage of the winding voltage [Fig. 2(a)] is (37) The rms voltage of the delta-connected winding [Fig. 2(a)] is (38) Thus, from (34) to (38), the equivalent voltampere rating of the polyphase autotransformer is given by VA where is the output power . (39)

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(a)

(b)

(c)

(d)

(e) Fig. 8. Experimental results with triangular injected current Ix in AIPT. (a) Input line current Ia (10 A/div). (b) Frequency spectrum of Ia (500 Hz/div). (c) Rectier I input current Ia1 (10 A/div). (d) Rectier I output current Io1 (10 A/div). (e) AIPT auxiliary winding (Nx ) voltage Vx and injected current Ix (2 A/div).

2) Voltampere Ratings of the Boost PFC, ZSBT, and AIPT: In this section, the voltampere ratings of the ZSBT, AIPT, and the boost current-shaping unit are calculated. From (14) and (24), we have the rms voltage across the ZSBT as follows: (40) The rms currents through the ZSBT, as shown in Fig. 6(e) and (f), are given by (41)

Therefore, the voltampere rating of the ZSBT can be calculated as follows:

VA

(42)

From (20), the rms voltage of the AIPT,

, is given by (43)

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(a)

(b)

(c)

(d)

Fig. 9. Experimental results without the injected current Ix . (a) Input line current Ia (10 A/div). (b) Frequency spectrum of Ia (100 Hz/div). (c) Rectier I input current Ia1 (10 A/div). (d) Rectier I output current Io1 (10 A/div).

The voltage across the auxiliary winding in the AIPT, given by

, is

(44) Fig. 6(d) shows the triangular current ; its rms is as follows: (45) Therefore, the voltampere rating of the boost PFC that prois as follows: duces VA (46)

Equation (46) shows that the voltampere rating of the boost PFC is a small percentage of the output power. Also, the voltampere ratings of the autotransformer, ZSBT, and AIPT are a fraction of the output power. Therefore, the proposed system shown in Fig. 1 results in high performance with reduced kilovoltampere components and offers clean-power utility interface. 3) Design Example and Hardware Implementation: In this section, a design example of the proposed system is detailed. Assuming that output power is 30 kW and three-phase is 240 V, the output voltage of the line-to-line voltage proposed rectier system can be calculated from (24) as V The output current is given by A (49) (48)

By substituting (41), (43), (44) and (45) into (47), the voltampere rating of the AIPT is VA (47)

The kilovoltampere ratings of the components for the above specications can be calculated from the procedure outlined and are listed in Table I.

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a) Hardware implementation: Fig. 1(d) shows the boost PFC implementation for realizing the active current source to be in phase with , a condition set forth in (33) for clean input power. The load current is sensed and fed back to the boost PFC circuit. Motorola boost PFC MC34261 has been employed in the test setup. IV. SIMULATION The proposed system shown in Fig. 1 has been simulated on the PSIM simulation program, and the results are presented in Figs. 6 and 7. A triangular injection current into the auxiliary winding of the AIPT is shown in Fig. 6(d). to a triangular waveshape Simplifying the injected current yields a near-sinusoidal input current , as shown in Fig. 6(a), [Fig. 6(b)] and the frequency spectrum of the input current demonstrates near-sinusoidal operation in the utility input line currents. Fig. 6(c) shows the respective rectier input current . Simulation results are shown in Fig. 7, when the boost in the auxiliary PFC circuit fails to inject the active current winding of the AIPT. Fig. 7(a) demonstrates a 12-pulse operation with the fth and seven harmonic cancellations in the . The dc output voltage utility input line currents when to the load is not interrupted. Therefore, the proposed system is very rugged and, in the event the active control were to fail, the system reverts to 12-pulse operation. These results demonstrate the superior characteristics of the proposed system. V. EXPERIMENTAL RESULTS The 208-V 10-kVA system shown in Fig. 1 has been conand is connected to supply structed in the laboratory a bank of dc-link capacitors. A resistive load bank is then used to load the dc link and to simulate switch-mode power supplies (SMPS) and adjustable-speed drive loads. The results are presented in this section. Fig. 8(a)(e) shows the system operation in active mode is injected into the AIPT at which the triangular current to draw near-sinusoidal input line current . Fig. 8(c) and and output current for (d) shows diode input current rectier I. For rectier II, input and output currents are identical to and , except for a 30 phase shift. It is clear that the two rectier output currents are modulated by the action of injected current [Fig. 8(e)]. Fig. 8(a) shows the resulting input line current . The utility input current THD is measured to be 3%. Fig. 9(a)(d) shows the proposed system in fault mode, at is not injected, resulting in 12which the injected current pulse operation in the input line current. Fig. 9(a) shows the with , and Fig. 9(b) illustrates the input line current frequency spectrum of . VI. CONCLUSION In this paper, a robust three-phase active PFC and harmonic reduction scheme has been proposed. The proposed system consists of fewer components with lower kilovoltampere magnetics. It has been shown that by injecting a lowactive current source into the kilovoltampere AIPT, near-sinusoidal input currents with 1% THD can be obtained. Further, the active pulsewidth modulation (PWM)

inverter unit is not directly exposed to line transients. In the event the active PWM control were to fail, the proposed system reverts to 12-pulse operation with fth and seventh harmonics cancellation in the input utility line current. The resultant system exhibits clean-power characteristics suitable for utility interface of high-power ac motor drives and switchmode power supplies. A detailed analysis of the proposed scheme, along with design equations, have been presented. Experimental results from a 208-V 10-kVA rectier system have demonstrated the superiority of the proposed system.

REFERENCES
[1] IEEE Recommended Practices and Requirements for Harmonic Control in Electric Power Systems, IEEE Std. 519-1992. [2] Limits for Harmonic Current Emissions, IEC 1000-3-2, 1995. [3] Limitation of Voltage Fluctuations and Flicker in Low-Voltage Supply Systems for Equipment with Rated Current 16 A, IEC 1000-3-3, 1994. [4] B. R. Pelly, Thyristor Phase-Controlled Converters and Cycloconverters. New York: Wiley, 1971. [5] G. Seguier, Power Electronic Converters AC/DC Conversions. New York: McGraw-Hill, 1986. [6] S. Miyairi, S. Iida, K. Nakata, and S. Masukawa, New method for reducing harmonics involved in input and output of rectier with interphase reactor, IEEE Trans. Ind. Applicat., vol. IA-22, pp. 790797, Sept./Oct. 1986. [7] J. Schaefer, Rectier Circuits, Theory and Design. New York: Wiley, 1965. [8] G. Oliver, G.-E. April, E. Ngandui, and C. Guimaraes, Novel transformer connection to improve current sharing on high current DC rectiers, IEEE Trans. Ind. Applicat., vol. 31, pp. 127133, Jan./Feb. 1995. [9] D. A. Paice, Power Electronic Converter Harmonics Calculations and Multi-Pulse Methods. Palm Harbors, FL: Paice and Associates, 1995. [10] P. W. Hammond, A new approach to enhance power quality for medium voltage drives, in Conf. Rec. IEEE PCIC, Denver, CO, Sept. 1995, pp. 1113. [11] M. J. Kocher and R. L. Steigerwald, An AC to DC converter with high quality input waveforms, IEEE Trans. Ind. Applicat., vol. IA-19, pp. 586599, July/Aug. 1983. [12] W. P. Marple, Low distortion three-phase power regulator, IBM Tech. Disclosure Bull., vol. 22, no. 3, pp. 970971, Aug. 1979. [13] D. Gauger, T. Froeschle, L. Illingworth, and E. Rhyne, A three-phase off line switching power supply with unity power factor and low TIF, in Conf. Rec. IEEE INTELEC, 1986, pp. 115121. [14] H. Mao, F. C. Lee, D. Boroyevich, and S. Hiti, Review of highperformance three-phase power factor correction circuits, IEEE Trans. Ind. Electron., vol. 44, pp. 437446, Aug. 1997. [15] A. R. Prasad, P. D. Ziogas, and S. Manias, An active power factor correction technique for three-phase diode rectiers, IEEE Trans. Power Electron., vol. 6, pp. 8392, Jan. 1991. [16] S. Choi, A. Jouanne, P. Enjeti, and I. Pitel, New polyphase transformer arrangements with reduced kVA capacities for harmonic current reduction in rectier type utility interface, in Conf. Rec. IEEE PESC95, Atlanta, GA, June 1995, pp. 353359. [17] S. Choi, B. S. Lee, and P. Enjeti, New 24-pulse diode rectier systems for utility interface of high-power AC motor drives, IEEE Trans. Ind. Applicat., vol. 33, pp. 531541, Mar./Apr. 1997. [18] M. H. Rashid, Power Electronics-Circuit, Devices and Applications. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall, 1988. [19] S. Choi, P. Enjeti, H. Lee, and I. Pitel, A new active interphase reactor for 12-pulse rectiers provides clean power utility interface, in Conf. Rec. IEEE-IAS Annu. Meeting, Lake Buena Vista, FL, Oct. 1995, pp. 24682474. [20] J. W. Kolar, H. Ertl, and F. C. Zach, Space vector-based analytical analysis of the input current distortion of a three-phase discontinuous mode boost rectier system, in Conf. Rec. IEEE PESC93, 1993, pp. 696703. [21] Q. Huang and F. C. Lee, Harmonic reduction in single-switch, threephase boost rectier with high order harmonic injected PWM, in Conf. Rec. VPEC Seminar, Blacksburg, VA, Sept. 1995, pp. 6975. [22] Texas A&M University, Active interphase reactor for 12-pulse rectiers, U.S. Patent pending.

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Bang Sup Lee (S95M98) was born in Daejeon, Korea. He received the B.S. degree from Chungnam National University, Daejeon, Korea, in 1987, the M.S. degree from Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea, in 1989, and the Ph.D. degree from Texas A&M University, College Station, in 1998, all in electrical engineering. From 1989 to 1994, he was a Design Engineer with the Research and Development Center, Daewoo Heavy Industries, Incheon, Korea. Since 1998, he has been with Texas Instruments Incorporated, Dallas, TX, where he is currently a Systems Engineer. His work has included the design of active power-factor-correction and high-efciency dc/dc converters, development of PWM inverters, and analysis of distributed power electronic systems. His research interests include power-factor-correction circuits, power quality issues, distributed power systems, new converter topologies for power supplies, and motor drives. Dr. Lee was the recipient of the IEEE Industry Applications Society Third Prize Paper Award in 1996.

Jaehong Hahn (S98) was born in Jindo, Korea. He received the B.S. degree from Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea, in 1989. He is currently working towards the Ph.D. degree in power electronics at Texas A&M University, College Station. From 1989 to 1994, he was a Design Engineer with the Research and Development Center, Daewoo Heavy Industries, Incheon, Korea. His interests are in power electronics applications to power quality and clean-power converters.

Ira J. Pitel (M73SM82F99) received the B.S. degree from RutgersThe State University of New Jersey, New Brunswick, the M.S. degree from Bucknell University, Lewisburg, PA, and the Ph.D. degree from Carnegie-Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA, in 1972, 1975, and 1978, respectively. From 1973 to 1976, he was with GTE Sylvania, researching high-frequency ballasting techniques for gaseous discharge lighting. He joined Bell Laboratories in 1978 and Exxon Enterprises in 1979. At Exxon, he was involved in high-power converter structures for ac motor drives, power processing for advanced battery systems, and controlled lighting. He was eventually transferred to one of Exxons subsidiaries, Cornell-Dubilier Electronics, where he was Manager of Research and Development. In 1981, he founded Magna-Power Electronics, Boonton, NJ, a company specializing in custom and standard power conditioning products. As President of the company, he is responsible for contract R&D and manufacturing of its line of 10750-kW dc power supplies. In 1986, he joined Texas A&M University as an Adjunct Associate Professor. His research interests are high-power ac-to-dc converters, static inverters, spacecraft power supplies, and specialty lighting controls. He holds 21 patents in the eld of power electronics. Dr. Pitel is a co-recipient of the 1995 Society Prize Paper Award of the IEEE Industry Applications Society (IAS). He served as Committee Chairman of the IAS Industrial Power Converter Committee in 19881989, Department Chairman of the IAS Industrial Power Conversion Systems Department in 19941995, and IAS Vice-President and President in 1998 and 1999, respectively. He is a member of Eta Kappa Nu and Tau Beta Pi.

Prasad N. Enjeti (S86M88SM95) received the B.E. degree from Osmania University, Hyderabad, India, in 1980, the M.Tech. degree from Indian Institute of Technology, Kanpur, India, in 1982, and the Ph.D. degree from Concordia University, Montreal, P.Q., Canada, in 1988, all in electrical engineering. In 1988, he joined the Department of Electrical Engineering, Texas A&M University, College Station, as an Assistant Professor. In 1994, he became an Associate Professor and, in 1998, he became a Professor. His primary research interests are advanced converters for power supplies and motor drives, power quality issues and active power lter development, utility interface issues and clean-power converter designs, and electronic ballasts for uorescent, HID lamps. He holds one U.S. patent and has licensed two new technologies to industry. He is the lead developer of the Power Quality Laboratory at Texas A&M University and is actively involved in many projects with industry, while engaged in teaching, research, and consulting in the areas of power electronics, power quality, and clean-power utility interface issues. Prof. Enjeti currently serves on the Executive Board of the IEEE Industry Applications Society (IAS) as a Member of the Electronics Communications Committee. He was the recipient of the IAS Technical Committee Prize Paper Award in 1993, 1996, and 1998, the Second Prize Paper Award from the IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON INDUSTRY APPLICATIONS for papers published from mid-year 1994 to mid-year 1995, and the IEEE Industry Applications Magazine Prize Article Award for 1996. He is a Registered Professional Engineer in the State of Texas.