alpha nauts, hindi pa yan tapos, pero mahaba na kase kaya ok na rin cguro toh,, ~_~kapagod, nung oras

na oh,!? tsk tsk tsk... kakawindang din kea maghanap neto kayapakinabangan nyo na,, A Cargo hold is an enclosed structure in a ship whose main purpose is to store cargoes in the ship. A ballast tank is a compartment within a boat or ship that holds water. A vessel may have a singleballast tank near its center or multiple ballast tanks typically on either side. A large vessel typicallywill have several ballast tanks including double bottom tanks, wing tanks as well as forepeak andaftpeak tanks. Adding ballast to a vessel lowers its center of gravity, and increases the draft of thevessel. Increase draft may be required for proper propeller immersion. A ballast tank can be filled or emptied in order to adjust the amount of ballast force. Ships designedfor carrying large amounts of cargo must take on ballast water for proper stability when travellingwith light loads and discharge water when heavily laden with cargo. Small sailboats designed to belight weight for being pulled behind automobiles on trailers are often designed with ballast tanksthat can be emptied when the boat is removed from the water.In submarines ballast tanks are used to allow the vessel to submerge, water being taken in to alterthe vessel's buoyancy and allow the submarine to dive. When the submarine surfaces, water isblown out from the tanks using compressed air, and the vessel becomes positively buoyant again,allowing it to rise to the surface. A submarine may have several types of ballast tank: the mainballast tanks, which are the main tanks used for diving and surfacing, and trimming tanks, which areused to adjust the submarine's attitude (its 'trim') both on the the top of acargo hold. The mechanical devices which allow hatches to be opened and closed are called hatchcovers. In general, hatch covers are between 45% and 60% of the ship's breadth, or beam, and57% to 67% of the length of the holds. To efficiently load and unload cargo, hatches must be large,but large hatches present structural problems. Hull stress is concentrated around the edges of thehatches, and these areas must be reinforced. Often, hatch areas are reinforced by locally increasingthe scantlings or by adding structural members called stiffeners. Both of these options have theundesired effect of adding weight to the ship. General Guidance : Preparation for Survey 1. Tanks and spaces are to be safe for access, i.e. gas freed, ventilated and illuminated.2. In preparation for survey, thickness measurements and to allow for a thorough examination, allspaces are to be cleaned including removal from surfaces of all loose accumulated corrosion scale.Spaces are to be sufficiently clean and free from water, scale, dirt, oil residues etc. to revealcorrosion, deformation, fractures, damages or other structural deterioration. However, those areasof structure whose renewal has already been decided by the owner need only be cleaned and de-scaled to the extent necessary to determine the limits of renewed areas.3. Sufficient illumination is to be provided to reveal corrosion, deformation, fractures, damages orother structural deterioration.