DAVAO ORIENTAL STATE COLLEGE OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY

Graduate School (GS, Term 1, 2010)

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Thesis Style Guide

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DAVAO ORIENTAL STATE COLLEGE OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY

Thesis Style Guide

2010 DOSCST Graduate School Dahican 8200 Mati, Davao Oriental, PHILIPPINES Phone 087-388-4756 Fax 087-388-3195 doscst-gradstudies@yahoo.com www.doscst.edu.ph

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TABLE OF CONTENTS Title Copyright Page Table of Contents Overview General Requirements General Structure and Format Language Length and Thickness Paper Size and Specifications Page Orientation Copying Process Typing the Document Production Binding Number of Copies General Thesis Format Guidelines Contents Typeface Chapter Titles, Headings and Sub-headings Text alignment Margins Page ii iii 7 7 7 7 8 8 8 8 8 8 9 9 9 10 10 11 11 11

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TABLE OF CONTENTS Title Pagination for Preliminary Section Pagination for the Body and Pages Thereafter Spacing between Words, Sentences, Lines and Paragraphs Tab Setting Equations and Formulas Corrections Widows and Orphans Tables and Figures General Rule Thesis Format Guidelines for Specific Sections Text of Outside Cover Academic Integrity Declaration Page Copyright Page Abstract Page The Abstract Title Page The Title Approval Sheet Page Acknowledgment Page Dedication Page Table of Contents Pages Page 11 11 11 12 12 12 12 13 13 13 14 14 14 14 15 15 15 15 16 16 16

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TABLE OF CONTENTS Title List of Tables and Figures Pages Table and Figure Captions List of Abbreviations The Body and Finale Introduction Review of Related Literature and Theoretical/Conceptual Framework Theoretical Basis/es Conceptual Framework Methodology Design Sampling Collection Data Presentation Analyses Results and Discussion Summary, Conclusions and Recommendations Summary Conclusions Recommendations Others: Bibliography / References, Appendices, Biographical Sketch Page 16 17 17 17 18 19 19 19 20 20 20 20 20 21 21 22 22 22 23 23 23

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TABLE OF CONTENTS Title Bibliography (or References or Works Cited) Appendices Biographical Sketch (Curriculum Vitae) Appendices Appendix A Appendix B Appendix C Appendix D Appendix E Appendix F Appendix G Appendix H Appendix I Appendix J Appendix K Appendix L Page 23 24 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 35 35 36 36 37

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Overview The thesis is a scholarly work that cements singular perspective as a result of original research conducted by undergraduate or graduate students. This is a requirement prior to conferment of masters degree. The following information and guideline about thesis preparation applies to all Davao Oriental State College of Science and Technology Graduate School (DOSCST-GS) students who have not yet formally proposed their thesis as of the first term of 2010 and onward. It is among the DOSCST-GS mandates to safeguard and widely disseminate the research endeavors of the students. Although its content is the students liberty, it is, however, the school which specifies the format and style for the proper guidance to all writers and researchers. This guide charts the steps in preparing the thesis, as easy and straightforward as possible. It is imperative therefore for thesis writers/researchers to pay attention to this guide to avoid unnecessary, unwarranted, tedious and expensive revisions. General Requirements Only those students who have passed the Comprehensive Assessment and have paid the required fees are eligible to apply, enroll and consequently write the thesis. This passed through two major endeavors proposal and final paper defense, which are complied orally before the Thesis Advisory Committee (TAC). All requirements of the program must be complied with within five years since the first registration. Submission of several clean copies of the thesis is needed prior to the awarding of the degree. General Structure and Format Language As a general rule, it is the English (American or Queens) language which must be used in writing the thesis. While the writer has the option which English language he prefers, extra care must be taken to ensure not to combine both (e.g., the use of two words with same meanings but with different spellings). Exceptions to this rule maybe granted depending on the nature of the research which will be formally requested in writing to and duly approved by the graduate school and college academic authorities. 2010 AGOlandria

Length and Thickness The length in terms of number of pages of the thesis is not specific. The researcher is however encouraged to work closely with his/her thesis adviser and the thesis advisory committee. The thesis including the hard covers must not exceed two (2) inches in thickness. Paper Size and Specifications All copies of the thesis submitted to the Graduate School must be in book paper (Sub 20, white). The page must be Letter size (8.5 inches x 11 inches), i.e. A4 is not allowed. Oversized paper fold-outs is discouraged. It may be used only for very long and large tables and illustrations. The thesis is printed only on one side. Page Orientation The page orientation is generally Portrait. Orientation can however be resorted to Landscape only in cases where the tables and figures do not fit in the former page orientation. Wide tables are usually set in this type of page orientation. Copying Process No manuscript will be accepted for defense without the prior approval of the researchers thesis adviser. The researcher should keep the original file or printout. Any future alteration or reproduction must be based from the original copies. All theses submissions must be clean copies, complete, in order and as sharp as the original; otherwise the same will not be accepted and has to be reprinted. Typing the Document It is ideal for the researcher to personally type the text of the research report. This lessens the possible errors in the final printout. If however the researcher hires typist/s to get the job done, it is assumed that the final output is clean. Hence, it is the responsibility of the researcher to ensure the previous requirements stipulated must be enforced and implemented. Production With the wide accessibility and utility of Information Communication and Technology (ICT) devices like high-end computers, letter-quality printers and page copiers, researchers or thesis writers 2010 AGOlandria

have almost all these tools including most popular word processors at their disposal. Since clarity and readability are primordial on the part of the thesis advisory committee members, all prints must be clear and sharp. Hence, the use of laser printer is preferred. Hardcopies from other printers or copiers with similar or better print clarity or typeface quality to that of laser printers are acceptable. To ensure this, a printer resolution of at least 300 dpi is a required setting which the writer should strictly follow and implement. Missing these requirements may attract delay. Binding The finished and clean copy of the manuscript (see also Text of Outside Cover) must be bound using a blue (maybe changed only through AC approval) hard cover wrapped in transparent plastic. The hard cover (Appendix A) and spine (side or rectangular space between the front and back covers) should contain the title, College logo, name of author and date of graduation (month and year only). All texts are stamped in gold foil and font sizes of 14 points. Number of Copies Ideally, five copies of the thesis must be submitted to the Graduate School. The GS retains two copies; the library, one; the Research and Extension office, one. Additional bound copies of the thesis may be required by satellite libraries, the advisory committee member/s and probably sponsors or funding agencies. Just check this rule from the Graduate School head and the concerned funding organization/s from time to time. General Thesis Format Guidelines Graduating students of the GS who enrolled in thesis writing course must follow the guidelines presented on the proceeding lines. The general guidelines are presented first while specific guidelines follow next. For certainty in the forms and style in thesis writing, this guide of the GS shall suffice. However, it is always a good practice to work closely with the thesis adviser for proper guidance. The researcher is also advised not to use the format of the theses and other scholarly works in the College Library since formats changed over the years.

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Contents The contents of the pages of the thesis should follow the following order: Preliminary, The Body and Finale, and Others. The sections and subsections are mandatory unless designated as optional. A. Preliminary Academic Writing Integrity Declaration Copyright Page (optional) Abstract Title Page Approval Sheet Acknowledgement Dedication (optional) Table of Contents List of Tables (if included) List of Figures (if included) List of Abbreviations (optional) List of Symbols (optional)

B. The Body and Finale Introduction Review of Literature and Theoretical (or Conceptual) Framework Methodology Results and Discussion Summary, Conclusion and Recommendations

C. Others Typeface The Bookman Old Style font in 12 points is the typeface that will be used all throughout the thesis. Font style (e.g., set in bold, italic, underlined or any combination thereof) can be used whenever appropriate. For tables and figures, however, the Times New Roman (any appropriate font size that fits the figure or table) is used. References (or Bibliography or Works Cited) Appendices Biographical Sketch or Curriculum Vitae (optional)

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Chapter Titles, Headings and Sub-headings The first letter of the chapter text is set to capital letter C and the chapter number in Roman numeral (e.g. Chapter I). The chapter title is set to bold, centered and all in capital letters, i.e. INTRODUCTION. The headings on the other hand (e.g., Background of the Study) are set to bold but left-aligned. Subheadings are also left-aligned, bold but underlined while sub-sub-headings if unavoidable are indented, set to bold and ends with a period (.) Text Alignment While the subtitles or topics are left aligned, the body texts or paragraphs are generally right-justified; that is, aligned in both the left and right margins. Margins All pages of the thesis shall have the following margin dimensions: left 1.50 inches, top 1.25 inches, right 1.0 inch and bottom 1.0 inch. Pagination for Preliminary Section In the preliminary pages, lowercase 12-point Roman numerals must be used as page numbers (e.g. i and ix). These are placed at the right of the top margin, 0.75 inch from the top edge and 1.0 inch from the right edge. Numbering starts with the Acknowledgement page, i.e. vi., until the List of Symbols (when included). The academic writing integrity declaration, copyright page, abstract, title page and approval sheet are counted but not numbered. Pagination for the Body and Pages Thereafter For this part, 12-point Arabic numerals are used as page numbers and still placed at the right of the top margin, 0.75 inch from the top edge and 1.0 inch from the right edge. Every chapter should begin in a new page. Its introductory page is counted but not numbered. Spacing between Words, Sentences, Lines and Paragraphs When encoding, there should be one space between words. Also, one or two spaces may be placed before the start of a next sentence while the space between lines is generally set to double (or 24-point). For 2010 AGOlandria

researchers who are used to a word processor (e.g. MS Word 2003), navigating through Format | Paragraph | Indents and Spacing | Line Spacing is straightforward. One blank line should separate two succeeding paragraphs while two blank lines must be between the last sentence of the last paragraph and a subheading. Captions, quotations, table entries, and abstract on the other hand, are single-spaced. Tab Setting Paragraphs throughout the manuscript are indented one tab from left margin. This is in the 0.5-inch mark on the top ruler line. To ensure the correctness of this setting, (for MSWord 2003) just navigate through Format | Paragraph | Tabs (button in bottom left) and make sure that the entry in the Default Tab Stops box is 0.5, Alignment selected is left and Leader is None, else make the necessary adjustments and click OK. For MSWord 2007, navigate to Page Layout | Paragraph. Point and click the Paragraph Dialog Box Launcher (bottom right corner of the Paragraph tab) and click Tabs (located bottom left) button and enter or adjust the Default Tab Stop at 0.5 then click OK. Equations and Formulas All equations must be typed using an equation editor. Equation as an insertion (i.e., through Copy-Paste or Insert Picture in Word), like JPEG, PNG, GIF, TIFF, BMP, PDF and similar others is not allowed. Equations generated from LATEX and/or other word processors or applications may be allowed but must be referred to the adviser and approved by the TAC and GS heads before it can be used in the manuscript. Corrections The thesis manuscript is assumed a clean copy. Any submission with strikeovers, fluid and tape corrections will not be accepted. Exception to this rule can be made however in consultation with and approval from the thesis adviser, TAC Chair and GS head. Widows and Orphans Short paragraph lines on top of a page (usually at the end of a chapter and known as widows) must be avoided and are advised to be removed. Recasting to shorten the paragraph will solve this problem. Similarly, a heading or subhead at the bottom of a page where its corresponding text is separated (orphans) must not exist. Nonobservance to this rule may delay defense proceedings.

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Tables and Figures The table and/or figures should be shown within the page where either is introduced. A table and/or figure that run over the next page must be avoided. The title/captions for table (see Appendices K and L) are entered above the table and aligned with respect to the tables left and right edges; that is the caption must not bleed beyond the right edge of the table. This can be avoided by continuing the caption in another line by moving the right margin marker to a point vertically aligned with the tables right edge. Furthermore, the figure title/caption must be centered and placed below the figure. If the figure or drawing like chart or map is bounded by a rectangular border line, the same caption should neither bleed in the left nor in the right edge of the figure. Borrowed or adapted table and figures must be properly acknowledged by including its source. This acknowledgement must be written below the table and figure and a corresponding bibliographic entry in its appropriate page. This implies further that if a figure requires a source below it, it is automatic that the title/caption be written above the figure. Since tables and figure vary in size, its text might also differ from the body text of the manuscript. Times New Roman in smaller font size may be preferred. Strictly, non-regulation font types are not allowed. Exemptions are deemed applicable only when cleared by the adviser and approved by the TAC and GS heads. General Rule If the researcher is in doubt with respect to the style he/she employed, the only safest thing to do is consult the adviser and finally seek guidance and approval from TAC and GS head. The latest edition of referencing guide like APA 6th edition may however be referred to but it must be understood that the same cannot be over and above the rules and guidelines set by the Graduate School and State College. Thesis Format Guidelines for Specific Sections The general thesis format guidelines are already presented; the guidelines for specific sections will be taken up next.

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Text of Outside Cover The outside cover (see Appendix A) should have the following format: Font Bookman Old Style, bold, 4-16 points, Gold Title: All caps, 1.5 inches from the top edge College logo centered within both the horizontal and vertical margins. (The official College logo in electronic form can be sought from the department.) Name of Researcher (e.g. TEEJAY T. GO), all caps, 3.0 inches from the bottom edge Date of the conferment of degree, caps and lower case (e.g. April 2020), 1.5 inches from the bottom edge Academic Integrity Declaration Page This page is the researchers declaration of adherence to general policies, standards and/or norms on academic integrity (See Appendix B) Copyright Page This page has no heading. The copyright notice (see Appendix C) should be the only information on this page. This is vertically and horizontally centered within the margins. The date, which follows the copyright symbol, is the year when the degree will be conferred or granted. This is followed by the name of the researcher (Firstname MI. Lastname). If researcher opts not to copyright his/her thesis, a blank page is inserted instead. Abstract Page The Abstract page (see Appendix D) heading is simply ABSTRACT in all capital letters, bold and centered 1.50 inches from the top edge. While other do not require the name of the researcher, the school, the address, the date of graduation (month and year only), the title of the study and the name of the thesis adviser, in DOSCST-GS, the aforementioned are included and form the introductory information of the page. The abstract includes a summary of the problem statement, methodology, findings and the conclusions. Its average length is about 200 to 400 words or one page. The page heading, name of researcher, and title of the study are set to capital letters and bold. Only the first

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letters of the first name, middle initial and last name of the adviser (i.e. Firstname MI. Lastname) is set to caps-lower case (clc) and bold. The Abstract APA Manual (5th ed.) defines abstract as a brief, comprehensive summary of the contents of a study or research. It gives the reader a quick view of what the manuscript is all about. This is part where most writers or researchers preferred to read first. It is the abstract that makes the readers decide whether the entire manuscript is to be read or not. The information the abstract conveys must be profound, accurate, coherent, well organized, concise, self-contained and non-evaluative. For empirical studies, the abstract should describe the problem under investigation, the respondents or subjects, the attributes, the methods, materials, data collection, findings, conc1usions, recommendations or implications or applications. Title Page Page number is counted but not shown on this page. All lines on this page are double-spaced. The title must be set in capital letters, bold, centered, and 1.50 inches from the top edge of the page (see Appendix E). The Title The title encapsulates the main thought of the study, concise, and isolates the variables or issues and tells relationship between them. It should be fully explanatory when standing alone. Its main task is to inform readers of the research. Words that serve no purpose should be avoided in crafting titles (e.g. "A Study of" or "An Investigation of". Also avoid using abbreviations in a title. As much as possible, a good title has 10 to 12 words (APA, 2002). Approval Sheet Page Page number is counted but not reflected. The paragraphs on this page are double-spaced while the names of the advisory committee and their respective positions (titles such as Dr., Prof., M.S., Ph.D., etc. are excluded) are single-spaced. This page (see Appendix F) is a recommendation for approval and acceptance of the thesis by the adviser and the thesis advisory committee to the head of the Graduate School.

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In the event that the head is also a member of the advisory committee, the Vice President for Academic Affairs shall take his/her stead. Acknowledgement Page The acknowledgment page may be presented in the first-person. This is where the writer affirms the assistance and support of any sort given by many, e.g. respondents, the adviser, the advisory committee, the researchers organization, his family, friends and sponsors/funding institutions and several others. The heading is centered in the page, 1.50 inches from the top edge, bold and set in all capital letters as ACKNOWLEDGMENTS or ACKNOWLEDGMENTS. Dedication Page This is an optional page. When included, the title is not required. This is purposely and commonly a page for the writers loved ones. The text is centered on the page and can be shown in italic or regular type. Other language medium can be used on this special section. Table of Contents Pages The page heading in all caps TABLE OF CONTENTS (see Appendices G1-G3) is centered, 1.50 inches from the top edge. This consists of two columns the mandatory sections and sub-sections on the left and page numbers at right. The page heading and the mandatory section headings are set in bold while the sub-headings and page numbers (Roman and Arabic) are not. Only the page number of each mandatory section and/or subheading is written and not a range of page numbers, such as 1322. The table of contents is double-spaced. However, if a particular section heading is long and requires more than one line, the same is singlespaced. A sub-heading of more than one line is flushed left and singlespaced. List of Tables and Figures Pages The LIST OF TABLES and LIST of FIGURES pages (see Appendices H and I) follow the same format as that of the Table of Contents. However, only the page headings are set in bold. Figure/illustration/table numbering must be continuous throughout the

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thesis (e.g., 1, 2, 3, 4, ). The word Table or Figure must be spelled out (not abbreviated), and the first letter must be capitalized. Table and Figure Captions A table caption (see Appendices J and K) starts with for Table and <number> (e.g. 1) followed by a period (.) and the caption itself. This is left-aligned (and not justified) with respect to the table and not of the left margin. On the other hand, the caption for a figure also begins with Figure and <number> followed by a period (.) and the caption. This is placed at the bottom of the figure and is centered with respect to the picture. The font type for both is Arial while the font size may vary depending on the size of the table or figure. It is important to note that the font size used for the table and figure must be the same. All captions are single-spaced. All illustrations other than table are treated as figures. List of Abbreviations As a page heading, use LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS / ACRONYMS. Place at the center of the page, 1.5 inches from the top edge, all caps and set in bold. This page is composed of two columns: abbreviations and/or acronyms on the left and the corresponding description on the right. First column starts at 2.0 inches from left edge. Descriptions are set in lower case. Only the first letter and proper names are set in capitals. The Body and Finale This section contains the following mandatory parts: Chapter I INTRODUCTION Background Statement of the Problem Objectives of the Study Significance of the Study Scope and Limitation Definition of Terms Chapter II REVIEW OF LITERATURE AND THEORETICAL (or CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK) Literature and Studies Theory Base Conceptual Framework 2010 AGOlandria

Chapter III METHODOLOGY Design Sampling Collection Data Presentation Analysis Chapter IV RESULTS AND DISCUSSION Chapter V SUMMARY, CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS Summary Conclusion Recommendations These parts may vary depending on the kind of study undertaken by the student. In the event these contents are changed, approval from the thesis adviser, the advisory committee and GS head must be sought prior to its implementation. Introduction This is the first chapter of the manuscript. It generally consists of the background, statement of the problem, objectives of the study, significance of the study, and the scope and limitation of the study, and definition of terms. Firstly, the background of the study (about 2 pages in length) tells very briefly the origin or basis of the problem. It describes the rationale and justification for its conception or selection. A connection among the contemporary situations or circumstances from local to international must be established. Second is a clear, accurate and precise statement of the problem. A declarative general statement is presented first while the specific statements (in interrogative form) come next. This is followed by the objectives of the study which exposes the purposes the research wants to achieve. Subsequent to that is the part which gives the answers to the questions: a) why the problem being studied is very relevant, important or significant?, b) what are its potential contribution to the existing body of knowledge, its implication to policy and utility of the output?, c) how do the hypotheses and the design relate to the problem?, d) does the study have theoretical implications?, e) does it relate to previous work?, f) 2010 AGOlandria

are there testable theoretical propositions?, and g) who will benefit and what benefit will they get from the study? The next item focuses on the clear and specific definition of the boundaries, the terms of reference or scope that include among others the limitations on the methods, treatments, the population or sample, instruments and design used. The last part of the chapter operationally defines the terms as they are used in the research (and not those words as revealed in standard dictionary). This is so since many terms are subject to a variety of interpretations. Terms used in the title should firstly be defined. Other terms like the variables and those that are the intent of treatments and measurements should also be defined according to its intended meaning (see Appendix L). Review of Related Literature and Theoretical/Conceptual Framework This second chapter gives the readers a broad perspective of the research at hand. It typically consists of: a) the review of recent (i.e. within ten years) and related literature and or studies, and b) the theories and/or concepts which are presented in a framework or diagrams where the variables and relationships involved are fully explained. Specifically, this part of the paper: (a) reviews the studies, i.e., those which were finished and has not been explored on the topic; and (b) discusses clearly the theoretical bases of the research problem. It should be fully understood by the researchers or thesis writers that the review must only cover those which have relationship with the current endeavor in terms of objectives, methods, findings, conclusions, and implications or interventions. Critical analysis is the approach utilized in this section (e.g. pointing out the weaknesses and strengths. A very clear transition between the old works to the current undertaking should be established. Theoretical Basis/es. This part discusses the very foundation or rationale why the study is conducted. This covers known and longaccepted concepts, theories, laws, policies, and principles which form the legal basis where the current study is anchored upon. Conceptual Framework. In this part of the manuscript, the conceptual scheme of the study is framed. This is usually composed of diagrams which show the possible relationships of the different variables involved in the research problem. For further elucidation of the models 2010 AGOlandria

or frameworks presented, a straightforward discussion of the same should follow. Methodology This third chapter of the manuscript describes in detail how the study is to be conducted. This description can tell the readers how appropriate the methods are and whether the results can be reliable and valid or not. It also helps others decide whether the study is attracts future replication. This basically includes detailed descriptions of: design, data, collection, presentation and analyses. Design. In this section, a detailed description of the research design used in the study (e.g. descriptive method, survey method, experimental, etc) is presented. Sampling. This part exhaustively discusses in detail how the sample is being arrived at. This includes a thorough description of the population, the population frame, respondents/participants/subjects of the study, the sampling technique/s as well as the bases if any. Else, a great deal of narrative rationale or justification is required. Collection. From the preceding process, the data collection method or a combination thereof, are clearly detailed next. If for instance an instrument is constructed and utilized, its reliability and validity processes and outputs as well as the use of other related tests must be explained. Moreover, the process of arriving at the estimates should also be elucidated. If the instrument and/or criteria are adapted or used, a rationale is required and authors or owners permission is expected. Communications through e-mail or purchase receipts placed as attachment to the final manuscript may be sufficient proof for its compliance. Respondents or subjects to non-experimental research can help greatly in minimizing errors of the research if they understand what the study is all about; that is if their consent is sought; their privacy respected, or their contribution recognized. Hence, it is ethical and a fitting that for data collection methods like the use of questionnaire or interview guide, a one-page brief (see Appendix _) that answers the following queries: a) what the research is all about?, b) who are the participants of the research?, c) do respondents / participants have choice?, d) what are the risks and benefits of participating?, e) how will privacy be protected?, f) how will the collected information be used?, and 2010 AGOlandria

g) what would the participants/respondents must do?, must be presented first. Also, in cases where devices and equipment are used, their specifications and attributes should correspondingly be identified. For specialized or custom-made instruments, illustrations are recommended. If the instrument is translated into a different language or dialect, the method of translation should be specifically described (e.g., back translation). Data. This section discusses the data sources, data types, and measurements scales generated from data collection. This is very important since the appropriateness of the tools and analyses is dependent on the types of data or measurement scales being generated from the data collection method employed. For non-human subjects, the taxonomy, attributes, frequencies, suppliers, stocks identifications and other relevant information should properly be recorded. Local and international guidelines in proper handling and treatment of these subjects must be taken into consideration and fully discussed in this section. Presentation. While this part may be simple, for reference purposes by new researchers, it is found appropriate to reveal how data are presented (e.g. contingencies, cross-tabulations, frequency distributions, polygons, pie chart, pictographs). Analyses. This is considered the core of the chapter. This section tells the reader what the researcher has done and how he/she did one or all, in sufficient detail so replication is reasonably doable. In here, the collected data are being manipulated or treated in order to satisfy the objectives are presented. This could include an explicit mention of what statistical methods, tools, tests and techniques used; after which a detailed narrative of the procedure or a narrative on how the tool or process is used. Preferably, the presentation corresponds to the problem statements or objectives order as shown in Chapter I. For new or unfamiliar statistical techniques for example, formula is required to be shown and explained. Other pertinent procedures may also be mentioned, but details maybe given in the Appendices section.

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Results and Discussion This is Chapter IV. In here, the collected data and the statistical techniques being used are described and/or summarized. The results are presented and reported in an as-is-where-is basis; objective and logical. Opinions and biases are unwelcome. This shall be straightforward when done sequentially with respect to the problem statements or objectives and the hypotheses. Since the mere presentation of table or charts may not be fully grasped by the readers, as such salient information like patterns, variations or contradictions and not individual data or restatements should be clearly presented. Complete data or other tables may however be placed in the Appendix for ready reference. Also, avoid redundant presentations. Moreover, data interpretation must include: a) antecedents of what has been found; b) consequences or implications drawn from the findings; c) practical applications or uses of the findings; d) conditions that limit the generalization of the findings so that the reader can judge the validity of the conclusions and inferences; e) suggestions for improvement of instruments and procedures; and f) differences and/or similarities between the findings and conclusions of the study and those of other investigations including its justifications. Finally, tables and figures should follow right after its introduction. For a specific case, information may be presented in either a table or a figure but never both. Numbering is sequential.

Summary, Conclusions and Recommendations This chapter presents recommendations of the study. Summary The summary is a brief recapitulation and/or narrative that includes an overview of the research, a brief statement of the problem, the procedures and the findings. Furthermore, only the summary of findings and not the numerical data are presented in this part of the manuscript. Definitely no new information is allowed in this section. the summary, conclusion and

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Conclusions This is also a narrative about the deductions, inferences, and/or suppositions which are solely based from the results and findings of the study. Baseless or weak generalizations those not adequately supported by data, must be avoided. Honest declarations for the incorrigible weaknesses of the investigation like design flaws, fault in the techniques, or sampling errors and the likes which have bearing in the research outcomes can be also discussed in this section. Recommendations This reveals the recommended activities to be undertaken by stakeholders as a response to the findings of the study and to be able to address fully the problem statements/objectives. This may also be the section for suggestions in terms of techniques, tools, strategies and the likes that could have been implemented to check the flaws and errors and eventually contribute to a high degree of efficiency, reliability and validity of study outcomes. If an intervention is recommended, a brief outline of the strategy may be shared; the detail of which can be attached in the Appendix part of the manuscript. Others: References, Appendices, Bibliography Bibliography (or References or Works Cited) Bibliography or references are single-spaced, hanging-indented (6 characters from left margin), alphabetical, succinct, accurate, complete and useful to other investigators. All in-text citations (i.e. citation in the manuscript) must have a counterpart in reference list or bibliography pages. Unless the study requires otherwise, as much as possible, sources of information must be within ten years meaning, if the researcher intends to conduct the study in 2020, no reference should be earlier than 2011. To ensure accuracy, familiarity of APA 5th/6th Edition Style Guide) or the guide from the DOSCST-Research Division is required. In the latest edition, Digital Object Identifiers (DOI) are already in use; hence, take note of this whenever browsing e-documents / websites.

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Appendices The appendices serve as repository of materials that are too long or quite detailed rendering them distractive, or inappropriate to be included in the body of the manuscript. Examples of these are (a) computer program or codes or algorithms, (b) new or unfamiliar procedures, (c) mathematical proofs, (d) detailed description of a complex piece of equipment e) long/additional tables, h) plates/slides, i) communications, and several others. The order of listing is not alphabetical but in accordance with their appearance in the text. Page heading must be centered and in the format: Appendix <letter A-Z>: <Title of document> (see Appendix). Its font is still Bookman Old but the font size may be smaller. Biographical Sketch (Curriculum Vitae) The biographical sketch is a narrative written in third-person voice and contains among others the educational background of the researcher. It may contain additional biographical facts. As a page heading, use BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCH in all capital letters, centered on the page. If the researcher chooses the Curriculum Vitae, he/she may use ready-made forms or CV templates.

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APPENDICES

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Appendix A. Cover Page

LEADERSHIP PRACTICES AND INSTITUTIONAL CAPACITY OF SOUTHEASTERN MINDANAO PUBLIC SCHOOLS

JOHN P. GAYOD April 2020

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Appendix B. Sample Academic Integrity Declaration Page

Republic of the Philippines DAVAO ORIENTAL STATE COLLEGE OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY Graduate School Dahican, 8200 Mati, Davao Oriental

ACADEMIC INTEGRITY DECLARATION

I, JULIO T. JUNIO, declare that this research is my own original work. Most stipulations presented herein are mine alone. Borrowed

ideas are given due recognition and are properly acknowledged. With the best of my ability, this investigation was treated with utmost care to adhere integrity. I attest further that this piece of academic requirement has not been submitted previously for an academic credit in this or in any other course. to internationally known standards/policies on academic

_____________________________ Researcher _____________________________ Date

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Appendix C. Sample Copyright Page

2020 Arianne Denielle T. Aromplio

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Appendix D. Sample Abstract

ABSTRACT AROMPLIO, JULIUS CAEZAR, Graduate School, Davao Oriental State College of Science and Technology, Dahican, 8200 Mati, Davao Oriental, Philippines, April 2020, EFFECTIVENESS OF SCHOOL-BASED MANAGEMENT PROGRAMS OF THE DEPARTMENT OF EDUCATION DAVAO ORIENTAL DIVISION SCHOOLS Adviser: Jose P. Magtatambag The text of this page is single-spaced; consists ideally from 300 to 400 words or no more than one page. Readers more often read the abstract first and decide from there whether to read the entire thesis or not. According to APA Manual (2001), abstract is a summary of the contents of the research. For empirical studies, it should describe the problem under investigation, the respondents or subjects and their pertinent attributes, the methods and materials, data-collection procedures, the findings, the conc1usions and the implications or applications. It is accurate, self-contained, concise and specific, non-evaluative, coherent and readable. Accurate meaning it should reflect its purpose and content. Information not found in the body of the paper should not be included. A useful way of verifying accuracy is through comparison with the outline of the paper. Self-contained since it defines all abbreviations, acronyms, unique terms. It paraphrases ideas and properly cites authors. Furthermore, it is concise and specific while making each sentence maximally informative. Abstracts starts with the most important information. It is non-evaluative since the paper is expected to be based from facts and is free from any comment. It is coherent and readable for it utilizes the active voice; the present tense in describing results; past tense in describing methods being used; the third person rather than the first person.

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Appendix E. Title Page EFFECTIVENESS OF SCHOOL-BASED MANAGEMENT PROGRAMS OF THE DEPARTMENT OF EDUCATION DAVAO ORIENTAL DIVISION SCHOOLS

A Thesis

Presented to The Faculty of the Graduate School Davao Oriental State College of Science and Technology Dahican, 8200 Mati, Davao Oriental, Philippines

In Full Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree Master of Education in Educational Management

JOHN P. GAYOD April 2025

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Appendix F. Sample Approval Sheet

APPROVAL SHEET

In partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree, Master of Education, major in Educational Management, this thesis entitled, Effectiveness of School-based Management Programs of the Department of Education - Davao Oriental Division Schools, prepared and submitted by TJ Trex T. Aromplio, is hereby recommended for approval and acceptance.

JOSE P. MAGTATAMBAG Adviser Approved by the Thesis Advisory Committee:

ANDRES D. PUNO Chairperson

ROY A. KAUBANAN Member

PEDRO Y. MIEMBRO Member

MARIA C. BOOTAN Member

Accepted in partial fulfillment of the requirements of the degree, Master of Education, major in Educational Management.

INOCENCIO C. ANTOLIHAW Head, Graduate School / Vice President for Academic Affairs 2010 AGOlandria

Appendix G1. Sample Table of Contents

TABLE OF CONTENTS Page ACADEMIC INTEGRITY DECLARATION COPYRIGHT PAGE (optional) ABSTRACT TITLE PAGE APPROVAL SHEET ACKNOWLEDGMENT DEDICATION TABLE OF CONTENTS LIST OF TABLES LIST OF FIGURES LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS (optional) LIST OF FIGURES Chapter 1 INTRODUCTION Background Statement of the Problem Objectives of the Study Significance of the Study Scope and De/Limitation Definition of Terms 1 6 7 8 10 10 i ii iii iv v vi vii viii xiv xv xvi xvii

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Appendix G2. Sample Table of Contents

2 REVIEW OF LITERATURE AND FRAMEWORK Literature and Studies Theory Base Conceptual Framework 3 METHODOLOGY Design Sampling Collection Data Presentation Analyses 4 RESULTS AND DISCUSSION Topic 1 / Problem 1 Topic 2 / Problem 1 Topic 3 / Problem 1 . . . Topic X / Problem X 5 . . . 80 91 109 . . . 114 58 58 60 63 64 79 18 55 56

SUMMARY, CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS Summary Conclusions Recommendations 132 137 139 142 2010 AGOlandria

REFERENCES (BIBLIOGRAPHY)

Appendix G3. Sample Table of Contents

APPENDICES Appendix A Appendix B Appendix C . . . Appendix X BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCH (CURRICULUM VITAE) . . . 145 146 147 . . . 160 161

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Appendix H. List of Tables

LIST OF TABLES Table 1 2 Age and Gender of Respondents Civil Status and Educational Attainment of Public School Administrators . . . X Distribution of Respondents . . . Page 12 15 . . . 66

Appendix I. List of Figures

LIST OF FIGURES Figure 1 2 Monthly Income of School Heads Attendance to In-Service Trainings . . . X Annual Budget of the Division . . . Page 22 15 . . . 57

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Appendix J. Sample Tabular Presentation

Table 1. Ages of Respondents by Gender Respondents Age Male Female f % f % 16 25 20 43.48 25 46.30 26 35 16 34.78 22 40.74 36 - 45 10 21.74 7 12.96 Total 46 100.00 54 100.00
Source: Arianne D Research, Ltd., 2020

Appendix K. Sample Graphical Presentation (if figure is not on a box)

Figure 1. Arc Length of the Function

Figure 2. Aerial View of Huxley Library, University of Newcastle

Source: Google Earth 2010

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Appendix L. Definition of Terms Page

Definition of Terms The following terms are defined operationally in this study: Effectiveness refers to the degree to which objectives are achieved and the extent to which targeted problems are resolved. In contrast to efficiency, effectiveness is determined without reference to costs; also means "doing the right thing." School-based Management is a research based, committed, structured, and decentralized method of operating the school district within understood parameters and staff role to maximize resource effectiveness by transferring the preponderant share of the entire school system's budget, along with the corresponding decision-making power, to the local schools on an equitable lump-sum basis, based upon a differentiated per pupil allocation to be spent irrespective of source in the best interests of the students in those schools according to a creative local school plan and local school budget developed by the principal collaboratively with trained staff, parents and students as stakeholders, and approved by the superintendent. Department of Education refers to

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REFERENCES Abstract and Dissertation Format Guidelines. Horace H. Rackham School of Graduate Studies. University of Michigan. Michigan, USA. http://www.rackham.umich.edu/OARD Academic Integrity and You. University of Maryland Libraries. Retrieved http://www.umd.edu/guides/honesty.html Code of Academic Integrity (2009). University of Vermont. Policy V.3.4.3.3 Dissertation and Theses Format Guide: Instructions for Preparation and Submission (2009). Graduate Division. Graduate Academic Affairs. University of California Riverside. Doctoral Dissertation and Masters Thesis Guide. Formatting, Production and Submission Requirements. Cornell University Graduate School. Guide for the Electronic Submission of Thesis and Dissertation (2010). Duke University Graduate School. Durham, North Carolina. http://www.gradschool.duke.edu Guide to Theses and Dissertations (2004). The Graduate Centre. School of Graduate Studies. The University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand. http://www.postgrad.auckland.ac.nz Implementing Rules and Regulation (n.d.). Manual of Operations. Department of Graduate Studies. Davao Oriental State College of Science and Technology. Mati City, Davao Oriental, Philippines NCSU Graduate School Guideline and Requirements for Masters Theses and Doctoral Dissertations (2009). Electronic Theses and Dissertation Guide. The Graduate School. North Carolina State University. http://etd.ncsu.edu Organization and Formatting Guidelines for Theses, Dissertations and Doctoral Essays (2009). Graduate School. University of Miami. Coral Gables. FL USA. http://etd.library.miami.edu/students.html Publication Manual of the American Psychological Association, 5th ed. (2001). Washington, D.C. http://www.apa.org

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The Code of Academic Integrity and Acknowledging the Work of Others (2006). Office of the University Faculty, Cornell University, USA Thesis and Dissertation Format Guide (2007). Student Handbook. Graduate School. University of Wyoming. Laramie, WY, USA. http://www.uwyo.edu/uwgrad Thesis and Dissertation Format. University of Southeastern Philippines, College of Governance, Business and Economics (USEP-CGBE).

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