EDUCATIONAL AND EMPLOYMENT STATUS OF DALIT FAMILIES IN BOOTHIPURAM VILLAGE PANCHAYAT-A STUDY

CHAPTER-I

INTRODUCTION: The Scheduled Castes who accounted for 16.2 per cent (16.6 crores) of the population of India in 2001. Have long suffered from extreme social and economical back wardness with a few exceptions, all of them have also been for centuries victims of untouchability. Though the need to improve their conditions has been recognized for some time past, and there were several strong attempts in this direction, serious and organized efforts on a national level were made only after independence, since the numerous measures have been devised with a view to ameliorating and improving their conditions. Scheduled Castes as Backward Class and Minority The Scheduled Castes constitute a very important minority group besides members of the backward class. The term minorities has not been defined anywhere in the constitution and by construction of the working of the constitutional provisions, it would be seen that the Scheduled Castes are not a minority. However, in popular sense, any group that is numerically less than 50 per cent of the population could be taken as a minority group 1.

Who are the Scheduled Castes The term Scheduled Castes refer to a list of Castes prepared in 1935 by the British; Government in India. But during the ancient period and medieval period they were known as pancharmas (fifth group), chandalas (heathens or out Castes) and Antyayas ( lowest class ) and during the British period they came to be called first as Depressed Classed (dalit jatis) or exterior Castes (avains), later as Harijans ( children of god ) and finally as scheduled castes (castes listed in the Government Schedule ) Scheduled Casted came into vogue to denote this category of Indian population. Even after independence, the Government of India has continued to accord a separate place to this category for Constitutional protection and development allocations. While temporary untouchability obtained in the life cycle crises of all Castes, the Scheduled Casters were born in pollution and they lived and died in pollution, they were denied access to temples, wells and schools although, outside the patella of the varna scheme the Scheduled Castes constituted a vital segment of the population in that they performed most of the manual and unskilled, particularly the ritually unclean2. Significant Existential Features of Dilate plight In order to understand the scenario in respect of un touch ability and atrocities, it is also necessary to briefly consider significant features of dilate existence today rooted in the history of the emergence of agricultural labor Castes in India. The most significant aspects of dilate existence is that, most of the numerically large dilate castes of each region of India and in each of its regions are agricultural labor castes. Now wonders then, that about two thirds of the boned laborers of India are from

dilate castes most of the remaining one-third or nearly one-fifty of the total being from the sah-dalit Tribes. Significant feature of dilate existence. The third socio-economic feature of dalit existence of dalit existence today is their poor share in Indias agricultural landholding and still poorer share in the irrigated land holding. A fourth feature is that dalits, mainly their women folk and girl children 9 the latter of whom ought to be in full-time formal educational institutions ) have been left to enjou a near monopoly of civic sanitation work or safai work, or safai work, usually referred to as scavenging practically in all parts of India. Another occupation left by force almost entirely to the dalits in most parts of India, is leather work, consisting of flaying and country tanning and manufacture of footwear in the unorganized sectors. The fifth important feature of dalit existence today, with its roots in the depths of Indias history corresponding to the above two features which, like the other they are phenomena of all-India occurrence, various other despised and / or arduous forms of labor at different regional levels are forced on the dalits. For example, in some regional levels are forced on the dalits. For example, in some regions of India, dalit women are forced to function as traditional dais and attend on cases of childbirth in other communities as a matter of social obligation. A six feature is the continued sever educational lag of the dalits, expressed of the entry point of the educational ladder, as low literacy rate n comparison with the rate for the non-dalit, non-ST population. The disparity increases as one gores up the educational ladder.
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A seventh feature is the residential segregation of dalits in localities known in different parts of the country by different names, some of which pejorative in keeping with one of the distinct characteristic of Indian languages. They are typically at a lower level than non-dalit localities, more distant from the village road, distant enough (sometimes symbolically but all the same significantly by no more than an intervening lane), to indicate humiliating segregation, but near enough for dalit labor to be at the beak and call of land owners of dominant upper of dominant upper or middle Castes of the village or region. Constitution safeguards The constitution has made a number of provisions both in the fundamental rights and directive principles to reduce, if not eradicate inequality, injustice and discrimination experienced by oppressed social groups. These protective measure aim at bring

Scheduled Castes, Scheduled Tribes and other Backward Class at par with the traditionally dominant sections of society so as to build an egalitarian social order. Moving the resolution for setting up of the Advisory Committee, Godbind Ballah pant laid particular emphasis on the importance of the positive actions on the part of state for the deprived groups. We find that in our country we have to take particular care of the deprived classes, the Scheduled Casts and the Backward Class. We have to atone for our omissions. I would not use the word commission, we must do all we can to bring them up to general level, and it is a real necessity as much in our interest as in there that the gap should be

bridged. The strength of the chain is measured by the weakest link of it and so until every link is fully revitalized, we will not have a healthy body politic. The term Dalit is a very broad one. It includes all oppressed groups Scheduled Castes, Scheduled Tribes and other Backward Classes. According to the followers of Dr. Ambedkar the term Dalit implies; those who have been broken, ground down by those above then in a deliberate and active way. There is in the word itself an inherent denial of pollution, karma and justified caste hierarchy. According to professor Gandgadhar pentane: Dalit is not caste, dalit is a symbol of change and revolution. The Dalit believes in humanism. He rejects existence of God, rebirth soul, scared books that each

discrimination, faith and heaven, because these have make him a slave, the represents the exploited man in his country. A vast majority of Dalit, 84 per cent, live in rural areas. They are agricultural laborers, sharecroppers, and small and marginal farmers. They constitute a large

proportion of bounded laborers and above who live below the poverty line studies show that infant and under five mortality rates among the rural Scheduled Castes is 1.2 times more than the general population, many economic and health problem of Scheduled Casted are more or less similar to those of health problems of the Scheduled Casted are more or less similar to those of the poor. However, un touch ability is the central problem of Scheduled Castes. The Indian constitution has made several provisions under various articles to categories the practice of untouchably. Article 17 deals with specifically the issue of
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untouchably as an offence. It declares; untouchability is abolished and its practice in any form is forbidden. The enforcement of any disability arising out of untouchably shall be an offence punishable with law. Despite these provisions and various acts, including the latest Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes (prevention of Atrocities Act 1989), untouchability continues though its forms have changed. The state has introduced a number of programs for improving their condition. But the contract labor act, minimum wages Act are more often than not violated. Bonded and child labor continue, poverty persists, atrocities against the poor and oppressed increased. The SCs, STS, and other oppressed sections of society are increasingly getting marginalized. But they are not meek and dumb. They struggle to assert themselves demand justice and human rights for selfdingnity.

1. Abolition of untouchability and practice of it any form is forbidden (Act.17) 2. Promotion of their educational and economical interests and protection from the social injustice and forms for exploitation.

3. Law throwing open all Hindu places of public nature to all classes and section of Hindus(Act 25 b) 4. Removal of any disability / Liability / restriction/ condition with regard to access to shops,public hotels and places for public resort maintained fully or in part by state funds ( Act 15 (2))

5. Educational institutions maintained by the state or receiving state grants cannot deny admission to Scheduled Castes Act 26(2)

6. States can also make reservations for Backward Classes in public service and also, in case of adequate representation states can consider claims Schedule, Caste and Scheduled Tribes in making appointments to public service (Act 16 & 335). 7. Special representation in Lok Sabha and State Legislative Assemblies in Scheduled castes andScheduled Tribes(Act 330,332 and 334)

In pursuance of Constitution provisions protecting SCs and STs under Act 338 of the constitution, a special officer in the cadre of secretary to Government of India, positioned in the cabined Secretarial was appointed to take action against defaulting government personnel violating the safeguards provided under the constitute. The

commission for SC and STs was renamed National Commission for SCs and STs and will functions as an advisory body on broad issues of policies and levels of development of the SCs and STs with a view to bringing them up to get integrated into the national life on equal footing with others.

Protective discrimination In the constituent assembly, Ambedkar played a crucial role in framing the fundamental rights of the constitution. His comprehensive laws in such a manner so as to protect the rights were conceptualized in such a manner that they would bring equality, as

well as special privileged to these communities. Reservation in jobs was known as a protective discrimination system, which not only protected them from the upper caste attack but also allowed them to compete with others without feeling discriminated. Schedule Castes in Tamil Nadu Out of the total population of 624.05 lakhs, Scheduled Castes constitute 118.57 lakhs and Tribal population of 6.49 lakhs according to 2001 census. Therefore about 20.04 per cent of the total population in Tamil Nadu is belonging to Scheduled Castes. Scheduled Tribes, About 70 percent of the SCs and 85 per cent STs are living in the rural areas, In the whole country, Tamil Nadu is the sixth state having the highest percentage population of Scheduled Castes. The majority of the Scheduled

Caste/Scheduled Tribe population are economically deprived and socially marginalized. Most of the families lack resources and their access to education, employment and other income-earning opportunities are limited. The literacy level of the Scheduled Casted is only 464.74 per cent and that of scheduled Tribe is only 46.74 per cent and that of scheduled Tribe is 27.89 per cent which is much lower, compared to the state overall literacy level of 63.72 per cent4. The present study analyses educational and employment status of Scheduled caste people of Boothipuram village panchayat, Usilampatti Block, Madurarai district with reference to this socio-economic conditions and the impacts of the policy of prote4active discrimination on the changing social status of scheduled Caste and various government measures for improvement of educational and employment aspect of Scheduled Castes.

REVIEW OF LITERATURE

CHAPTER II REVIEW OF LITERATURE

Scheduled castes live in utter poverty, squalor, decease, unemployment, under employment and so on and so forth. Why they are economically and educationally backward even after fifty years of development Administration? Is sit due to the fault of the administrative structure and the implementing agencies? Is it because of their lack of awareness of the schemes/These are some of the questions the battle a researcher, keeping the above question in mind the present researcher has perused the existing literature of Scheduled caste development, economists, Sociologists, Political scientist, scholars of Public administration, development of Scheduled Castes. Socio- Economical condition. The 1981 census indicate that 84 per cent of SCs reside in rural areas, against the all India figure of 76.3 per cent. As many as 48.2 per cent of those employed are agricultural workers, as against an all India average of 24.2 per cent. In fact, 33 per cent of all agricultural workers are SCs the next largest category among SCs is that share of sharecroppers and small peasants (28.2 per cent against an all India share of 41.5 per cent). SCs from only 11.3 per cent of all farming households. Of these, 68.8 per cent have land below 1:1 hectare and 85 per cent below 2 hectares. In about 70 per cent of SC rural households were landless and near landless (owning less then acre), only 16 per cent were self-employed cultivators (compared to 41 per cent for other), and another 12 per cent were in business. Together close to one-third of rural households has acquired access to land and non-land capital assets. IN urban
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areas also only 23 per cent of households were engaged in petty business compared with 34.5 per cent for other households. Due inadequate access to capital assets. An

exceptionally high proportion of them continue to depend on wage labor-61 per cent (wage and salaried) in urban areas. Wage labor as a traditional occupation thus,

continues to constitute a main occupation of the SC (throat 1999) The Schedule Casters belong to the poorest sections of Indian society. Not only are they economically poor but they have also been subjected to several social, economic and religious disabilities by the ritually superior culture. (Uplaonkar 1989) The socio-cultural atmosphere in which caste Hindus live even though poor would be still superior to scheduled Caste children of similar economic lever 4 (Das and Singha 1975) Muthumary states that about 75 per cents of the SC community live below poverty line. It is also suggested that today about two thirds of dalits population is illiterate and about half are landless agriculture labors. Only 7 per cent have to safe drinking water, electricity and toilets. According to study of Ray (2000), 48.50 per cent of rural SC/ST households and 56.30 per cent of Urban households lived below the poverty line compared to 33.38 per cent of total rural households below poverty line and 34.80 per cent of total urban households respectively in 1993-94,

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Educational status of their Scheduled Casted According to Geetha Nambissan, incentives for the education of Dalit children are inadequate in terms of both value and coverage especially at the elementary level where the bulk of children dropout with in the first two years of schooling (Namissan 1996:1021) Vishanthan and Narshima Reddy (1998) conducted a study on the determinants of educational achievement among the SC students the study is based on education, occupation and income of the parent. It was found that there is a close association between the social class position of the parents and educational achievements of their children. Most of the top achievers come from the families of higher socio-economic states, and vast majorities of under achievers are from poor families among the SCs. The study concluded that 18 Percent of SC populations have given their socio-economic background. The primary responsibility to bring about structural changes in society lies with the state and central government. The traditional approaches to transform their life have not yielded intended results, and immediate requirements such as food, cloth; and shelter have not been property enjoyed by the SCs. Indian official policy is education to all there is a glaring disparity in the achievement among the special categories. This literacy rate among women is 39.4 per cent (it is 63.97 for men); the literacy rates for SC and ST low and they are further lower in case of their women folk. The enrolment rates in classes one to five, six to eight and to eleven reveal an extremely low level of education of the literate population as a whole.

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Majority of the children (58.41 per cent ) are illiterates in the income group not exceeding Rs 150 in the income category of Rs151-250. Majority of the children are literate ( 53.42 per cent ). Similarly, in the income category of Rs 251 and above also majority of the children are literate 954.61 per cent). However, another observation worth nothing is that in the II and III categories of income where of the children are literate, illterac6y is still quite pronounced. As far as higher levels of education are concerned, the percentage is very low although it increase from 4.09 per cent in the I category of income to 7.09 per cent in the III category of Income. Chouwdari reports a similar situation in west Bengal, He says the majority of non-school attending children in West Bengal, especially in their rural areas, belong to Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes. Sachidananda reports as similar situation. He says Education has created a gulf between educated Harijan Chikdren and their unlettered fathers. This led to problems of adjustment between father and son. Another levels of adjustment is between an educated husbands and an undedicated wife.13

According to 1991 census, India has literacy; rate of only 52 per cent. But among the SCs only 37 per cent are literate. After fifty years of Independence, all the children of school going age do not enroll in schools and all those who entail do not pursue studies for more than two year or three years. Every second enrolled child from the Dalits drops out before completing primary education till Vth standard; and is forced to sell his /her labor. The obvious reasons for non-attendance and high dropout rate and are poverty,
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inadequate schooling facility and social discrimination.

Though the state provides

scholarships, their quantum is small covering a small fraction of the SC population.

The states of communities as untouchables in the Hindu caste system was the most serious impediment to their education, while stringent social taboos conscribed their behavior, sever strictures were laid down to prevent their access to knowledge. It is said of some communities that they were prohibited from waling on the roads in delight because even their shadow was considered pooling (Ghurye, 1957, 166-167).

Employment status of the Scheduled Castes:

Saraswathi (1974) conducted a study of minorities in Madras state. She provides an account of problems faced by the SCs and how the Government has come forward to help them education and economic development. She found that most of the SCs were illiterate, and are engaged in traditional occupations.

Prasad (1987) made a study of socioeconomic condition of the SCs and STs in India. He found that 50 per cent of SC workers are agricultural laborers, 320 per cent cultivator, mostly they are small and marginal farmers, Sharecrops, tenants, leather workers, etc., in rural areas whereas in urban areas the larger proportion au are Rickshaw pullets, Cart pa pullets other unorganized wage laborers and civic sanitation workers.

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They are among the poorest who live below the poverty line. It was notice that two thirds of all bonded laborer were from the SCs only. The study conducted any K.C. Alexander in Kuttanand suggested that among the Hindu population, Brahmins, families are few. Nairs are primarily farmers, but

occasionally one may come across impoverished Nair working as laborers. Among the Hindu castes, Ezhavas and Pulayas are the numerically importent groups. Azhavas are a Backward caste. While Pulayas constituting about 128 per cent of the population are Harijans. The study by the same authors in Tamil Nadu broadly categorized various caste group on the basis of their co occupational status. The categories in excluding orders of important are as follows; 1. 2. 3. 4. Land Lord (Mirasdars) Owner cultivators (Scgupadiadhars) Tenant cultivators (Kuthakaidhars)and Free and tied agricultural laborers ((Vivasaya thozilalies and Pannaiyals.

An analysis of the occupations among Scheduled Castes suggests that some occupations like leather work, scavenging etc., were considered degrading. This has been a considerable involvement in modern occupation like Horticulture (50 per cent) settled cultivation (31.92 per cent 0 and terrace cultivation (1.64 per cent). However, there also has been a sharp rise in animal husbandry (32.84 per cent ) and wage labor (43.62 percents ) there is increased involvement in activities like business (79.82 per cent ) trade (64.84 per cents ) and small scale industry, which is reported from 23
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communities, there is a phenomenal rise in white collar employees (399 communities ) and in private services (234) and self-employment (443). There has been a perceptible decline of crafts like dying (11.12 per cents) weaving (9.28 per cent salt making (33.34 weapon making (33.55 per cent and metal woe ked 10 per cent ). Specialized categories prating the traditional occupations mentioned above have also suffered. However, a category of skilled laborer has emerged, registering an increase of 84.04 per cnet. There is increased involvement in wood work (51.52 per cents). That education has made on impact and promoted mobility is evident from the fact that a class of public servants (250 communities ) teachers (364) administrators 9155) and entrepreneurs/businessmen (286) has emerged among tem., political leadership has emerged at the village (39.4 per cent ), regional (18.5 per cent ) and national 4.5 per cent level. Education, the adaptation of modern occupations and the emergent leadership among the Scheduled castes, has forged modern occupations and the emergent leadership among the Scheduled castes, has forged modern inter community linkages across

communities Scheduled Caste or otherwise. All this has brought about a units among the Scheduled castes to a certain measure which did not exist eatrlier.

Impact of the policy of protective discrimination: Prem Prakash (1993) analyzed the role of Dr.Ambedkar in modernizing the SCs, As chairman of the Constitution drafting committee he devised ways; and means for improving the conditions of SCs. He himself personally experienced that SC would become a strong pressure group and attain bargaining position in politics. The study

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concluded that Dr.Amedkar played major role for raising the political position of SCs in all respects. As a result of it SC community formed caste based political organization. Sebastian (1994) made an attempt to analyze the various projects and programs undertaken by the government for uplift the SCs both economically and socially. The study primarily focused on the impact of the five year plans on SCs and STs, the achievements claimed were properly evaluated. A sample of the respondents of 250; chosen from all over Tamil Nadu for the study. Their study revealed that supply of Milk animals to SCs which generates addition income. The assistance given to start petty trade, small scale industries and cottage, house site were provided and free hoppers were built by the government. Bhargave (1997) has undertaken a study of the provisions for protective discrimination. The study mainly focused on the impact of reservation policy on SC/ST people in India. The study revealed that most of the SCs are not availing of reservation facilities ion services like A Group, B and group C or some reasons. Among SCs a few members have enjoyed the benefits. The study concluded that making reservation for SCs and STs increasing the quota is not the only solution. He has suggested an alternative model to make the policy of reservation scientific. Despite much hype and hallo a vast number of Indian masses continue to live undignified and uncongenial life. Most of the fundamental rights and fundamental

freedoms enshrined in the Indian Constitution have remained paper aspirations, which compel many to rethink about Indians commitment and seriousness to the issues (Alam 2000: 12)

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In the organized sector, Scheduled Caste are employed in Government and public sector undertaking, Government is regard not just as one more employer, but as the one that affords a degree of security, prestige and authority; not obtainable elsewhere Gallant (1984-85). The present study analyses educational and employment status of Scheduled Caste people of Scheduled Caste people of Boothipuram village panchayat, Usilampatti Block, Madurai District with reference to this socio-economic conditions and the impact of the policy of protective discrimination on the changing social status of Scheduled Caste and various government measures for improvement of educational and employment aspects of Scheduled Castes.

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REFERENCES: 1. Harsh ManderDalit status and agenda for state intervention. The Administrator Vol.NO.1Jan-March, 1997. Sukhadeeo Thorat On reservation policy for private sector Economic and political weekly, June 19-25, 2004. Vol. XXXIX,No.24. Uplaonkar A.K., Protective discrimination and the equality of opportunity Social Change, Vol. 19,No.3 September 1989. Ibid jimmy Dabhi Dalit human rights: issues and perspective Social Action Vol.54No.1Jand-March 2004. Vijayanthi K.N. Power to the women Social Action Vol54.NO.1 Jan-March 2004. prakash Lousis Literacy, education and the development section in Bihar: issue and perspective Social Change September-December 2002. Desetty R.K. Slum school dropouts Social Welfare, Vol-45,NO.3 June 1998. Viswanthan and Narasima rddy Educational achievements among the SC students Economic and political weekly. Vol.XXXIV,No.26, 1998. Dwarakanath G.D Strategies to improve primary education in rural India Social Welfare. Vol-48, No.4 Janauary 2000. Mumtaz alikhan, Scheduled Castes and their status in India, New Delhi: uppal publishing house. Saraj kanti chaudhrui, Educational progress in rural Bengal Economic and political weekly, Vol.V,NO.6 Februrary 7 1970. Sahidananda Education and changes in social values, Man In India, Vol.48 No.1 Jan-March 1968.P82. Ghanshyam shaw, Dalits and the state, New Delhi: Concept publishing company, 2002. Ghurye. G.S, Caste class in India, Bombay: Popular Book Depot, 1957. Saraswathi Minority in madras statem, New Delhi, Sitaram publishers 1974.

2.

3.

4. 5.

6.

7.

8. 9.

10.

11.

12.

13.

14.

15. 16.

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17.

Prasad L.M. Development of SCs and STs administration. Vol.XXII,No.17.1987.

in India

The journal public

18.

Alexander K.C. Emerging Farmer labor relation in kuttand Economic and political weekly, August 1973.P.1552. Singh K.S, the Scheduled Castes Delhi: Oxford university press-1999. Prem prakhas Ambedkar policies and Scheduled Cates, New Delhi: Ashish publishing house 1993. Sebastian Liberating the caged Dalit panther Madras: Emerald publication, 1994. Bhargawa Protective discrimination and reservation policy The Journal of public Administration Vol.XXI.No.3. 1997. Micheal S.M. Dalits in modern India New Delhi: Vistaar publications, 1999.

19. 20.

21.

22.

23.

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METHODOLOGY

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CHAPTER-III METHODOLOGY In this chapter the research problem of present study and the methodology of the study, selection of respondents, scope and limitation of the study have been presented.

3.1.Title of the Study The topic chosen for the study is Educational and Employment status of Dalit Families in Boothipuram Village Panchayat -A study.

3.2 Statement of the Problem Lack of adequate and quality education coupled with lack of influence, finance and other assets, other assets, opportunities for employment do not come easily to Dalits. A large number of Dalits find themselves unorganized at workplace at the rural as well as urban area, be it agriculture, industry or other sectors. Almost all bonded labor in India comes from SCs/STs. Nowadays the majority of children between seven and ten years of age go to school and the importance of school education is generally underlined, as everywhere in India. It is often claimed that the principle problem of the Harijans, along with poverty, is their lack of education. Vishawanathan and Narasima Reddy (1998) conducted a study on the determinates of educational achievement among the SC students. The study is based on education

occupation and income of the parent. It was found that there is a close association between

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the social class position of the parents and educational achievements of their children. Most of the top achievers come from the families of higher socio-economic states and vast majority of under achievers are from poor families among the SCs. The study concluded that 18 per cent of SC population had improved their socio-economic background. The primary responsibility to bring about structural changes in society lies with the state and central governments. The traditional approaches to transform their life have not yielded intended results, and the immediate requirements such as food, cloth and shelter have not been properly enjoyed by the SCs. Nhargave (1997) has undertaken a study of the provisions for protective discrimination. The study mainly focused on the impact of reservation policy on SC/St people in India. The study revealed that most of SCs are not availing of reservation facilities in services like A group, B group, B group and C group or some reasons. Among SCs a few members have enjoyed the benefits. The study concluded that making reservation for SCs and STs increasing the quota are not the only solution. He has suggested an alternative model to make the policy of reservation scientific. The present study analyses educational ad employment status of Scheduled Caste people of Vadugapatti panchayat, Usilampatti Block, Madurai District with reference to this socio-Economic conditions and the impact of the policy of protective discrimination on the changing social status of Scheduled Caste and Various government measures for improvement of educational and employment aspects of Scheduled Castes.

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3.4.Objectives of the Study The following objectives are formulated for the purpose of the present study.

1. 2. 3. 4.

To study the socio-economic condition of the SC respondents in study area. To examine educational status of the SC respondents. To study the employment status of the SC respondents. To find out the impact of the policy of protective discrimination on the changing social status of Scheduled Caste.

5.

To suggest measure for effective use of government schemes for improvement of the education and employment aspects of SC respondents.

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Area of Study Boothipuram Village panchayat was chosen for the study. It is situated in Usilampatti Taluk, Madurai District. It has four villages, Boothipuram, Karuthiveeranpatti, Schedule Castes are living in this village

Kaduveeranpatty and Thavashithevanpatti. panchayat.

The total population of Boothipuram village panchayat

is 2514 persons out of this

Scheduled Caste population was 386 and there were 102 families. The study village had caste groups such as primalikallar, pariyar, chakkiliar, Dophy, (Washer Man) Asari, Barber and Brahim. The major occupation in the study area is agriculture and Brick chamber work. Facility such as education (primary school panchayat building. Balwadi, Health Sub Centre, Water Tanks, Post Office, Panchayat Library,

Transport and Communication etc., are found in the study area.

Sample size Out of 102 SC households, 50 per cent households were selected by systematic random sampling method. According 50 Scheduled Caste adult working and earning persons were selected for the study constituted 50 SC persons who were working, earning and supporting the families. One senior adult earning member coming under the age group of 20-40 form each of 5 families was selected as respondents and necessary data were collected from them only for the purpose of study.

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Research Design The present study is descriptive research in nature. The educational and employment status of scheduled caste people of Boothipuram village panchayat, I has been analyzed descriptively. Pilot Study Pilot study is a preliminary study, to gain clear cut and specific knowledge in the subject undertaken for a research study pilot study is very essential. Because, it simplifies the task of framing a schedule or questionnaire. In the pilot study some of the SC people in Boothipuram village panchayat were interviewed by the investigator on various aspects like personal particulars, general particulars like socio-cultural, political of the village. Pre test To check the validity of the scheduled constructed. Pre-test was conducted with five scheduled caster respondents. The pre-test helped the researcher to attain perfection based on the result of pre-test the schedule was modified and finalized. SOURCE OF DATA Primary Data Primary data were collected from the sample respondents; by means of the personal interview; schedule

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Secondary Data Relevant secondary data on this topic were collected from published sources such as books, journals, reports and Webster. Tools for Data Collection A personal interviews schedule was constructed and pre-tested for the purpose of data collection form the respondents. The personal interview schedule comprehensively incorporated the objectives and hypotheses of this research study. Analysis of Data Simple statistical tools such as average and percentages have been used for the purpose of analyze of the data, chi-square test has also been used to understand whether the variables independent variables have any relationships or not and for the purpose of testing hypotheses. Duration of the Study The present study was carried out; by the researcher including the field operation from April to August 2009 during the academic year of Cauterization Present chapter comprises; 6 chapters as under Chapter Chapter Chapter Chapter Chapter I II III IV V Introduction Review of Literature Methodology Data analysis and Interpretation Summary of Findings and Conclusion

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Variables Data of following were collected 1. Social Variables : Religion, Caste, Education, Occupation and Family

2.

Economic

: Family Income, Land owned type of house, type of Articles and earning members.

3. 4.

Demographic Educational Status Variables

: Age, Sex : Scholarship, fee concession, free books and education loans : Parental occupational, present occupation, migration

5.

Employment status Variables

6.

Social Welfare scheme: Impact-opinion of impact social welfare Variables suggestion for effective use government measure

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Scope and Limitation Scope of the study is concern with education and employment status of SC people and analysis impact of ; government social welfare measures and; policy of protective discrimination of the life of SC and suggest measures for effective use Government Scheme; by the SC community and the finding of the study might be useful to those interested in the welfare and development of SC community. The study was conducted only Boothipuram village panchyat, Usilampatti block and their educational and employment status only. So the research and findings of the study are subjected to change in course of time in future. The time and resources at the disposal of research was very much limited. This is the scope and limitation of present study.

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DATA ANALYSIS AND INTERPRETATION

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CHAPTER- IV ANALYSIS AND INTERPRETATION

The present chapter highlights socio-economical and demographic charteristics of SC people, level of education and type of benefits obtained under welfare measures meant for SC community. Type of education institution where SC people studied. Also, the study puts forth the causes of school dropouts, parental occupation, and extent of satisfaction of present occupation, migration seeking employment and suggestion for effective use of Government measures for the educational and employment status of SC people.

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Table 4.1 Distribution of respondents by their socio-economic and Demographic characteristics

Table 1.1 1.2 Sex Age 20-25 26-30 31-35 36-40 42 26 22 10 42 26 22 10 Category Male Female No. of respondents (N= 100) 62 38 Per cent 62 38

1.3 1.4

Caste Paraiyar Chakkiliar Marital Status Single Married Widow Divorced Education Illiterate Primay Middle High School Higher Sec. Graduate Type of family Nuclear Joint Occupation 1) Agri.Worker 2) Lorry cleaner 3) Drum beater 4)cultivator 5) Driver 6)Govt.service Income/ moth i)Below -1500 ii)1500-2000 iii)2000-2500 iv)3000-3500 v)above -4000 Size of family 96 4 50 42 6 2 22 28 20 14 12 4 92 8 80 6 6 2 4 2 36 24 18 14 8 96 4 50 42 6 2 22 28 20 14 12 4 92 8 80 6 6 2 4 2 36 24 18 14 8

1.5

1.6 1.7

1.8

1.9

32

1)2-4 2)5-7 3)above-7

32 60 8

32 60 8

Socio-economic and demographic characteristics Sex Majority 62 per cent respondents were males and the remaining 38 per cent were females (Table1.1) Age More than 42 per cent respondents belonged to the age group of 20-25 years. 26 per cent of respondents belonged to age group of 26-30 years. 22 per cent respondents belonged to the age group of 31-35 years and the remaining 10 per cent of respondents belonged to the age group of 36-40 (Table 1.2) Caste Majority 96 per cent of the respondents were paraiyar and the remaining 4 per cent were chakkiliar (Table 1.3) Marital status Half 50 per cent of the respondents were single, 42 per cent of respondents were married, 6 per cent of respondents widow and the remaining 2 per cent of respondent are Divorce (Table 1.4) Education

33

Majority 78 per cent of respondents were found to be educated and extent of education very form primary 34.8 per cent, Middle school 24.6 per cent, High school 17.9 per cent, higher secondary 14.3 per cent and graduate 4.1 per cent were as only 22.4 per cent of them were found them illiterate (table 1.5). Type of family Majority 92 per cent of respondents belonged to nuclear family and the remaining 8 per cent belong to joint family (Table 1.6). Occupation Majority 80 per cent of the respondents were agricultural worker followed by lorry cleaners 6 per cent, cultivators, Government services 2 per cent and lorry drivers 4 per cent (Table1.7) Monthly income Table 1.8 presents the distribution of respondents to their income more number (36%) of respondents came under the monthly income bracket of blew Rs.1500 followed by Rs.1500-2000(24%) and Rs.2500-3000(18%). Size of family Table 1.9 shows the family size of the respondents, the family size of majority of respondents (60%) was found to be 507 members followed by2-4 members (32%)and above 7 members (8%).

34

Table -4.2 Classification of the respondents family members by sc

S.No 1. 2. Category Male Female Total No. of respondents Family members 92 72 164 Per cent 56.1 43.9 100.00

Source: Field date

The table presented above indicates the total members are 331, out of this 56.1 per cent were males and remaining 43.9 per cent were females. It is evident from this Table that majority of the respondents family members were males.

35

Table-4.3 Earning member of respondents family

S.No 1. 2. 3. 4.

Category 1 2 3 Above 3 Total

No. of respondents 16 44 22 18 100

Per cent 16 44 22 18 100

The above Table highlights the earning members of respondents family. It shows that 16 per cent respondents belonged to the one person. 44 per cent respondents belonged to the two persons 22 per cent respondents belonged to the three persons and remaining 18 per cent respondents belonged to the above three persons The conclusion drawn from this Table is that more than of respondents family caring members were two.

36

Table -4.4 Table showing whether or not the respondents would like to live away from the native village.

SI. No 1. 2.

Category Would like to live their Native place Would like to live away from native place Total

No. of respondents 70 30 100

Per cent 70 30 100

The Table 4.4 shows whether or not the respondents would like to live away from their village. 70 per cent of respondents would like in their native place and remaining 30 per cent of respondents would like to live way from native place. The conclusion drawn from the Table is that majority of the respondents would like to live to live in their native place itself.

37

Table 4.5 Table showing whether or not respondents invite other caste people for attending family functions of the respondents

SI. No 1. 2.

Category SC respondents invite Other caste people SC respondents not invite Other cater people Total

No. of respondents 72 28 100

Per cent 72 28 100

The presented table above shows whether or not SC respondents invite other caste people for attending the family function of the respondents. Accordingly 72 per cent respondents invite other caste people an remaining 28 per cent respondents not invite other caste people. The inference drawn from this table is majority of the respondents invite other caste people.

38

Table-4.6 Table showing nature of ownership house of respondent

SI. No 1. 2. 3. 4.

Category Colony house (JVVT) Own house Ancestral house Rent house Total

No. of respondents 66 16 12 6 100

Per cent 66 16 12 6 100

The Table 4.6 indicate that shows nature of ownership house of respondents (66%) per cent of the respondents interviewed wee living in colony house constructed under JVVT followed by own house (16%), Ancestral house (12%) and rented house (6%). The colony house constructed under JVVT was owned by majority of SC respondents.

39

Table-4.7 Distribution of respondents by Type of house

SI. No 1. 2. 3.

Category Kutucha house Thatched house Pacca house Total

No. of respondents 72 20 8 100

Per cent 72 20 8 100

The Table cited above shows the distribution of respondents by type of house. Kutcha type of house passed reported by 72 per cent of respondents, followed by Thatched house (20%), and Pacca house (8%). Majority of respondents had Kutcha type of house.

40

Table -4.8 Distribution of respondents by facilitate of electricity

SI. No 1. 2. 3.

Category Respondents without Electricity facility Respondents with electric facility install by them Respondents with electric facility install by the Govt. width provision one pulp Total

No. of respondents 70 20 10

Per cent 70 20 10

100

100

The above Table indicates the distribution of respondents by facilitate of electricity. 70 per cent of them of the respondents in reported in the negative with regard to initialize of electric facility install by tem (20%) and respondents with electric facility install by the government with provision of one pulp. Majority respondents did not have electric facility.

41

Table -4.9 Distribution of respondents by source of drinking water

SI. No 1 2

Category Public tap Own tap Total

No. of respondents 86 14 100

Per cent 86 14 100

The Table cited above shows that distribution of respondents by source of drinking warder. Accordingly for 86 per cent of the respondents public tap was found to be major source of drinking water, followed by own tap (1%). The inference drown from this Table is that public tap laws found to be major source of drinking water.

42

Table 4.10 Distribution of respondents by ownership of land

SI. No 1. 2. 3.

Category Landless Less than 1 acre Less than 2 acres Total

No. of respondents 74 20 6 100

Per cent 74 20 6 100

This Table indicates the distribution of respondents by ownership of land. 74 per cent respondents belonged to landless labor category, followed by those owning land (26.3%)with breakup of less than one acre (20%) and less than 2 acres (6%). Majority of them found to be landless labor.

43

Table-4.11 Distribution of respondents by irrigation source

SI. No 1 2 3

Category Rain fed area Bore well Well Total

No. of respondents

Per cent 80 4.0 100

The above Table shows distribution of respondents by irrigation source. 90 per cent of the respondents depend on monsoon rain for cultivation of their land, followed by bore well (5%). For majority of them monsoon rain was only source irrigation.

Table 4.12 Distribution of respondents by type and value of household

44

SI. No

Articles Below (100)

Value (in Rs.) 1000-2000 10 2 5 6 12 18 N=50 20003000 2 1 2 10 4 N=50 Above3000 3 1 22 2 N=50

Total

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8

Television Radio/ Tap recorder Bicycle Bullock Cart Furniture Jewels Brass Vessels Silver Vessels

18 7 8 2 30 58 N=50

5(10) 26(56) 9(18) 16(32) 1(2) 44(88) 48(96) 50 N=50

The above Table shows the distribution the distribution by type and value of household articles possessed by them. The household articles comprised silver vessels possessed by all the respondents with value range from Rs. Below 1000 to 2000 followed by brass vessels owned by 96 per cent respondents with value rang from Rs. Below 100 to Rs. Above 300, Radio by 556 per cent respondents with value range from Rs. Below 1000 to 2000, furniture by bicycle by 18 per 32 per cent respondents with value range from Rs. 1000 to Rs. Above 3000 cent respondents with value range from Rs. Below 1000 to Rs. 2000, Television by 10 per cent respondents with value range from Rs.2000 to Rs. Above 3000 and bullock card by 2 per cent respondents with range from Rs. 3000. Thus the Table reveals that silver vessels brass vessels as well as jewels were owned by all and majority of respondents respectively. The value of household material coming under below 1000 was reported by 76.3 per cent respondents followed by brass vessels (59.8%) and radio / tab recorder (36.8% whereas the value of jewels coming under Rs. Above 3000 value category was reported by

45

39.9 per cent of respondents followed by brass vessels falling in the clue category of Rs. 10 to 2000 was owned by 29 per cent of respondents. The Table shows that the value of house materials possessed by majority of respondents was found to under value bracket of Rs. Below 1000.

Table 4.13 Distribution of by value of their Property of respondents

SI. No 1 2 3

Category (Rs.) Below 2000 2000-4000 4000-6000

No. of Respondents 33 10 5

Per cent 66 20 10

46

Above Total

2 50

4 100.00

The Table above shows the distribution by value of property of respondents. Of the total respondents interviewed, value of property of 66 per cent of the respondents was found to be Rs. Below 20,000 followed by that Rs.20,000-40,000 (20) Rs.40,000-60,000 (4%) The value of on property of majority of the respondents was found to be Rs. Below 20,000.

Table-4.14 Distribution of the Respondents by family income per month

SI. No 1 2 3 4

Category (in Rs.) Below 1000 1000-2000 2000-3000 Above Total

No. of Respondents 10 18 12 10 50

Per cent 20 36 24 20 100.00

47

The Table 5-14 shows the distribution of the respondents by monthly family income. O the total number of respondents interviewed 36 per cent of them came under monthly income category of Rs.1000-2000, followed by Rs.2000-3000 (24%) Rs. below 1000 and Rs. Above 3000 (20% each) Monthly income of more number of respondents was found to be Rs.1000-2000.

Table-4.15 Distribution of respondents by items and range of expenditure per month

SI. No 1 2 3 4

Category Below 500 5001000 10001500 1500 & above Total

Food 25(50) 14(280 6(12) 5(10) 50(100)

Clothing 47 (100) 3(6) 50(100)

Housing 48 (96) 50(100)

Health 48(96) (2) 50(100)

Education 37(92.5) 2(5) 1(2.5) 40(80)

Travel 45(90) 3(6) 2(4) 50(100)

Recreation 50(100) 50(100)

48

The above Table shows the distribution of respondents by items and range of expenditure per month The items of expenditure consisted of food with monthly expenditure range from Rs below 500 as reported by 50 per cent of respondents followed by Rs 500-1000 (28%), Rs. 1000-1500 (12%) and Rs. above 15000(10%). The monthly expenditure for housing and recreation were Rs. Blow 500 to rs.1000, in the case of education and travelling monthly expenditure ranged from Rs. below 500 to Rs. 1500. The Table reveals that monthly expenditure incurred for food by respondents ranged from Rs. 500 to Rs. 1500 whereas to be monthly expenditure for items of clothing, housing health education, travel and recreation were I within Rs.1500.

49

Table -4.16 Distribution of respondents by level of education and type of benefit obtained under welfare measure meant for SC Community

SI. No 1 2 3 4

Category Middle High school Higher Secondary Graduate Total

Scholarship 15 (100.0) 11(100.0) 9( 100.0) 3 (100.0) 38(100)

Fees Concession 11(100.0) 9( 100.0) 3 (100.0) 23(61.0)

Free Books 15(100.0) 11(100.0) 236(68.0)

Educational loan 2(66.6) 2(4.0)

Total 15 (39.5) 11(28.9) 9(23.7) 3 (7.9) 38(100)

The above table shows the distribution of respondents by level of education and type of benefit obtained under welfare measure meant for SC Community. Of the respondents select for the study 39.5 per cent of them middle education had obtain scholarship and free books whereas 28.9 per cent of them with high school education had availed of scholarship, fee concession and free books. Fee concession and scholarship had reportedly been provide with incase of 23.7 per cent of respondents toward up to

50

higher secondary level and only 7.9 per cent of respondents with graduate education had report received scholarship, fee concession and education loan during their study period. Study reveals that all the benefits meant for SC community were not utilizing; fully and only specific benefit were availed of fully.

Table-4.17 Distribution of respondents by type of education institution where they studied

SI. No 1 2

Category Government School Government + Management Total

No. of respondents 20 13 33

Per cent 61 39 100

The table presented above distribution of respondents by type of education institution where they studied. Of the total number of respondents interviewed, 61 per cent of them studied in governmental school only and the remaining of 39 per cent of them studied both in government and management schools. The table concludes that majority of respondents had studied government school.

51

Table-4.18 Table showing whether or not respondents worked on leave days when they were studying

SI. No 1 2

Category Worked on leave days Not worked on leave days Total

No. of respondents 30 3 33

Per cent 90.0 9.1 100.00

The table 5-18 shows whether or not the respondents worked on leave days when they were studying 90.0 per cent respondents worked on leave days and remaining 9.1 per cent respondents reported in the negative. Majority of the respondents worked on leave days when they were studying.

52

Table -4.19 Table showing the level of education by sex of respondents

SI. No

Category

Illiterate

Primary

Middle

1 2.

Male Female Total

4(7.9) 7 (14.1) 11(22)

8(14.9) 6 (12.1) 14(28)

7(13.9) 3(6.1) 10(20)

High School and above 12(24) 3 (6.0) 15(30)

Total

31(61.7) 19 (38.3) 50(100)

Chi-square test: Table value (0-10 ) = 6.25, calculated value-7.52 The above table shows the level of education by sex of respondents

On the total respondents 61.7 per cent of them were males with breakup of high school and above (24 ), primary (14.9), Middle (13.9%), and illiterate (7.9%)and 38.3 per cent of them female with breakup of illiterate (14.1%). Primary (12.1%) and middle and high school and above (6.1%) each More number of respondents had studied high school and above. Calculated value of chi-square (7.52) is greater than the table value (6.25) at 10 per cent (010) level of significance. Hence there is a difference between meals and females with regard to education at different level.

53

Table-4.20 Table showing incidence of school by sex.

SI. No 1 2

Category Male Female Total

Primary 12(26.7) 9(19.9) 21(46.7)

Middle 10(22.2) 5(11.1) 15(33.3)

High 5 (11.1) 4.(8.8) 9(20.0)

Total 27(60.0) 18(4..0) 45(100.0)

Chi-square test: Table value (0.05)= 4.99, calculate value=0.48 The above Table shows incidence of school dropout by sex. Of the total respondent 60 per cent of them were males dropout with breakup of primary (26. 7%),middle (22.2.) and high school (8.8%) and 40 per cent of them females dropout with breakup of primary (129.9%) middle (11.1%) and high school (8.8%)

More number of respondents had school dropout primary level.

The calculated value of chi-square (0.48) is less than the table value ( 4.99) at 5 per cent (0.05) level of significance, Hence there is no difference between males and females with regard to school dropout at different level.

54

Table-4.21 Distribution of respondents by causes of school dropouts

SI. No 1 2 3 4

Category Poverty Not interested Teachers harassment Bad Company Total

No. of Respondents 18 11 8 5 50

Per cent 42.9 26.2 19.0 11.9 100.0

The above Table shows the distribution of respondents by caused school dropouts. Of the total number of respondents interviewed, 42.9 per cent of them referred to poverty as major causes of incidence of dropout, followed by not interested (26.2%), teachers harassment (19%) and bad company (11.9%). The table shows poverty was found to be one of the major causes leading to incidence. School dropouts as stated by more number of respondents.

Table-4.22 Distribution of respondents by parental occupation

SI. No 1

Category Landless agri. Worker

No. of Respondents 45

Per cent 90.0

55

2 3 4

(daily wage earner) Drum beating Middle man (Broker) Own cultivation Total

3 1 1 50

6.0 2.0 2.0 100.0

The table cited above shows the distribution of respondents by parental occupation. Of the to talk number of respondents interviewed 90.0 per cent of them referred to landless agriculture worker daily wage earner as per their parental occupation followed by Drum beating (6%) middle man (Cattle broker) and own cultivation (2.0% each ) The inference drown from this table is that majority of the respondents parental occupation was agriculture workers.

Table -4.23 Table sowing whether or not the respondents like their traditional occupation.

SI. No 1 2

Category Like to continue traditional occupation Do not like to continue traditional occupation Total

No. of Respondents 43 7 50

Per cent 86 14 100

56

The Table presented above shows whether or not respondents like to continue their traditional occupation. Accordingly 86 per cent of respondents stated in the positive whereas only 14 per cent of them stated in negative. The inference drowns from this table is that majority of the respondents, like to continue their traditional occupation.

Table-4.24 Table showing whether or not the respondents were satisfied with present occupation

SI. No 1 2

Category Satisfied with present occupation Not satisfied with present Total

No. of Respondents 41 9 50

Per cent 82 18 100

The above table shows whether or not the respondents were satisfied with present occupation.

57

82 per cent of respondents selected for study reported in the positive whereas only 18 per cent of them stated in the negative. Adequate income for meeting family needs was attributed to the satisfaction of respondents with present occupation. Factors like seasonal drum beating; low wage and less number of employed days in a week were attributed to their being dissatisfied with their present occupation.

Table-4.25 Table showing whether or not the respondents migrated to other areas seeking employment during unemployed days

SI. No 1. 2.

Category Migrated during unemployed days Not migrated during Total

No. of Respondents 30 20 50

Per cent 60 40 100

The above table shows whether or not the respondents migrated to other area seeking employment during unemployed days.

58

60 per cent respondents migrated to other places and the remaining 40 per cent respondents did not migrate and remained in their native place. The inference drawn from this table is that majority of the respondents migrated various places for purpose of seeking employment.

Table 4.26 Table showing impact on the life of respondents under social welfare scheme of the Government for SC community

SI. No 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6 7 8 9 10

Category Housing condition improved Able to become educated Able to educated our children on par with those of caste Hindu Family income increased Political consciousness developed Occupational mobility made possible Computer knowledge improve Social status improved Enabled to represent and participated in the panchayat Raj Bodies Employment oriented skill development made possible Total

No. of Respondents 37 18 14 7 3 1 2 1 1 1 50

Per cent 74 36 28 14 6 2 4 2 2 2 100*

*Multiple answer. The above table shows impact made on the life of respondents under social welfare scheme of the government meant of SC community. 59

Of the total number of respondents interviewed 74 per cent of them referred to improved housing condition as impact on their life followed by able to become educated *(36%), able to educate our children of par with those of caste Hindus (28%) family income increased (14%) Improvement in housing condition was reported by majority of SC respondents as impact as impact because of social welfare measures of the Government for meant for SC people.

Table-4.27 Table showing reported Suggestion for Effective use of Government measures for the Improvement of Education and Employment status of SC people

SI. No 1 2

Category Provide employment to all the educated in the SC community There should be cross-checking whether the benefits for the SC community reaches Government benefits should be imparted without accepting any bribe Special rates should be implemented for the SC community in the ration shop There should be reservation in the private sector also Total

No. of Respondents 46 42

Per cent 92 84

3 4 5

39 32 23 N=50

78 64 46 100*

The above table shows reported suggestion for effective use of Government measures for the improvement of educational and employment status of SC people. Of the total number of respondents interviewed, 92 per cent of them refer to provide employment to all the educated people in the SC community, followed by there should be cross-checking whether the benefit for the SC community reaches (84%), Government benefits should be imparted with Accepting any bribe (78%) Special rates should be implemented for the SC community in the ration shop (64%) and there should be reservation in the private sector also (46%).

60

Provide employment to all the educated in the SC community. There should be crosschecking a whether the benefits for the SC community reach and government benefits should be imparted whether accepting any bride were reported suggestion for effecting use of Government measures for the improvement of education and employment of SC people.

61

SUMMARY OF FINDINGS AND CONCLUSION

62

CHAPTER-V
Summary of Major findings, and conclusion The results of data collected from SC respondents on the educational and employment status of Scheduled Caste people are a presented below.

Socio-Economic conditions Majority 62 per cent respondents were males. More than 42 per cent respondents belonged to the age group of 20-25 years. Majority 96 per cent of the respondents were Parayar. Half 50 per cent of the respondents were single. Majority 78 per cent of were found to be educated. Majority 92 per cent of respondents belonged to nuclear family. Majority 80 per cent of the SC respondents were agricultural workers. More numbers (36%) of respondents came under monthly income bracket of below Rs500. Majority respondents (50%) was found to be 57 members. Majority of the respondents family members were males. More than of respondents family earning members were two. Majority of the respondents would like to live in their native place itself. Majority of the respondents invite other caste people. The Colony house constructed under JVVT was owned by majority of SC respondents . Majority of respondents had Kutucha type of house. Majority of the respondents did not have electric facility.

63

 Public tab was found to be major source of drinking water. Majority of them found to be landless labor. For majority of them monsoon rain was only source irrigation. Silver vessels and brass vessels as wells Jewels were owned by all and majority of respondents respectively. The value of house materials

possessed by majority respondents was found to under value brackets of Rs. Blow 1000.

Employment status
Majority of the respondents parental occupation laws agriculture labor. Majority of the respondents wants to continue their traditional occupation. Adequate income for meeting family needs was attributed to the satisfaction of respondents with present occupation. Factors like seasonal drum beating, low wage and less number of employed days in a week, were attributed to their being dissatisfied with their present occupation. Majority of the respondents migrated various place for purpose of seeking employment.

Impact of social welfare scheme of the Government on SC community

Improvement of in housing condition was reported by majority of SC

respondents as impact because of social welfare measures of the government for meant for SC people.

64

 Provide employment to all the educated in the SC Community , There

should be cross-checking whether the benefits for the SC community reaches. And Government benefits should be improved whether accepting any bribe were reported suggestion for effecting use of Government of education and employment of SC people.

CONCLUSION: As for socio-economic condition of SC people, the study reveals that majority of them were landless agriculture works and owned colony houses constructed under JVVT and with monthly income ranging from Rs. Below 500. AS for education status of the SC people all the benefits of social welfare programs meant for SC Community were not fully utilized and only some specific benefit were availed of fully and had worked on leave days when they were studying. As for employment status of Community, the wanted to continue traditional occupation which fetched them adequate income for meeting their family needs. AS for impact of social welfare schemes of government on the SC people improvement in housing condition was reported among others. Provision of employment to all educated SC community and ensuring reaching of the social welfare benefits of the government programs for the SC people without wan bribe were suggested for effective use of government measures for the improvement of education and employment status of the SC people.

65

BIBLIOGRAPHY

66

BIBLIOGRAPHY Books:
1. Ganshyam shaw, dalits and the state, New Dehi: Concept publishing company,2002

2.

Ghyrye G.S. Caste and Class in India, Bombay: Popular book depot, 1957

3.

Drishna chetty V.B., Scheduled castes and development programme in India, Allahabad: Viohara publishers and Distributers, 1991

4.

Micheal S.M. Dalit in modern India, New Delhi: Vistaar publications 1999

5.

Mumtaz Alio kan, Scheduled Castes andtheir status in India, New Delhi: Uppal publishing houses, 1990

6.

Prem prakash, Ambedkar policies and Scheduled Castes, New Delhi, Ashish publishing house, 1993

7.

Saraswathi, minority inn Madras state, New Delhi: Sitaram publishers, 1974

8.

Sebastian, Liberating the caged dalit panther, Madras: Emerald publication, 1994

9.

Sing K.S., the Scheduled castes, New Delhi: Oxford University press, 1999.

67

Articles:
1. Alexander K.C., Emerging farmer labor; relation in kuttand, Economic and Political Weekly, August 1973, p. 1552

2.

Bhargawa Protective discrimination and reservation policy The journal of Publics Administration, Vol.XXI, No.3, 1997

3.

Desetty R.K. Slunm school dropouts. Social welfare, Vol. 45, No3, 1998

4.

Dwarkanth G.D. Strategies to improve primary education in rural India, social welfare Vol.48 No,4 2004

5.

Harsh Mander, Dalit status and agenda for state intervention, the Administrator, Vol,XLII,No.1,1997

6.

Jimmyu Dabhi, Dalit human rights: issues and perspective Social action, Vol.54, No.1 2004

7.

Kdrishanan Un touch ability and Atrocities, Social Action, Vol. 43, No,4 -1993

8.

Prakash Louis, Literacy, education and the development section in Bhijiar: issue and perspective Social change, September-December 2002

9.

Prasad L.M., Development of SCs and STs in India, The journal of public administration, Vol. No.7, 1987

68

10.

Ranjaj Raj, Poverty households sixe and child welfare in India, Economic and political weekly, 23 September 2000

11.

Saraj kanti chanudhuri, Educational progress in rural Bengal, economic and Political weekly Vol.V, No.6 1970

12.

Sachidananda Education and changes in social values, Man in India, Vol.48,No.1 1968, p,82

13.

Sukhadeo Thropat, On reservation policy for private sector, Economic and political weekly, Vol.XXXIX,No.25 2004

14.

Uplaonkar A.t. Protective discrimination and the; equality of opportunity Social change, Vol.19,No.3 1989

15.

Vijanthi K.N. Power to women, Social action Vol. 54. No.1 2004

16.

Viswanathan and Narasima Reddy, Educational achievements among the SC students, Economic and political weekly, Vol. XXXIV, No.26, 1998

69

REPORTS: 1. Adi-Dravidar and Tribal welfare department report, Government of

Tamilnadu,2000. 2. 3. Censes of India 1971, 1981, 1991 Madurai 2004 (A Statistical handbook), District Collector department of economics and statistics, Madurai. 4. performance budget 1995-96, Adi-Dravidar and tribal welfare department, government of Tamil Nadu mayu 1995, p8. 5. Performance Budget 2300-2001, Adi-dravidar and Tribal welfare department, Government of Tamil Nadu, p.28 6. 7. Selected education statistics, 1995-96, Department of education, New Delhi. Selected socio-economical statistics, India 2000 Central statistical organization, Ministry of statistics and program implementation, Government of India, New Delhi. 8. 9. Statistical handbook of Tamil Nadu 1997 pp 94.101 Tamil Nadu Human development report, Government of Tamil Nadu Social science press Delhi 2003

Website: a. www.tn.gov.in b. www..telegraphindia.com 70

EDUCATIONAL AND EMPLOYMENT STATUS OF DALIT FAMILIES IN BOOTHIPURAM VILLAGE PANCHAYAT-A STUDY

Interview schedule
I-Personal Particulars 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. Name Sex Age Caste Religion Marital Status : : Male/ Female : : Parayar / Chakkilliar : Hindu/Non-Hindu : Single /Married/Widow /widower/Separate /Divorced 7. 8. 9. 10. Type of family Education Occupation Income (Monthly) : Nuclear /Joint : : : Rs.

II. Family particulars:

SI. No Name Relationship to the Respondent Sex Age Education Occupation Income (Rs)

III. Social Condition 1. Are other caste people to living in your village? Yes / No

71

If Yes Specify caste groups

2.

Would you like to live away your native in the Urban area If Yes/No why

Yes / No

3.

Is you residential area isolated from the village If Yes/No give details

Yes / No

4.

Do you invite other caste people for your family functions/ Ceremony

Yes / No

A) If Yes, Please state the nature and extent of their participation B) If No why?

5.

What is your source of drinking water? A) Public tab C) Own hand pump B) Well C) Own tap

6.

Do you share the water source of other community? If No what are the reasons?

7.

Do you participate in the village common festival? A) If Yes please state the nature and extent of your participation B) If Yes Why?

IV. Economic Aspects

1. Do you have own house? 2. If Yes give details 72

A) Colony House (Group house under JVVT) B) House with subsidy C) Ancestral house 3. Type of house A) Pucca B) Kutcha C) Thatched 4. Whether the house is electrified. If Yes Own / Government (Free of cost) 5. Do you have own land: If Yes mention the value and extent of land.

SI. No 1. 2. 3. 4.

Category Wet Dry Garden Moorland

Extent

Valuable in Rs.

6. Irrigation sources A) Well Irrigation C) Tanks / Ponds B) Bore Well D) Rain

7. What type of household articles do you possess

S. No . 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. Articles Television Radio Bicycle Bullock cart Furniture Jewels No Value

73

7. 8. 9.

Brass Vessel Silver Vessel Others

8. How many earning members are there in your family. 9. What is your family income? ( (Monthly): Rs. 10. What is your family expenditure? (Please give details)

S. No 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8.

Item of expenditure Food Cloth Housing Health Traveling Recreation Education Others

Expenditure (Monthly)

V. Educational status of SC respondent 1. Mention the various benefits you have obtained for you educational carrier under welfare measures for SC community.

S. No

Level of Education

Benefit obtained Scholarship Fee concession Free Books Education lone Others

1. 2. 3. 4. 5.

2. In which type of educational institution did you study?

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1) Government 3) Management 3. What was the medium of instruction? a. English c. Others 4. Where did you study? a. Rural area 5. Who motivated you to study?

2) Matriculation 4) Others

b. Tamil

b. Urban area

6. Did you worked leave days when you were studying ? 7. Did you dropout of study? If Yes, at what level ? What are the reasons. 8. To what extent did you study?

VI. Employment status 1. What is your parents occupation? a. Farmer c. Agricultural Labor e. Government service g. Others b. Cultivator d. Owner f. Business

2. Is your parents occupation different form traditional occupation i. If Yes Specify 75

ii. If No why do you on follow the traditional occupation? 3. Would you like to continue to take up traditional Occupation: If Yes / No Why 4. Are you satisfied with the present occupation: If Yes / No Why 5. Do you migrate seeking employment during unemployed days: 6. If Yes; where do you migrate, give details Yes / No Yes / No

VII. Impact of welfare scheme of the government on SC community 1. What impact has been made on your life because of social welfare schemes of the government meant for SC community? 2. What steps would you like to suggest for effective use of government measures for the improvement of educational and employment status of SC people.

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